7,581 research outputs found
Translating culture: Matthee’s <i>Kringe in ’n bos</i> as a case in point
No full textThe translation of “cultural identity” in a novel such as “Kringe in ’n bos” contributes towards the definition of a uniquely South African representation of time and space in the global context. When translation is studied as a product of its socio-historical context, the translator is faced with problems of translating ideology and cultural identity in literature. Realia constitute a particular challenge to the translator because, according to the definition, precise equivalents of these words do not exist in other languages, which could cause shifts in the target language text. This article considers the concept of translatability and concludes that, despite the problems encountered, an adequate and satisfactory German translation from the Afrikaans original should be possible.
The question of translatability assumes an interesting dimension as the Afrikaans novel was translated into English by the author herself. The privileged position of author-translator granted Matthee a near-perfect understanding of the different layers of meaning and intention of the source text and eliminated the gap between the author and translator. However, one gains the impression that the German translator (Stege) resorted to transference as a strategy to avoid translation and it emerges that most instances of definite mistranslations are, indeed, attributable to Stege’s unfamiliarity with the South African context
Trichobius dugesioides Wenzel 1966
No full textdugesioides Wenzel 1966: 488, figs 68 D, 71. Type locality: Panama, Panama, Chepo Road. Type host: Trachops cirrhosus cirrhosus Spix. HT M, AT F (FMNH); PT 3 M, 1 F (MZSP), (also in numerous collections, see Wenzel et al., 1966: 410). Distr.: Colombia (Caquetá (Rio Mecayo La Toqua Tres Troncos), Magdalena (Rio Guaimaral, Valle du Par), Meta (El Parque La Macarena, 1 km n Cabana Duda; El Parque La Macarena, Carollia Camp, Cabana Duda), Santander (Cueva Macaregua, San Gil), Valle del Cauca (Anserma Nuevo; Buga)), Belize, Brazil, Guatemala, Peru. Refs.: Wenzel et al., 1966: 488); Wenzel, 1970: 4 (cat.), 1976: 63; Graciolli & Carvalho, 2001: 914; ter Hofstede et al., 2004: 620, FMNH; 2014.Published as part of Dick, Carl W., Graciolli, Gustavo & Guerrero, Ricardo, 2016, FAMILY STREBLIDAE, pp. 784-802 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 796, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.67, http://zenodo.org/record/26415
Formation of complex Al-N-C layer in aluminium by successive carbon and nitrogen implantation
No full textFormation of complex Al-N-C layer in aluminium by successive carbon and nitrogen implantation / A. Wenzel ... - In: Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. B. 147. 1999. S. 332-33
Ideology, constitutional culture and institutional change: the EU constitution as reflection of Europe’s emergent postmodernism
No full textUsing the example of the European Constitution, this paper argues that ideology plays a much more important role in institutional change than has been indicated hitherto in the literature. Rather than being an intellectual parlor-game, Postmodernism has emerged through European high culture to find its voice in the new Constitution. Although it was rejected by a critical mass of voters, the proposed Constitution offers a telling glimpse into the European intellectual mindset – especially since politicians are now bruiting the possibility of ratifying the constitution via compliant legislatures rather than fickle referenda. Anomalies in the document are better explained by the post-World War Two emergence of postmodern philosophy in Europe than by more traditional explanations from political economy.European constitution, postmodernism, political economy, institutional change
La crisi dell'Euro: quale futuro per una Unione monetaria senza Unione fiscale?
No full textLa crisi del debito europeo ha cause molteplici, da aspetti correlati a scelte politiche, ad approcci nella gestione della spesa pubblica fino ad arrivare alla politica monetaria. Al centro della questione si colloca il quadro istituzionale e di governance delle istituzioni europee e nazionali. Queste ultime costituiscono una rete talvota disordinata e sovente in posizoine di conflitto di interesse.
In questo capitolo ci si focalizza sugli aspetti fondanti della crisi dell’Eurozona, esaminando la possibilità, dal punto di vista teorico e pratico, di unione monetaria senza unione fiscale. L’analisi prende avvio dalla premessa che una minore regolamentazione è in generale auspicabile, rispetto ad una normazione eccessiva. Ciò considerando l’esperienza e le conoscenze riconducibili ai temi dalla public choice, ma anche al fatto che il ruol delle banche centrali appare fatalmente incrinato. Si riconosce anche che, in un mondo di second best, fenomeni pur limitati di ingerenza istituzionale inevitabilmente portano ad ulteriore ingerenza; gli interventi in un mercato distorcono i segnali del mercato, con conseguente squilibri causati in mercato correlati e conseguente negativa spirale amplificata a cascata (si veda Mises, 1979). Di conseguenza, mentre l’ottimale sarebbe un qualche sistema di valute concorrenti, noi affermiamo che l’unione monetaria senza unione fiscale non è sostenibile, perché un impegno credibile della banca centrale rispetto ad obiettivi di inflazione è difficile o impossibile da conseguire e mantenere.
La prima parte del lavoro esamina la teoria monetaria rilevante. La seconda parte affronta una descrizione sintetica della storia dell’Unione europea, con una particolare attenzione alla Unione Monetaria Europea (European Monetary Union, EMU) ed la crisi del debito in corso, anche alla luce delle misure speciali sviluppate dalla Commissione europea per affrontare le questioni economiche e finanziarie dei rilevanti squilibri all’interno della zona euro e la crisi del debito sovrano. Le nuove misure di governance economica europea sono illustrate, per poi passare ad una carrellata rapida della rete di strument sviluppati per assicurare sostegno finanziario agli Stati membri in difficoltà. La sezione successiva discute i possibili futuri scenari, ossia una volta che le misure temporanee si esauriscano e falliscano nei loro obiettivi, quali accordi potrebbero emergere a livello istituzionale. Si intravedono, al riguardo, tre possibilità: la fine dell’euro; una sorta di scissione gestita dell’area euro, nella forma di una espulsione della Grecia (“Grexit”) o eventualmente di una scissione tra area centrale e periferica; una maggiore “armonizzazione” della politica fiscale per realizzare una unione europea anche fiscale. Noi sosteniamo che l’ultima ipotesi sia quella più probabile, nonostante le riserve tedesche e di altri paesi. La sezione finale del lavoro propone alcune considerazioni conclusive di sintes
mAChRs in the Grasshopper Brain Mediate Excitation by Activation of the AC/PKA and the PLC Second-Messenger Pathways
No full text The species-specific sound production of acoustically communicating grasshoppers can be stimulated by pressure injection of both nicotinic and muscarinic agonists into the central body complex and a small neuropil situated posterior and dorsal to it. To determine the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the control of acoustic communication behavior and to identify the second-messenger pathways affected by mAChR-activation, muscarinic agonists and membrane-permeable drugs known to interfere with specific mechanisms of intracellular signaling pathways were pressure injected to identical sites in male grasshopper brains. Repeated injections of small volumes of muscarine elicited stridulation of increasing duration associated with decreased latencies. This suggested an accumulation of excitation over time that is consistent with the suggested role of mAChRs in controling courtship behavior: to provide increasing arousal leading to higher intensity of stridulation and finally initiating a mating attempt. At sites in the brain where muscarine stimulation was effective, stridulation could be evoked by forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase (AC); 8-Br-cAMP-activating protein kinase A (PKA); and 3-isobuty-1-methylxanthine, leading to the accumulation of endogenously generated cAMP through inhibition of phosphodiesterases. This suggested that mAChRs mediate excitation by stimulating the AC/cAMP/PKA pathway. In addition, muscarine-stimulated stridulation was inhibited by 2′-5′-dideoxyadenonsine and SQ 22536, two inhibitors of AC; H-89 and Rp-cAMPS, two inhibitors of PKA; and by U-73122 and neomycin, two agents that inhibit phospholipase C (PLC) by independent mechanisms. Because the inhibition of AC, PKA, or PLC by various individually applied substances entirely suppressed muscarine-evoked stridulation in a number of experiments, activation of both pathways, AC/cAMP/PKA and PLC/IP3/diacylglycerine, appeared to be necessary to mediate the excitatory effects of mAChRs. With these studies on an intact “behaving” grasshopper preparation, we present physiological relevance for mAChR-evoked excitation mediated by sequential activation of the AC- and PLC-initiated signaling pathways that has been reported in earlier in vitro studies. </jats:p
Noctiliostrebla aitkeni Wenzel 1966
No full textNoctiliostrebla aitkeni Wenzel, 1966 (Figs 7, 15D) Noctiliostrebla aitkeni Wenzel in Wenzel et al., 1966: 567 –569 (description of ♂ and ♀, figs 108a–c). Holotype ♂ (FMNH). Type locality: Trinidad, Manzanilla. Host: Noctilio leporinus [as N. leporinus leporinus]. Other references: Wenzel (1970: 11; catalog); Wenzel (1976: 116–117; figs 46a–c; comments and list of examined material); Guerrero (1995: 148; diagnosis); Guerrero (1997: 11; catalog); Dick & Miller (2010: 1253; fig. 18); Dick et al. (2016: 792; catalog). Aspidoptera megastigma: Jobling (1949: 140–142; figs 3a–c; redescription, misidentification); Goodwin & Greenhall (1961: 220–221; notes, misidentification). Diagnosis. The female has a characteristic longitudinal sideband of setae, with 2–3 rows of setae longer and thicker than those on the median dorsal connexivum and placed on the inner side of spiracle IV–VII. Sternite VII of females is less than twice the length of the epiproct, a character state that separates N. aitkeni from other Noctiliostrebla species parasitizing Noctilio leporinus. The male is very similar to N. guerreroi sp. n., N. lamasi sp. n., N. morena sp. n. and N. caissara sp. n., but sternite VI and the gonopod with a subacuminate apex separate it from these species of Noctiliostrebla. Redescription. Measurements (mm, n=25, 11 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). HFL: ♂ 0.44 (0.41–0.46), ♀ 0.51 (0.49–0.53); SL: ♂ 0.50 (0.43–0.53), ♀ 0.57 (0.53–0.60); TL: ♂ 0.46 (0.39–0.48), ♀ 0.51 (0.47–0.55); WL: ♂ 0.29 (0.26–0.32), ♀ 0.33 (0.30–0.37); WW: ♂ 0.16 (0.15–0.18), ♀ 0.19 (0.16–0.21). Thorax. Mesepimeron with 1–2 setae on each side. Wing with 0–3 setae on median vein. Metasternum (Fig. 7B) like in N. maai. Female abdomen. Syntergite I+II (Fig. 7A) like in N. maai, except 19–30 setae on each plate of lateral lobe. Dorsal connexivum (Fig. 7A) resembles N. maai, except as follows: setae of cluster of setae around spiracle III uniform in size, with setae anterior to spiracle III as long as setae posterior to spiracle III, and longest setae shorter than but longer than half the length of longest setae on syntergite I+II; longitudinal sideband similar to that of N. maai, but setae 1/3 the length of longest setae on cluster of setae around spiracle III and at most twice as long as setae on median dorsal connexivum; lateral and median pairs of setae between each spiracle VI similar to those in N. traubi. Tergite VII (Fig. 7A, C) like in N. maai, except as follows: posterior margin moderately to strongly inclined; 3–6 setae on each plate. Sternite II (Fig. 7B) like in N. maai, except longest lateral setae twice as long as shortest median setae on posterior margin. Sternite VII with 8–12 setae on each plate. Epiproct (Fig. 7A, C) like in N. maai. Male abdomen. Syntergite I+II like in N. maai, except 26–38 setae on each plate of lateral lobe. Ventral connexivum like in N. dubia. Sternite II (Fig. 7D) like in N. maai, except longest lateral setae twice as long as shortest median setae on posterior margin. Hypopygium (Fig. 7E) with setae on ventral margin like in N. dubia; sternite VI moderately to strongly curved, at most twice as long as cercus, apical margin irregular and wider than but not twice as wide as cercus. Genitalia (Fig. 7 F–H) as in N. maai, except as follows: gonopod strongly curved before distal macrosetae but not as in N. traubi, distal half wider than in N. maai, with distance between distal setae and apex of gonopod more than 1.5 times and less than twice distance between distal setae and dorsal margin of gonopod; dorsal margin flat with subparallel margins, and subacuminate at apex. Distribution. Brazil (Amapá, Ceará), Ecuador, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Fig. 15D). Host. Noctilio leporinus. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂: Trinidad: “FIELD MUSEUM OF NAT. HIST. / TRINIDAD: Manzilla / in hollow mangrove / tree / 13 March 1957 / T.H.G. Aitken leg. / HOLOTYPE [♂] / Noctiliostrebla aitkeni / Wenzel”, ““ Ectoparasites of Panama ” / Page 569 / Host: Noctilio leporinus ”, on slide (FMNH). PARATYPE (1 ♀): Trinidad: same data as holotype (FMNH). Additional material examined. Brazil: 6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, state of Amapá, Macapá, Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque, 2°11’36”N, 54°35’15”W, 11.i.2005, A.C.M. Martins leg., on N. leporinus (ZUFMS); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, state of Ceará, Crateús, Reserva de Serra das Almas, 40 o 50’S, 0 5 o 05’W, 28.i.2013, J.C. Almeida leg., on N. leporinus (MZSP). Ecuador: 1 ♂, Pastaza, Villano B camp, (owned by AGIP), Lliquino river, 1500m, 1°27’10”S, 77°26’32”W, 22.i.2008, on N. leporinus (FMNH); 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as previous except 30.i.2008 (FMNH). Venezuela: 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Bolívar, Supamo river, 50km SE El Manteco, 150m, premontane humid forest, 10/iv/ 1966, A. L. Tuttle & M.D. Tuttle leg., on N. leporinus (FMNH); 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, same data as previous except 8.iv.1966 (FMNH); 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Amazonas, Boca Mavaca, 84km SSE Esmeralda, 7km up Mavaca river, 138m, tropical rainforest, 1.iii.1967, M. D. Tuttle & F.L. Harder leg., on N. leporinus (FMNH); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as previous except 20.iii.1967 (FMNH). Remarks about the paratypes of Noctiliostrebla aitkeni from Peru. We examined two paratypes of Noctiliostrebla aitkeni from Peru: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Loreto, Maynas, Yauri-Mirin river, Quebrada Esperanza, 23.ix.1957, C. Kalinowski leg., on N. leporinus (MZSP). We conclude that they belong to N. lamasi sp. n., based on the presence of a cluster of setae around spiracle III of the female, and on the shape of sternite VI of the male. Other remarks. Wenzel et al. (1966) examined the specimen of N. aitkeni upon which Jobling (1949) based his illustration of Aspidoptera megastigma, and which is deposited in NHMUK. Wenzel mentioned some differences between Jobling’s illustration and the specimen examined by him. He concluded that A. megastigma sensu Jobling is in fact N. aitkeni. Indeed, the illustration provided by Jobling shows no resemblance to N. dubia, and the redescription presented by Jobling (1949) does not refer to any relevant features. In other publications, Jobling (1929, 1936, 1951) made reference to Aspidoptera megastigma by means of illustrations and descriptions of features, which are clearly consistent with Noctiliostrebla, yet do not allow the determination of the species. The diagnosis of N. aitkeni provided by Guerrero (1995) includes the diagnostic features of both the male and the female sex.Published as part of Alcantara, Daniel Maximo Correa, Graciolli, Gustavo & Nihei, Silvio S., 2019, Revision of Noctiliostrebla (Diptera: Streblidae), parasites of bulldog bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae: Noctilio), pp. 483-521 in Zootaxa 4560 (3) on pages 500-502, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/262783
Trichobius joblingi Wenzel 1966
No full textjoblingi Wenzel, 1966: 481, figs 68 E, 70. Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Summit Golf Club. Type host: Carollia perspicillata azteca Saussure. HT M, AT F (FMNH); PT 2 M, 2 F (MZSP), 1,870 (in numerous collections, see Wenzel et al., 1966: 410). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Chigorodo; Santa Fe), Bolívar (Planeta Rica; San Juan Nepomuceno; Tolu), Córdoba (Tierra Alta), Cundinamarca (Apulo; Melgar; Pto. Salgar), Huila (Canon Pericongo; La Plata), Meta (El Parque La Macarena, 1 km n Cabana Duda; El Parque La Macarena, Cano Cabana, Cabana Duda, 125 m se; Restrepo; Salinas de Upin; Villavicencio), Nariño (El Carmen; La Guayacana), Norte de Santander (Petrolea Tibu; Pto. Reyes; Tibu), Putumayo (Est. de Bombeo, Guamez), Santander (Cueva Macaregua, San Gil; El Hoyo; Lisboa, Portugal; San Joaquin), Tolima (Hacienda "El Encanto", Cunday; Hacienda Camelia, Cueva "El Eden", Cunday; Hacienda Siberia Alcantarilla, Cunday; Honda; Melgar), Valle del Cauca (Anserma Nuevo; Buenaventura; Buenaventura, along Rio Dagua; Córdoba; Córdoba, km 20 Cali-B/Ventura Road; Buga; road to Buga; Guanabanal, Cali; Menendez Cali; Palmira; Sabaletas, 29 km se B/ventura), Vaupés (Mitu; Mitu, Cerca Miroflores; Mitu, Cerca Tiquie)), Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela. Refs.: Wenzel et al., 1966: 481; Wenzel, 1970: 4 (cat.), 1976: 54; Guerrero, 1995 a: 3 (cat.), 1997: 9 (cat.); Graciolli & Carvalho, 2001: 911; Dick, 2013: 12; FMNH, 2014.Published as part of Dick, Carl W., Graciolli, Gustavo & Guerrero, Ricardo, 2016, FAMILY STREBLIDAE, pp. 784-802 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 796, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.67, http://zenodo.org/record/26415
Violet of Abbazia [music] : gavotte for the piano /
No full textPublisher's no.: 357.; MUS: N, MUS/E89/118.; Also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an7350801; MUS: N, MUS/E89/118
Pharmacological brain stimulation releases elaborate stridulatory behaviour in gomphocerine grasshoppers - conclusions for the organization of the central nervous control
No full textGrasshoppers produce a variety of sounds generated by complex movements of the hindlegs. Stridulation, performed in the context of partner finding, mating and rivalry, call be released by pressure injection of cholinergic agonists into the protocerebrum. Particularly stimulation with muscarinic agonists induced long-lasting stridulation that resembled the natural behaviour to an astonishing degree, not only with respect to their temporal structure and right/left coordination, but also to changes in the song sequences according to the progress of courtship stridulation, even including accessory movements of other parts of the body. According to the complexity of their stridulatory behaviour ten gomphocerine species were chosen for this comparative study. The results indicate that the protocerebrum fulfils two important tasks in the control of stridulation: (1) it integrates sensory input relevant to stridulation that represents a certain behavioural situation and internal state of arousal, and (2) it selectively activates and deactivates the thoracic networks that generate the appropriate movement and sound patterns. With the knowledge of the natural behaviour and the accessibility to pharmacological and electrophysiological studies, the cephalic control system for stridulation in grasshoppers appears to be a suitable model for how the brain selects and controls appropriate behaviours for a given situation
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