1,721,070 research outputs found
L’«esplicabile peccato originale dell’intera esperienza». Critica e metafisica della conoscenza in J.F. Herbart
No full textThe “explicable original sin of all experience”. Critique and metaphysics of
knowledge by J.F. Herbart. The Author claims that, in the system of Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841), multiple foundation relationships between psychology and metaphysics interweave as a result of the intermediate position assigned to the human being within the methodological framework. To highlight the quest for objectivity in
his general and applied metaphysics, its overall structures are analysed on several levels: the problematic assumption of external and internal data; formality of knowledge; essences and events in realistic ontology; and the connection between events and objective appearance, which is further specified in scientific psychology. The condition of individual observers amidst manifold essences proves to be decisive in linking ontology and experience. Yet Herbart’s metaphysics is intended to rearrange and develop
Kant’s critical philosophy: it is argued that the establishment of scientific psychology is aimed at legitimating objectivity and that Herbart’s metaphysical foundation of
knowledge also relies on the definition of the subject as a blank position
Armonia e contrappunto nel pensiero di J.F. Herbart
No full textLa riflessione di Herbart sulle relazioni tonali viene ripercorsa e ricostruita criticamente nel contesto della sua elaborazione di una psicologia scientifica, che nella musica trova un adeguato oggetto di analisi, in virtù della chiarezza con cui l’arte dei suoni esibisce i rapporti armonici che la costituiscono. Il costante riferimento alle leggi matematiche della psicologia, l’analisi concettuale delle relazioni tra suoni e la loro riconduzione all’a priori musicale costituito dalla linea tonale sono gli strumenti che consentono di individuare un percorso teorico che lega tra loro vari temi fondamentali dell’armonia musicale: intervalli, accordi e melodia, consonanza e dissonanza, per giungere infine alla giustificazione psicologica del temperamento equabile. Un’attenzione analoga ai rapporti tonali sta alla base dell’estetica musicale herbartiana, che si distingue per un rigoroso formalismo e giunge alla definizione di un principio della legalità estetica dell’arte dei suoni, individuato nel “pensiero musicale”
Die Lehren von den spezifischen Energien. Ansätze und Streitfragen
No full textDer Begriff und die Lehre von spezifischen Energien sind in der philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Literatur zwischen 19. und 20. Jh. überraschend geläufig. Eine eindeutige Begriffsbestimmung oder eine einheitliche Theorie liegen jedoch nicht vor; vielmehr lassen sich unterschiedliche Fragestellungen und Auslegungen angeben, welche auf eine vieldeutige Begriffsverwendung sowie auf Diskussionen breiten Umfangs verweisen.
Die klassische Darstellung der Lehre geht auf Johannes Müller zurück, der 1826 unter Bezugnahme auf philosophische Voraussetzungen „Energien der Sinnessubstanz“ oder „Sinnesenergien“ einführte und 1838 eine ausführlichere Darlegung in zehn „allgemeinen Grundsätzen“ vornahm. Helmholtz ist eine Erweiterung der Lehre Müllers zu verdanken, in der nicht nur Sinnesmodalitäten sondern auch Qualitäten unterschieden wurden. An der regen Debatte beteiligten sich zahlreiche Philosophen und Wissenschaftler (u.a. Dessoir, Hering, Lotze, Lipps, Waitz und Wundt), welche ihre Lehre von spezifischen Energien durch Tatsachen erhärtet sahen, zur Erklärung verschiedener Tatbestände heranführten oder schlicht widerlegten.
An der geschichtlichen Rekonstruktion sollten Methodenunterschiede ermittelt und die verschiedenen, damit verbundenen Fragestellungen explizit gemacht werden: Gleichgültigkeit oder Adäquatheit der Reizung, Lokalisation und Entwicklung von organischen Funktionen, Einteilungskriterien für die Sinne. Alsdann wird zu thematisieren sein, welche methodischen, begrifflichen und weltanschaulichen Voraussetzungen dahinterstecken, und ob und inwiefern spezifische Energien zur Erklärung von Phänomenen überhaupt taugen können: Auf diese Diskussion werden die Thesen gestützt, dass die Einführung von spezifischen Energien als ein Ausdruck für Unwissenheit gilt und dass ihr somit einen negativen – obgleich keineswegs unfruchtbaren – Wert beizulegen ist
Il «cerchio labirintico dell’intelligibile» : Sentimento e forma nella teoria del simbolo di Susanne K. Langer
No full textSprung, Helga (unter Mitarbeit von Sprung, Lothar), Carl Stumpf – Eine Biografie. Von der Philosophie zur Experimentellen Psychologie, München-Wien 2006
No full text
Deep in the Nature of the Sense Substance. Epistemological and Metaphysical Aspects of Quality in XIX Century Sense Physiology
No full textIn the XIX century, the scientific status of sense physiology was progressively defined as regards methodology, basic notions, and object. In this context, sensation and sensory qualities were often explained based on the idea of ‘specific sense energies’. However heterogeneous the doctrines were, there emerges a common sticking point, which is related to matter: proponents of the ‘specific energy’ usually posit the ‘sense substance’ as its very bearer, but they systematically fail to explain it. In my talk, I analyse, firstly, deficits in the physiological explanations of the essential connection between sense energy and (living) matter. Secondly, I argue that these deficits may be traced back to epistemological and metaphysical assumptions which often prove lacking in consistency; in this regard, the problematic relationship between specific energy and matter proves historically decisive in the development of sense physiology
Critical Remarks on Physiological Interpretations of the Apriori
No full text“It follows from the analysis of our sense perceptions that there are, actually, no qualities”. Emil Du Bois-Reymond grounded his claim (1872, 445) on the then knowledge of nerve activity, yet he also introduced “sense substances” translating stimulations into sensations and bearing “specific energies”. In brief, sensation is a transcendent, “unconditional” limit of natural knowledge, but (our) knowledge depends on it and scientists do attempt to account for it.
Interpretations of sense physiology were provided in a programmatic Kantian key, also based on the notion of ‘sense energies’, which was to bridge the gap between mechanical explanations of the sensorium and the appearing of sensory qualities. Sense physiology thus seemed to “develop” and “confirm” Kant’s theory of the a priori. In how far was such claim legitimate?
After dissecting Du Bois-Reymond’s statements, I test their consistency and contextualise them within the state-of-the-art of sense physiological research in the second half of the 19th century. Grounding on these analyses, I argue that the notion of ‘specific energies’ coheres neither with mechanical basics of knowledge (according to Du Bois-Reymond’s account) nor with Kantian interpretations of physiological theories – thus testifying once more to a lack, if not to the impossibility of knowledge regarding sensation
M. Ebeling, Verschmelzung und neuronale Autokorrelation als Grundlage einer Konsonanztheorie, Frankfurt am Main, Lang, 2007
No full text- …
