1,721,102 research outputs found
Several aspects in determining the presence of turbulences generated in a lubricating oil flow
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A WAVELET APPLICATION IDENTIFYING SIMULATED ANOMALIES SUPERIMPOSED TO REAL SIGNAL CARRIED OUT FROM A RIGID ROTOR
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) Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Guide toward the Highest Power Conversion Efficiency
No full textASnX3 perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSC) have the potential to deliver the most efficient solar cell technology with safe materials. In this review, a comprehensive introduction of the field is given, that is suitable for nonexperts, gradually leading the reader to a narrower and detailed analysis of the most recent and significant advances. A brief description is given of the leading alternatives for lead-free PSC and the reasons for ASnX3 compounds' status as one of the most promising candidates are presented. The last part of the review focuses on the stabilization of ASnX3, which is the most compelling challenge to achieve the highest efficiency PSCs. The most promising approaches toward stable and efficient ASnX3 PSCs are identified and discussed
A New Source of Heterogeneity in Comparative and Translational Clinical Trials: The “Border-Time” Bias
No full textSimple Summary Target-oriented drugs are profoundly changing the anti-cancer treatments. Progression-free survival is a primary or co-primary endpoint in the large part of comparative and translational clinical trials about target-oriented anti-cancer agents. In this context, the time before treatment start and the reassessment of disease ("border-time" bias) are an underestimated source of heterogeneity with unpredictable and uncontrollable impact on final evaluation of progression-free survival. The use of target-oriented drugs is profoundly changing the anti-cancer treatments. This new and expanding therapeutic context relies on the translation of biomarkers expression (laboratory testing) into clinical practice (treatment). Progression-free survival is a primary or co-primary endpoint in the large part of comparative clinical trials about biologic anti-cancer agents. Here, we describe the "border time" bias represented by specific time points and intervals that are an underestimated source of methodologic heterogeneity and can contribute to wrong evaluation of time-to-outcome. These issues are concentrated at the beginning (head: pre-screening and screening activities) and at the end (tail: modalities of disease reassessment) of the anti-cancer treatment and can represent a time-related bias. Reporting, and ideally shortening, the time spent in pre-screening and screening activities with synthetic and innovative methodological tools as well as more harmonized rules about timing of disease reassessment can contribute to reduce, or even prevent, this bias in clinical studies
Perovskite Single-Crystal Solar Cells: Advances and Challenges
No full textIn just over a decade, the power conversion efficiency of metal-halide perovskite solar cells has increased from 3.9% to 25.5%, suggesting this technology might be ready for large-scale exploitation in industrial applications. Photovoltaic devices based on perovskite single crystals are emerging as a viable alternative to polycrystalline materials. Perovskite single crystals indeed possess lower trap state densities, higher carrier mobilities, and longer diffusion lengths, and potentially can achieve higher performance with respect to those fabricated with polycrystalline films, although their integration in a complete device needs particular attention and the use of specifically tailored growth techniques. In this review, recent advances on single-crystal halide perovskites are reported. First, crystalline structure and fundamental properties of 3D perovskites are discussed, including the emerging mixed-anion cation perovskites, and then the most popular growth methods with a focus on..
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