12 research outputs found
Isolation and characterisation of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the threatened mound-building malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata (Aves:Megapodiidae)
No full textUsing 454 pyrosequencing and genomic enrichment techniques we developed 12 polymorphic markers for the endangered megapode, the malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata). Pyrosequencing on a 454 instrument resulted in 65 536 reads, with 3469 containing microsatellite repeats. Of these, 232 contained unique flanking sequences and had more than 8 repeat motifs.Wechose 13 loci based on reliability of amplification and, from these, 12 unlinked loci were selected for genotyping. In a single population (n = 19), the 12 markers were moderately polymorphic (number of alleles per locus range = 3–7) and showed moderate to high levels of heterozygosity (0.285–0.882). Nine microsatellite primer pairs developed from the brush turkey (Alectura lathami), the closest living relative of the malleefowl in the family, Megapodiidae, failed to reliably amplify malleefowl DNA.Taneal M. Cope, Terry Bertozzi, Raoul A. Mulder and Stephen C. Donnella
Molecular phylogeny of Australian Gehyra (Squamata: Gekkonidae) and taxonomic revision of Gehyra variegata in south-eastern Australia
No full textWe provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Australian species of the gekkonid genus Gehyra, based on 1044bp of the mitochondrial ND2gene. Species representing the Asian, Melanesian and Australian radiations are resolved as separate clades, indicating relative isolation and independence of each of these evolutionary lines. Within the Australian radiation, the arid zone species form a monophyletic subgroup distinct from the remaining species found in tropical and warm mesic habitats. Extensive chromosome variation and highly variable external morphology have made species recognition difficult within Gehyra, exacerbated by the likely presence of numerous undescribed cryptic species. Three species of Gehyra are currently recognized in the southeastern inland of Australia, G. variegata,
G. montium and G. purpurascens. We re-describe a fourth species, G. l a z e l l i, to include those populations long referred to informally as the 2n=44 chromosome ‘race’ of Gehyra variegata. Gehyra lazelli widely overlaps the distribution of G. variegate in South Australia and the southern inland of New South Wales, with no suggestion of intergradation in morphology, mitochondrial DNA, allozyme variation or karyotype.Mark J. Sistrom, Mark N. Hutchinson, Rhonda G. Hutchinson and Stephen C. Donnella
Molecular and morphological assessment of the Liopholis inornata (Rosén, 1905) species group (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae), with descriptions of two new species from northern Western Australia
No full textMolecular genetic and morphological assessments were undertaken on the Liopholis inornata species group of skinks that occur on sandy soils in both mesic and arid regions of Australia. The primary objective was the taxonomic identification of two outlying peripheral populations from the North-West Cape and Purnululu National Park, in northern Western Australia. To provide adequate context, molecular genetic and morphometric variation was assessed across the wide geographic range of L. inornata, a taxon that is strongly phylogeographically structured. It was also necessary to reassess the taxonomic identity of two previously named taxa from central Australia, L. s. slateri (Storr) and L. s. virgata (Storr). Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear SNPs from extant populations confirm that L. inornata, L. s. slateri and the two outlying populations from northern Western Australia are each distinct evolutionary lineages. Prior to analyses of the extent of morphological divergence between the lineages, we assessed the extent of morphometric differences between the sexes using two well-sampled species, L. inornata and L. striata (Sternfeld) from Western Australian populations. We determined that while males have relatively longer, wider and deeper heads throughout life these differences are relatively slight and the data from both sexes could be pooled for subsequent morphological interspecific comparisons. The two outlying populations are distinguished from congeners based on phylogenetic relationships and divergence in nuclear nucleotide sequences and distinctive morphometric and colour attributes and thus represent new species. The new species both occur in biogeographically significant areas that contain several other endemic reptile species. Liopholis s. virgata, for which we currently lack genetic data, is morphometrically and chromatically different from all the other taxa and very likely represents a distinct species that is potentially extinct as it has not been sighted for more than a century.Ken P. Aplin, Brad Maryan, Kyle N. Armstrong, Chris R. Pavey, Stephen C. Donnella
Determinism, Path-depedence and Uncertainty: A Post-Keynesian Perspective
No full textTato práce je zaměřená na analýzu koncepčně-metodologických problémů zkoumaných v rámci postkeynesovské ekonomie. Autor této práce si klade za cíl předložit řešení problému definice (non)determinismu v deterministických a stochastických systémech a rovněž také stávajících konfuzí ohledně pojetí (ir)reverzibility path-dependent a tradičně-rovnovážných systémů. Problém determinismu/non-determinismu vidí autor jako bytostně spjatý s problémem definice fundamentální nejistoty. Autor dále identifikuje jako klíčové problémy "problém generátoru endogenních šoků" a "problém selection - creation", jejichž vyřešení umožňuje zaujmout stanovisko k platnosti či neplatnosti klasické dichotomie. Autor předkládá Davidsonovu interpretaci ergodicity spolu s O´Donnellovou kritikou této interpretace, a na základě této kritiky a kritiky ze strany Álvareze, Ehntse odmítá autor Davidsonovo zjednodušující schéma, podle kterého neoklasická ekonomie stojí na ergodickém axiomu. Řešení "problému selection - creation" navrhuje autor rozlišením epistemologického a ontologického determinismu na jedné straně, a epistemologického determinismu a epistemologického non-determinismu na straně druhé. Zatímco selection charakterizuje sféru epistemologického determinismu, a tudíž sféru "fundamentální jistoty", creation podle autora charakterizuje sféru epistemologického non-determinismu, a tudíž sféru fundamentální nejistoty. "Problém generátoru endogenních šoků" považuje autor na základě principu kauzality a principu sporu za logický rozpor a řešení vidí v odmítnutí konceptu endogenních šoků. Současně na základě argumentu prvotní příčiny, který vyplývá z principu kauzality, odmítá autor Davidsonovu rétoriku "základního článku neoklasické víry" jako nesmyslnou. V protikladu k Davidsonovi považuje autor fundamentální nejistotu za zásadně epistemologickou, spočívající v naší neznalosti "ultimátního zákona změny", "Božského vzorce". Na rozdíl od O´Donnella, který akcentuje ve svém epistemologickém přístupu k nejistotě prvek epistemologické nejistoty, autor vedle této epistemologické nejistoty zdůrazňuji současně i prvek ontologické jistoty, spočívající ve znalosti existence "Božského vzorce".The thesis deals with analysis of conceptual-methodological issues examined in the framework of post-keynesian economics. The author´s goal is to supply a solution to the problem of a definition of determinism/non-determinism for both deterministic and stochastic systems and also to the problem of the prevailing confusion which surrounds the notion of reversibility/irreversibility in both path-dependent and traditional-equilibrist systems. The author regards the determinism/non-determinism problem as essentially linked to the problem of a definition of fundamental uncertainty. The key issues are being identified in the "problem of a generator of endogenous shocks" and the "selection - creation problem". Finding solutions to these enables us to take a stand on the validity/invalidity of the classical dichotomy, in the eyes of the author. Davidson´s interpretation of ergodicity and O´Donnell´s critique of this are being presented and, drawing on the latter, along with Álvarez-Ehnts´ critique, the author rejects a simplifying pattern of Davidson´s, according to which neoclassical economics is based on the ergodic axiom. The author suggests a solution to the "selection - creation problem" consisting in distinguishing epistemological determinism from ontological determinism on the one hand, and epistemological determinism from epistemological non-determinism on the other hand. While selection is a characteristic feature of epistemological determinism and, in effect, the realm of "fundamental certainty", creation is referred to by the author as a characteristic feature of epistemological non-determinism, i. e., in effect, the realm of fundamental uncertainty. The author regards the "problem of a generator of endogenous shocks" a self-contradictory notion, based on the principle of causality and the law of non-contradiction, and suggests a solution to the problem consisting in rejection of the concept of shock endogeneity. At the same time, the author rejects Davidson´s "fundamental neoclassical article of faith" rhetoric, based on the first cause argument implied by the principle of causality. In opposition to Davidson, the author regards fundamental uncertainty being of a basically epistemological nature, consisting in our ignorance of the "ultimate law of change", the "Devine formula". Unlike O´Donnell, however, who puts stress on the element of epistemological uncertainty in his epistemological approach to uncertainty, the author also puts stress on the element of ontological certainty, consisting in our knowledge of the existence of the "Devine formula", apart from our epistemological uncertainty
Kinome rewiring reveals AURKA limits PI3K-pathway inhibitor efficacy in breast cancer
No full textDysregulation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is a prominent feature of breast cancers. However, clinical responses to drugs targeting this pathway have been modest, possibly because of dynamic changes in cellular signaling that drive resistance and limit drug efficacy. Using a quantitative chemoproteomics approach, we mapped kinome dynamics in response to inhibitors of this pathway and identified signaling changes that correlate with drug sensitivity. Maintenance of AURKA after drug treatment was associated with resistance in breast cancer models. Incomplete inhibition of AURKA was a common source of therapy failure, and combinations of PI3K, AKT or mTOR inhibitors with the AURKA inhibitor MLN8237 were highly synergistic and durably suppressed mTOR signaling, resulting in apoptosis and tumor regression in vivo. This signaling map identifies survival factors whose presence limits the efficacy of targeted therapies and reveals new drug combinations that may unlock the full potential of PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway inhibitors in breast cancer
Do atmospheric aerosols form glasses?
No full textZobrist B, Marcolli C, Pedernera DA, Koop T. Do atmospheric aerosols form glasses? ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. 2008;8(17):5221-5244.A new process is presented by which water soluble organics might influence ice nucleation, ice growth, chemical reactions and water uptake of aerosols in the upper troposphere: the formation of glassy aerosol particles. Glasses are disordered amorphous (non-crystalline) solids that form when a liquid is cooled without crystallization until the viscosity increases exponentially and molecular diffusion practically ceases. The glass transition temperatures, Tg, homogeneous ice nucleation temperatures, Thom, and ice melting temperatures, Tm, of various aqueous inorganic, organic and multi-component solutions are investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. The investigated solutes are: various polyols, glucose, raffinose, levoglucosan, an aromatic compound, sulfuric acid, ammonium bisulfate and mixtures of dicarboxylic acids (M5), of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulfate (M5AS), of two polyols, of glucose and ammonium nitrate, and of raffinose and M5AS. The results indicate that aqueous solutions of the investigated inorganic solutes show Tg values that are too low to be of atmospheric importance. In contrast, aqueous organic and multi-component solutions readily form glasses at low but atmospherically relevant temperatures (≤230 K). To apply the laboratory data to the atmospheric situation, the measured phase transition temperatures were transformed from a concentration to a water activity scale by extrapolating water activities determined between 252 K and 313 K to lower temperatures. The obtained state diagrams reveal that the higher the molar mass of the aqueous organic or multi-component solutes, the higher Tg of their respective solutions at a given water activity. To a lesser extent, Tg also depends on the hydrophilicity of the organic solutes. Therefore, aerosol particles containing larger (≳150 g mol−1) and more hydrophobic organic molecules are more likely to form glasses at intermediate to high relative humidities in the upper troposphere. Our results suggest that the water uptake of aerosols, heterogeneous chemical reactions in aerosol particles, as well as ice nucleation and ice crystal growth can be significantly impeded or even completely inhibited in organic-enriched aerosols at upper tropospheric temperatures with implications for cirrus cloud formation and upper tropospheric relative humidity
PICES-GLOBEC International Program on Climate Change and Carrying Capacity: Report of 2001 BASS/MODEL, MONITOR and REX Workshops, and the 2002 MODEL/REX Workshop
No full textTable of Contents [pdf, 0.22 Mb] Executive Summary [pdf, 0.31 Mb]Report of the 2001 BASS/MODEL Workshop [pdf, 0.65 Mb] To review ecosystem models for the subarctic gyresReport of the 2001 MONITOR Workshop [pdf, 0.7 Mb] To review ecosystem models for the subarctic gyresWorkshop presentations:Sonia D. BattenPICES Continuous Plankton Recorder pilot projectPhillip R. MundyGEM (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council`s "Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring" initiative) and U.S. GOOS plans in the North Pacific Ron McLaren and Brian O`DonnellA proposal for a North Pacific Action group of the international Data Buoy Cooperation Panel Gilberto Gaxiola-Castrol and Sila Najera-MartinezThe Mexican oceanographic North Pacific program: IMECOCAL Sydney LevitusBuilding global ocean profile and plankton databases for scientific research Report of the 2001 REX Workshop [pdf, 1.73 Mb] On temporal variations in size-at-age for fish species in coastal areas around the Pacific Rim Workshop presentations: Brian J. Pyper, Randall M. Peterman, Michael F. Lapointe and Carl J. Walters [pdf, 0.33 Mb] Spatial patterns of covariation in size-at-age of British Columbia and Alaska sockeye salmon stocks and effects of abundance and ocean temperature R. Bruce MacFarlane, Steven Ralston, Chantell Royer and Elizabeth C. Norton [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Influences of the 1997-1998 El Niño and 1999 La Niña on juvenile Chinook salmon in the Gulf of the FarallonesOlga S. Temnykh and Sergey L. Marchenko [pdf, 0.5 Mb] Variability of the pink salmon sizes in relation with abundance of Okhotsk Sea stocksLudmila A. Chernoivanova, Alexander N. Vdoven and D.V. Antonenko [pdf, 0.3 Mb] The characteristic growth rate of herring in Peter the Great Bay (Japan/East Sea)Nikolay I. Naumenko [pdf, 0.5 Mb] Temporal variations in size-at-age of the western Bering Sea herringEvelyn D. Brown [pdf, 0.45 Mb] Effects of climate on Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, in the northern Gulf of Alaska and Prince William Sound, Alaska Jake Schweigert, Fritz Funk, Ken Oda and Tom Moore [pdf, 0.6 Mb] Herring size-at-age variation in the North Pacific Ron W. Tanasichuk [pdf, 0.3 Mb] Implications of variation in euphausiid productivity for the growth, production and resilience of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) from the southwest coast of Vancouver Island Chikako Watanabe, Ahihiko Yatsu and Yoshiro Watanabe [pdf, 0.3 Mb] Changes in growth with fluctuation of chub mackerel abundance in the Pacific waters off central Japan from 1970 to 1997 Yoshiro Watanabe, Yoshiaki Hiyama, Chikako Watanabe and Shiro Takayana [pdf, 0.35 Mb] Inter-decadal fluctuations in length-at-age of Hokkaido-Sakhalin herring and Japanese sardine in the Sea of Japan Pavel A. Balykin and Alexander V. Buslov [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Long-term variability in length of walley pollock in the western Bering Sea and east Kamchtka Alexander A. Bonk [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Effect of population abundance increase on herring distribution in the western Bering Sea Sergey N. Tarasyuk [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Survival of yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera Pallas) in the northern part of the Tatar Strait (Sea of Japan) during the second half of the 20th century Report of the 2002 MODEL/REX Workshop [pdf, 1.2 Mb] To develop a marine ecosystem model of the North Pacific Ocean including pelagic fishes Summary and Overview [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Workshop presentations: Bernard A. Megrey, Kenny Rose, Francisco E. Werner, Robert A. Klumb and Douglas E. Hay [pdf, 0.47 Mb] A generalized fish bioenergetics/biomass model with an application to Pacific herring Robert A. Klumb [pdf, 0.34 Mb] Review of Clupeid biology with emphasis on energetics Douglas E. Hay [pdf, 0.47 Mb] Reflections of factors affecting size-at-age and strong year classes of herring in the North Pacific Shin-ichi Ito, Yutaka Kurita, Yoshioki Oozeki, Satoshi Suyama, Hiroya Sugisaki and Yongjin Tian [pdf, 0.34 Mb] Review for Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) study under the VENFISH project lexander V. Leonov and Gennady A. Kantakov [pdf, 0.34 Mb] Formalization of interactions between chemical and biological compartments in the mathematical model describing the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon and carbon compoundsHerring group report and model results [pdf, 0.34 Mb] Saury group report and model results [pdf, 0.46 Mb] Model experiments and hypothesesRecommendations [pdf, 0.4 Mb] Achievements and future stepsAcknowledgements [pdf, 0.29 Mb] References [pdf, 0.32 Mb] Appendix 1. List of Participants [pdf, 0.32 Mb] Appendices 2-5. FORTRAN codes [pdf, 0.4 Mb] (Document pdf contains 182 pages)ISSN: 1198-273
