1,720,968 research outputs found
Dalla parental alienation syndrome (PAS) allo studio delle diverse forme di Alienazione Genitoriale
No full textPremesse teoriche: Il dibattito scientifico sulla Sindrome di Alienazione Parentale (PAS) ne mette in luce gli aspetti più controversi: mentre la PAS indica una sindrome con un unico fattore eziopatogenetico (il genitore alienante), il concetto di Alienazione Parentale indica una complessa dinamica di matrice psicologico-relazionale che coinvolge l’intero nucleo familiare. Obiettivo: Il presente lavoro si propone di delineare gli aspetti di maggiore criticità della PAS, illustrando le critiche più autorevoli al costrutto, e di mettere in luce le caratteristiche psicodinamiche osservate in nuclei familiari coinvolti in situazioni di alienazione. Metodologia: La rassegna della letteratura sull’argomento ha consentito di individuare l’evoluzione del concetto di PAS, a partire dai primi lavori di Gardner, fino ai più recenti contributi clinici e di ricerca. Tale rassegna ha messo in luce il complesso intreccio di fattori intrapsichici ed interpersonali implicati. Discussione critica e conclusioni: Una visione critica dei contributi scientifici sulla PAS consente di elaborare criteri diagnostici coerenti con la complessità del fenomeno e volti a delineare i diversi disturbi della relazione genitori-figli che si associano all’espressione della Alienazione Parentale da parte di bambini e adolescenti coinvolti nell’alta conflittualità dei genitori. Tale approccio può favorire la costruzione di linee guida per interventi multifocali e contrastare l’applicazione di provvedimenti psico-giuridici centrati su un’ottica lineare.Theoretical background: In the last two decades, the scientific debate on Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) highlights controversies and problems within this construct. Specifically, based on the Gardner’s first formulations, the PAS diagnosis reveals the presence of a unique etiopathogenetic factor, the alienating parent. Such a parent has the power of “programming” alienated children by enlisting them in his or her ‘‘campaign of denigration’’ and ‘‘vilification’’ of the other parent that children are forced to refuse. On the contrary, the concept of Parental Alienation shows a complex psychological-relational dynamic in which the whole family members are implied. Objective: The present review aims to examine the main critical aspects of the PAS conceptualization, and to show the more eminent critics of this construct. This review has also the objective to highlight the psychodynamic features of the families involved in parental alienation conditions. Methodology: The review of the
The subjective symptoms experience in eating disorders patients
No full textIn the last years, many limits about the clinical utility of ED (Eating disorders) diagnostic cathegories are pointed out: they don’t take consider the clinical variability in the same diagnostic cathegory, the turning from one cathegory to another and between subtypes, and the resources of patients (Anderluh et al., 2009; Eddy et al., 2002; Keel et al., 2005). Personality features evidenced a powerful capacity to capture the ED complexity (Westen, Harnden-Fisher, 2001; Thompson-Brenner et al., 2005, 2008).
In the light of these considerations, in the same way of personality, we hypothized that the focus on subjective symptoms experience in ED patients had a major clinical and therapeutic utility.
We developed ESSE (Eating Symptoms Subjective Experience, Nassisi, Speranza, 2012), a clinician report composed by 34 items on a five point Likert scale.
101 clinicians assessed their ED female patients (mean age 27.8; ds 10.8; 18 to 57) on clinical variables, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), personality (SWAP-200, Westen, Shedler, 1999a,b) and attachment (AAQ, Westen, Nakash, 2005). The 69.3% of patients were anorexic, the 20.8% were bulimic and 9.9% EDNOS.
A factor analysis with a varimax rotation pointed out three factors (46,6% of the overall variance): Omnipotent control (21.9%; 15 items), Negative affective regulation (16.9%; 12 items), Relational meaning (7.8%; 7 items). The Omnipotent control correlated with dismissing attachment (r=.34; p=.000) and with preoccupied too (r=.22; p=.026). For the Negative affective regulation no results were found. The Relational meaning correlated with the GAF (r=-.27; p=.007) and preoccupied attachment (r=.34; p=.000); it also predicted a lower general functioning (β=-.191; p=.05), the presence of personality disorders (β=.233; p=.024) and sexual abuse (β=.238; p=.018). This study highlights the importance of considering subjective experience in managing ED patients for identifying prognostic and therapeutic features
Personalità e attaccamento in un campione di persone transessuali nel processo di riassegnazione di genere
No full textL'assessment diagnostico dei soggetti transessuali costituisce un campo ancora largamente inesplorato. Nell’eziologia del transessualismo, alcuni autori sottolineano la prevalenza di fattori genetici e costituzionali (vedi Erickson-Schroth, 2013), altri mettono in luce la centralità delle esperienze precoci di attaccamento (Coates, Cook, 2001). Mentre la maggioranza degli studi sull'attaccamento si riferisce all’età evolutiva (Zucker, 1998; Birkenfeld-Adams, 2000), pochi indagano tale costrutto in età adulta (Vitelli, Riccardi, 2011; Colizzi et al., 2013). Rispetto alla personalità, la letteratura sul transessualismo fornisce risultati contrastanti indicando in alcuni casi una patologia conclamata, in altri profili assimilabili a quelli normativi (Lothstein, 1979; Vidal Hagemeijer et al., 2003).
Obiettivo del presente lavoro, supervisionato dal professore Vittorio Lingiardi con la professoressa Annamaria Speranza, è investigare i costrutti di attaccamento (AAI, George, Kaplan, Main, 1996) e personalità (SWAP-200, Westen, Shedler, Lingiardi, 2003) e le loro relazioni in un gruppo di 44 soggetti (28 MtF, 16 FtM) transessuali (DSM-5; APA, 2013). Un ulteriore obiettivo è quello di individuare nel gruppo cluster di soggetti omogenei per caratteristiche di personalità.
I risultati mostrano per l'attaccamento un'elevata percentuale di condizioni Irrisolte/Disorganizzate (U/d; 50%) e un tasso piuttosto elevato di attaccamento Sicuro (F; 37%). Solo sette soggetti (16%) presentano un Disturbo di Personalità mentre, nel complesso, il campione mostra un buon funzionamento.
La Q-factor analysis ha identificato tre fattori-Q: Alto Funzionamento (23% della varianza), Depressivo/introverso (10% della varianza) e Istrionico/estroverso (8% della varianza), quest'ultimo composto solo da soggetti MtF.
Lo studio mette in luce la variabilità dei profili di personalità dei soggetti, indicando la necessità di considerare il transessualismo come un costrutto multifattoriale e multidimensionale
Therapist’s interventions and ruptures and resolutions of therapeutic alliance in patients with and without personality disorders
No full textThis study explores the relationship between therapist’s interventions and ruptures and resolutions processes of the therapeutic alliance in patient with and without personality disorders. We also present the revised version of the Collaborative Interactions Scale Revised (CIS-R; Colli, Gentile, Condino, & Lingiardi, 2017), an observer-rated measure for the assessment of therapeuticalliance ruptures and resolutions. Our aim is to investigate the predictive effect of the therapist’s techniques on the patient’s collaborative processes in relation to session’s depth and patient’s insight. Specifically, we hypothesize that the effect of expressive interventions (focus on the affects, on the relational patterns, on the “here and now” of the relationship) on the patient’s collaboration is influenced by the level of depth and insight. Method: three raters conducted a blind evaluation of a sample of 130 sessions (390 segments; 7,214 narrative units) with 65 patients (33 had a PD diagnosis and 32 had a DSM–5 clinical syndrome diagnosis without a PD). Measures: CIS-R (Colli, et al., 2014, 2017) to evaluate the ruptures and collaborative processes in the session; CPPS (Hilsenroth et al., 2005; Gentile & Tanzilli, 2015) to assess therapist’s interventions; SEQ-D (Stiles & Snow, 1984a) to describe the session’s depth of elaboration. Results: The linear regression evidenced that the expressive interventions are predictive of alliance ruptures in patients with PDs in presence of low level of insight and session’s depth. The expressive interventions are predictive of collaborative processes in patients without PDs in presence of good level of insight and session’s depth. Conclusions: The application of the scale seems to confirm that — as evidenced by the former version (Colli & Lingiardi, 2009) — also the CIS-R is a reliable rating system that is useful for both empirical research and clinical assessments. Clinical implications of these results will be discussed
La valutazione della personalità nei disturbi alimentari
No full textDisturbi alimentari, Personalità, Trattament
Categorical and dimensional approaches in the evaluation of the relationship between attachment and personality disorders. An empirical study
No full textAlthough several studies have highlighted the relationship between attachment states of mind and personality disorder s, their findings have not been consistent, possibly due to the application of the traditional taxonomic classification model of attachment. A more recently developed dimensional classification of attachment representations, including more specific aspects of 15 trauma-related representations, may have advantages. In this study, we compare specific associations and predictive power of the categorical attachment and dimensional models applied to 230 Adult Attachment Interview transcripts obtained from person- ality disordered and non psychiatric subjects. We also investigate 20 the role that current levels of psychiatric distress may have in the prediction of PD. The results showed that both models predict the presence of PD, with the dimensional approach doing better in discriminating overall diagnosis of PD. However, both models are less helpful in discriminating specific PD diagnostic subtypes. 25 Current psychiatric distress was found to be the most consistent predictor of PD capturing a large share of the variance and obscuring the role played by attachment variables. The results suggest that attachment parameters correlate with the presence of PD alone and have no specific associations with particular PD 30 subtypes when current psychiatric distress is taken into account
Categorical and dimensional approaches in evaluating the relationship between attachment and severe personality disorders: An empirical study in a sample of adolescents and adults.
No full textPERSONALITY, ATTACHMENT PATTERNS AND COMPLEX TRAUMA IN A SAMPLE OF TRANSSEXUAL ADULTS
No full textIn order to better understand adult transsexualism, several authors focused their research on personality and early traumatic experiences within the attachment relationships. Trans people’s personality was the object of several research, displaying contrasting results. Some studies reported a high proportion of personality pathology, whereas others showed psychological functioning in the non-psychopathological range. In contrast, just a few studies explored adult attachment. The purpose of this study was to explore personality, quality of attachment representations and history of traumatic experiences among trans adults. 95 trans adults were compared with 123 cisgender adults. The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) was administered to both samples for the assessment of current state of mind.
The Complex Trauma Questionnaire (ComplexTQ) was completed by clinicians in order to evaluate early relational traumas. Personality was assessed in a subsample of 44 individuals with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200). Data revealed significant differences regarding the distribution of attachment patterns between transsexuals and the control sample. The two samples also differentiated regarding the exposure to complex trauma in childhood and the intensity of multi-type maltreatment experienced. With regard to personality, overall individuals showed a good functioning. In order to find latent subgroups that shared personality characteristics a Q-factor analysis was performed. Three personality clusters emerged: High Functioning (54%); Depressive/Introverted (32%) and Histrionic/Extroverted (14%). Our findings underline the traumatic history and the disorganization of attachment which characterise the experiences of our transsexual sample and indicate that in terms of personality trans individuals show articulate and diverse types
Reflective functioning, attachment and personality: an empirical investigation
No full textReflective functioning is the individual’s ability to understand and interpret their own and others behavior in terms of mental states, such as desires, motivations, emotions and needs (Fonagy, Target, 2002). Several clinical contributions suggest that deficits of reflective functioning characterize many mental diseases, including depression (Täubner, Kessler, Buchheim, Kächele, Staun, 2011), anxiety (Rudden, Milrod, Aronson, Target, 2008), eating disorders (Skarderud, 2007), personality pathology, in particular borderline disorder (Fonagy, Bateman, 2008). However, a few empirical studies sought to explore the associations between reflective functioning and specific personality disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between reflective functioning, attachment style, and personality disorders/styles. We recruited a sample of 80 participants interviewed using the Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, Main, 1985) to detect the state of mind with respect to attachment. We used also the Scale of Reflective Functioning (Fonagy, Steele, Steele, Target, 1998) applied to the transcript of the AAI’s to evaluate the capacity of reflective functioning, and the Shedler Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (Westen, Shedler, 1999a, 1999 b, 2007) to assess personality disorders/styles and level of psychological functioning. Results showed that reflective functioning was lower in the participants who had an insecure attachment style. Additionally, low level of reflective functioning were related to the borderline and schizoid personality disorders, while higher levels of reflective functioning were related to the style of high-functioning and depressive: high-functioning. We will discuss the clinical implications of these findings
“Observational and representational data in a control group study on dyads involved in child abuse and neglect”
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