9 research outputs found
Convents in the system of "balance of powers" in the Frankish kingdom (Teilreich) of the Merovingians
No full textThe relationship between the royal power and the church in the Frankish kingdom of the 6th century has been discussed. Special attention has been paid to the role played by convents in these interactions. The Frankish kingdom, or Teilreich, was a state formation, in which the church was endowed with the functions of secular power, and secular rulers sought to acquire the attributes of religious authority. Under the conditions of political instability, weak bureaucratization, and the broadest system of personal ties, women, including nuns, also appeared in social and political life. Therefore, the author concludes that monasteries, including convents, in the Frankish kingdom of the second half of the 6th century were not only the places of prayer and ascetic way of life, but, at the same time, the “places of power”. During the early Middle Ages, monasteries became important elements in the system of different socio-cultural and political interactions. Because of this, despite their isolation, convents became crucial in the life of urban settlements in this era, fulfilling not only spiritual, but also social, economic and political functions. Their spread in the Frankish kingdom contributed to the establishment of new social contacts and influenced the ways in which the power was realized
Conflicts in the convents of Poitiers and Tours (second half of the 6th century)
No full textThe article discusses the causes of conflict situations in the convents of Poitiers and Tours. These incidents show that noble women of the Frankish Kingdom actively participated in the political events of the country during the second half of the 6th century. The motives that prompted Bishop Gregory of Tours to write about these events in his famous historical essay are revealed. The tendentiousness of the author, who created the images of the participants and described the course of the events based on his own goals and objectives, is noted. It is concluded that women of the Merovingian epoch could openly participate in various political events, including the use of violence. The involvement of nuns in uprisings and riots was not always assessed negatively by the contemporaries. When it was profitable, secular authorities supported the organizers of conflicts and even saved them from church punishment. The Church could also use the women’s rebellions to its advantage. Modern researchers must take into account the rhetoric of sources, as well as the motives and intentions of their authors. The causes of the uprisings were complex, with conflicts playing an important role in the struggle for political gain and influence between various branches of government
The Cults of Holy Rulers in the Early Medieval Europe: The Interaction between Religious and Political Aspects
No full textIn this paper, we have made an attempt to review the complex interaction between two spheres of consciousness, political and religious, based on various cults of the saint rulers. The cults of the saint rulers have a special place among the medieval cults. They were linked with the objectives of political ideology and the sacralization of power. The connection between kingship and sainthood was common in Europe during the period of the 6th – 11th centuries. The analysis of different types of medieval saint rulers has been performed – Frankish queens, such as Chrodechild (Clotild), Radegund, Balthild (Bathild), as well as King Olav II of Norway. Two types of sources, which reflect the category of sainthood from different approaches, have been considered: hagiographic (Vitae) and literary (Saga). The analysis of these sources has demonstrated the existence of two ideological traits: one, more dominant, is tied up with the system of Christian religious conceptions, the latter one reflects both Christian and traditional Viking’s observances. The image of a holy woman was consistent with the traditional model of holiness and reflected more negative assessment of secular authority by the church consciousness. At the same time, the Lives of saint queens represented them as a model of Christian ruler. The contrast between “secular” and “spiritual” in the image of St. Olav seems less obvious. The Norwegian king was depicted not only as a carrier of the Christian virtues, but as a mighty and valiant ruler. Therefore, it has been revealed that the cults of the saint rulers reflect different dominant social perceptions of authority
"Secrecy" in the asceticism of St Radegund according to Venantius Fortunatus' Vita
No full textThe figure of the saint, as well as the concept of holiness, is one of the central elements in the complex of human values of the Early Middle Ages. The aim of this paper is to identify ways of establishing elements of the Christian cultural model based on the analysis of the ideals of holiness in the texts representing this historical period. To achieve this, the study focuses on the identification of features indicating the perception and understanding of holiness in the Early Middle Ages. The article dwells on the Vita (Life) of a famous Frankish Saint, Radegund, written by a well-known poet and bishop, Venantius Fortunatus, in the late 6th century. Although this author draws upon a standard list of basic monastic virtues of that time, in the rhetoric and imagery he uses to describe the saint's devotion, Fortunatus' text differs from other works of this genre in the Early Middle Ages in many ways. The main aim of this report is to determine how the author's personality, his inner intentions and self-interest affected the creation of this hagiographic image of the saint. It is in this regard that attention is paid to the topos of "secrecy" in Fortunatus' descriptions of Radegund's ascetic practices. Similar motives for secrecy are not found, either in other Vitae by Fortunatus, or in the spiritual biographies of other holy women of the period compiled by different authors. In our opinion this is largely explained by Fortunatus' personal motives in creating the Vita of St Radegund. The author wanted to show that he knew something that was hidden from others. Thus, the motive of "secret" asceticism is used not only to demonstrate the humility and piety of the saint, but as a way to attract attention to the Vita's author
"Secrecy" in the asceticism of St Radegund according to Venantius Fortunatus' Vita
No full textThe figure of the saint, as well as the concept of holiness, is one of the central elements in the complex of human values of the Early Middle Ages. The aim of this paper is to identify ways of establishing elements of the Christian cultural model based on the analysis of the ideals of holiness in the texts representing this historical period. To achieve this, the study focuses on the identification of features indicating the perception and understanding of holiness in the Early Middle Ages. The article dwells on the Vita (Life) of a famous Frankish Saint, Radegund, written by a well-known poet and bishop, Venantius Fortunatus, in the late 6th century. Although this author draws upon a standard list of basic monastic virtues of that time, in the rhetoric and imagery he uses to describe the saint's devotion, Fortunatus' text differs from other works of this genre in the Early Middle Ages in many ways. The main aim of this report is to determine how the author's personality, his inner intentions and self-interest affected the creation of this hagiographic image of the saint. It is in this regard that attention is paid to the topos of "secrecy" in Fortunatus' descriptions of Radegund's ascetic practices. Similar motives for secrecy are not found, either in other Vitae by Fortunatus, or in the spiritual biographies of other holy women of the period compiled by different authors. In our opinion this is largely explained by Fortunatus' personal motives in creating the Vita of St Radegund. The author wanted to show that he knew something that was hidden from others. Thus, the motive of "secret" asceticism is used not only to demonstrate the humility and piety of the saint, but as a way to attract attention to the Vita's author
Nunnery at the Urban Space of Frankish Kingdom in the 6th Centuries
No full textАвтор делает вывод о том, что женские монастыри , возникшие в королевстве франков в VI в., играли важную роль в жизни городских поселений, выполняли не только духовные, но и социальные, экономические и политические функции. The author concludes that the nunneries that arised in the Kingdom of the Franks in the 6th century, played the important role in the lives of urban settlements, performed not only spiritual but also social, economic and political functions
Гидрогеологические исследования для оценки запасов подземных вод на Орловском участке Борского месторождения подземных вод
No full textВ данной работе рассмотрены особенности геологического и гидрогеологического строения Орловского участка Борского месторождения полезных вод. Проведён анализ качества подземных вод неоген-четвертичного водоносного горизонта, в ходе интерпретации опытной кустовой откачки с помощью программы AQUITEST (автор: Синдаловский Л.Н., СПГГИ, 1996) получены фильтрационные параметры целевого водоносного горизонта.In this paper, the features of geological and hydrogeological structure of the Orlovsky area Bor groundwater deposit. The analysis of the quality of groundwater Neogene-Quaternary aquifer and as a result ofthe interpretation of an experimental bush pumping via AQUITEST program (author: Sindalovskii L.N., SPMI, 1996) the filtration parameters of the target aquifer were found
POVERTY IN RUSSIA: KEY APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
No full textThe paper presents the results of the study, which was aimed at comparative statistical analysis of the main indicators of poverty of different socio-demographic groups of the population to identify patterns and characteristics of poverty in Russia.The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, in particular the materials of the statistical Bulletin "Socio-economic indicators of poverty in 2013–2016".The statistical poverty assessment, presented by the author is carried out within the framework of the absolute concept of poverty, taking into account its main criterion – the size of the subsistence minimum. Data from the sample household budget survey (HBS) in 2016 allowed for a subjective approach to poverty assessment and a study of opinions of the Russian people on their own financial situation. The use of statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service revealed the reduction of poverty by 2,1 times (from 29% to 13,5%) for the period from 2000 to 2016 and the excess of the average per capita income and average monthly wage of the subsistence minimum by more than 3,0 times. However, all this does not indicate the general welfare of the country's citizens. The directive-based subsistence minimum as a standard of consumption is highly underestimated and does not meet the most important needs of the modern man.The results of the sociological survey of household budgets confirm the social stratification of society: more than 86% of Russians consider themselves poor. Based on the comparative characteristics of the poverty level in the regions of the Russian Federation, regions with the level of poverty below, at and above the average Russian level are identified. 63,5% of regions are characterized by the level of poverty that exceeds the average Russian level, which proves the severity of poverty and socio-economic inequality in the country.The results of the study allowed determining the characteristics of poverty in Russia. First, the existence and social (children, youth, pensioners) and economic poverty of the working population (employees of the public sector). Second, interregional differences and high spatial differentiation of the level of poverty in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation.In the current situation, solving the problems of poverty in Russia and overcoming social inequality should be a priority of the government's domestic socio-economic policy
БЕДНОСТЬ В РОССИИ: КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К АНАЛИЗУ И ОЦЕНКЕ
No full textThe paper presents the results of the study, which was aimed at comparative statistical analysis of the main indicators of poverty of different socio-demographic groups of the population to identify patterns and characteristics of poverty in Russia.The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, in particular the materials of the statistical Bulletin "Socio-economic indicators of poverty in 2013–2016".The statistical poverty assessment, presented by the author is carried out within the framework of the absolute concept of poverty, taking into account its main criterion – the size of the subsistence minimum. Data from the sample household budget survey (HBS) in 2016 allowed for a subjective approach to poverty assessment and a study of opinions of the Russian people on their own financial situation. The use of statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service revealed the reduction of poverty by 2,1 times (from 29% to 13,5%) for the period from 2000 to 2016 and the excess of the average per capita income and average monthly wage of the subsistence minimum by more than 3,0 times. However, all this does not indicate the general welfare of the country's citizens. The directive-based subsistence minimum as a standard of consumption is highly underestimated and does not meet the most important needs of the modern man.The results of the sociological survey of household budgets confirm the social stratification of society: more than 86% of Russians consider themselves poor. Based on the comparative characteristics of the poverty level in the regions of the Russian Federation, regions with the level of poverty below, at and above the average Russian level are identified. 63,5% of regions are characterized by the level of poverty that exceeds the average Russian level, which proves the severity of poverty and socio-economic inequality in the country.The results of the study allowed determining the characteristics of poverty in Russia. First, the existence and social (children, youth, pensioners) and economic poverty of the working population (employees of the public sector). Second, interregional differences and high spatial differentiation of the level of poverty in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation.In the current situation, solving the problems of poverty in Russia and overcoming social inequality should be a priority of the government's domestic socio-economic policy.В статье представлены результаты исследования, цель которого заключалась в сравнительном статистическом анализе основных индикаторов бедности различных социально-демографических групп населения для выявления закономерностей и особенностей бедности в России.Информационной базой исследования послужили данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики, в частности материалы статистического бюллетеня «Социально-экономические индикаторы бедности в 2013–2016 годах».Статистическая оценка бедности, представленная автором, осуществлена в рамках абсолютной концепции бедности с учетом её основного критерия – величины прожиточного минимума. Данные выборочного обследования бюджетов домашних хозяйств (ОБДХ) в 2016 г. позволили использовать субъективный подход к оценке бедности и изучить мнения россиян о собственном финансовом положении. Использование статистических данных Федеральной службы государственной статистики позволило выявить сокращение масштабов бедности в 2,1 раза (с 29% до 13,5%) за период с 2000 – 2016 гг. и превышение среднедушевых доходов и среднемесячной заработной платы величины прожиточного минимума более чем в 3,0 раза. Однако всё это не свидетельствует о всеобщем благосостоянии граждан страны. Директивно установленный прожиточный минимум как стандарт потребления сильно занижен и не удовлетворяет важнейших потребностей современного человека. Результаты социологического обследования бюджетов домашних хозяйств служат подтверждением социального расслоения общества: более 86% россиян относят себя к бедному населению. На основе сравнительной характеристики уровня бедности по субъектам Российской Федерации выявляются регионы с уровнем бедности ниже, на уровне и выше среднероссийского уровня. Для 63,5% субъектов характерен уровень бедности, превышающий среднероссийский уровень, что доказывает остроту проблемы бедности и социально-экономического неравенства в стране.Результаты исследования позволили определить характерные особенности бедности в России. Во-первых, существование и социальной (дети, молодежь, пенсионеры) и экономической бедности трудоспособного населения (работники бюджетной сферы). Во-вторых, межрегиональные различия и высокая пространственная дифференциация уровня бедности в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации.В сложившейся ситуации решение проблем бедности в России и преодоление социального неравенства должно являться приоритетным направлением внутренней социально-экономической политики правительства
