5,098 research outputs found
Si Kenkoy Bilang Kuwelang Ingles sa Komiks: Isang Pagdalumat sa Karabaw English Bilang Instrumento ng Pagsulong ng Makabayang Diwa sa Panahon ng Kolonyalismong Amerikano; 1929-1934
No full textAbstrakAng tinaguriang “Carabao English” ay inilalarawan bilang isang katawa-tawa at hindi kanais-nais na paraan ng komunikasyon. Kinikilala ito bilang paaran ng pilit na paglakip sa dayuhang wika kung saan nagkaroon ng korupsiyon (sariling maka-Pilipinong pagbabaybay) ang wikang Ingles dahil sa naging paghahalo nito sa wikang Filipino. Tatangkain ng papel na ito na matunton ang naging paggamit sa “Carabao English” na mababakas sa mga diyalogo na inilarawan ni Tony Velasquez sa kaniyang likhang-sining na Kenkoy Komiks. Si Kenkoy ang kumatawan sa ‘kuwelang Ingles’ na sa unang pagtingin ay katawa-tawa ngunit kung bibigyan ng malalim na pagsusuri ay nagpapahiwatig ng mga makabayang aral at mga tunggalian sa isang kolonyal na lipunan. Ang layunin ng pag-aaral ay mabigyan ng masusing pagtalakay at masuri ang mga simbolismong pumapaloob sa Kenkoy Komiks na makikita sa ilustrasyon at mga linya nito. Bukod pa rito, layunin ding mabigyang-linaw at maisakonteksto ang nilalaman ng sining ng pagguhit at wikang “Carabao English” sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng Estados Unidos sa Pilipinas at ang papel at paggamit ng nasabing wika sa layunin ng may-akda upang maisulong ang kaniyang mithiing pagkabansa. Matutunghayan mula sa pag-aaral ang pagtugon at ang pakikipagtunggali ng lipunang Pilipino sa panahon ng mga kultural na pagbabago sa dagok ng kolonisasyon mula sa komiks. Iminumungkahi ng pag-aaral na nagkaroon ng proseso ng akulturasyon sa wika kung saan sinasalamin nito ang pag-angkin ng lipunang Pilipino sa mga dayuhang elemento, ngunit nagkaroon ng pagtatakip upang maipagpatuloy ang diwang makabayan sa kabila ng kaayusang kolonyal na pinatatakbo ng Estados Unidos sa bansa. Mga Susing Salita: komiks, Carabao English, Kenkoy, patriotismo, wika Kenkoy’s Humourous English in Comics: An Analysis on the use of “Carabao English” as an Instrument of Advancing Patriotism under the American Colonial Period; 1929 – 1934 Abstract“Carabao English” is portrayed as a farcical and an unfavorable means of communication. It was known to caused by an enforced adherence to the use of a foreign language wherein it formed a ‘corrupted version’ (based on the Philippine enumeration) of the English language due to its contact and mixing with the Filipino language. This paper aims to trace the usage of “Carabao English” based on the dialogues in Tony Velasquez’ Kenkoy Komiks. The main character, Kenkoy, embodies the use of “Humourous English” which at first glance may seem laughable however under thorough analysis implies patriotic values and underscores the struggles of Filipinos under a colonial society. The purpose of this study is to highlight and contextualize the use of “Carabao English” under the American colonial period in the Philippines and its use by the author in order to achieve nationhood. The dynamics of response and conflict within the Filipino society under a period of cultural change brought about by a new colonial era based on the comics, can be seen from the study. The study proposes that language underwent a process of acculturation where it reflects a gradual acceptance of foreign cultural elements within the Filipino society but nevertheless, became instrumental in promoting patriotism by serving as an alternative expression of continued resistance to American colonial rule.Keywords: comics, Carabao English, Kenkoy, patriotism, languag
Treatment with Sutherlandia frutescens ssp. microphylla alters the corticosterone response to chronic intermittent immobilization stress in rats
No full textCITATION: Smith C. & Myburgh, K. H. 2004. Treatment with Sutherlandia frutescens ssp. microphylla alters the corticosterone response to chronic intermittent immobilization stress in rats. South African Journal of Science, 100(3-4):229-232.The original publication is available at https://journals.co.za/content/sajsciMuch anecdotal evidence suggests a stress-relieving effect of the Sutherlandia frutescens herb. We investigated this in a model of chronic intermittent immobilization stress in 40 adult male Wistar rats. A warm water extract of Sutherlandia leaves (4 mg/ml) was used as treatment and isotonic saline as placebo, both injected intraperitoneally. The four experimental groups were: a) control + treatment (CS); b) control + placebo (CP); c) immobilization + treatment (IS) and d) immobilization + placebo (IP). After 28 days, resting blood corticosterone, testosterone, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations were measured. Data were analysed with two-way ANOVA. Immobilization stress resulted in significantly increased corticosterone concentrations in IP vs CP (81 ± 11 vs 22 ±7 ng/ml, P < 0.001), whereas corticosterone concentrations were significantly decreased in IS (43 ± 14 ng/ml, P < 0.05) compared to IP. The two Sutherlandia-treated groups did not differ (CS 57 ± 11 ng/ml). Neither testosterone nor IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significantly different among groups. In summary, our data show that Sutherlandia frutescens treatment effectively decreased the corticosterone response to chronic stress, thereby scientifically confirming the indigenous wisdom.https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/100/3-4/EJC96228Publisher's versio
Artemio Aranas: Panukalang Salin sa Filipino ng Isang Sugilanon ni Vicente Rama at ang English Translation Dito ni Rudy Villanueva
No full textABSTRAKAng “Artemio Aranas” ay isang maikling kuwento (sugilanon) sa Sugbuanong Binisaya na inakda ni Vicente Rama, kuwentista, peryodista, at politiko mula Cebu. Isinalin ang “Artemio Aranas” sa Ingles ni Renato Madrid, ang sagisag-panulat ni P. Rodolfo Villanueva, at kasama sa mga salin na inilabas sa isang kalipunan noong 2003. Nakapaloob ang kuwento sa kontekstong historikal ng epidemya ng kolera na tumama rin sa Cebu at ibang bahagi ng Pilipinas noong unang dekada ng siglo 20. Iyan ang tatalakayin sa unang bahagi ng papel. Mapapansin sa naratibo ang tunggalian ng tradisyonal na paniniwala at ng mga “bago” noong konsepto na hatid ng medisinang Kanluranin na dinala ng mga mananakop noong Amerikano. Bukod pa rito ang tunggalian sa pagitan ng nakatatanda at mga kabataan, sa loob ng mga pagbabago sa politika, mga wikang opisyal, at kultura sa kapuluan. Kapansin-pansin din ang pagpaksa ng kuwento sa maling pagpapalaganap ng impormasyon umano ng ilang pahayagan sa Cebu at ang pagmamatigas ng ilang mamamayan ng bayan sa harap ng isang epidemya. Ipinapanukala ng may-akda ang salin sa Filipino ng kuwento upang higit na maipaabot sa mga mambabasa na walang access sa orihinal na Sugbuanong Binisaya o saling Ingles. Babanggitin din ang ilang suliranin at siwang sa pagsasalin, lalo na at may mediasyong isinagawa ang Ingles sa pagsasaling ito.Susing salita: Vicente Rama, salin, kathang pangkasaysayan, kolera ABSTRACT“Artemio Aranas” is a short story or sugilanon in Sugbuanong Binisaya. It was written by Vicente Rama: fictionist, newspaper editor, and politician from Cebu City, Cebu. “Artemio Aranas” was translated into English by essayist-fictionist Renato Madrid (nom de plume of Fr. Rodolfo Villanueva) and was among those rendered into that language in a compilation of Rama’s works released in 2003. The short story was situated during one of the cholera epidemics that hit Cebu in the 1900s. That context will be discussed in the first part of the paper. One can notice in the narrative the tensions between “modern, scientific” knowledge in medicine that were brought by American occupiers and the traditional beliefs being held by the Cebuanos during at that time. There were also tensions between the “older” and “younger” generations that broke out amid the political, cultural, and lingustic changes raveling in the archipelago during those times. “Artemio Aranas” also features the perceived misinformation by some newspapers in Cebu on the epidemic and the bull-headedness of some people in that capital of Cebu province. This author recommends a Filipino translation of “Artemio Aranas” in order to make the story more accessible to readers who do not have a copy, either of the Sugbuanong Binisaya original or of the English translation. The challenges in making this translation will also be mentioned. Keywords: Vicente Rama, translation, historical fiction, choler
Ang Babae sa Pook Pagawaan: Mga Espasyo ng Pag-aangkin sa Piling mga Nobela ni Valeriano Hernandez-Peña
No full textABSTRAKNakatuon ang pag-aaral na ito sa pagsusuri sa pampanitikang representasyon ng babae sa pook pagawaan at ang espasyo ng pag-aangkin sa piling mga nobela ni Valeriano Hernandez-Peña. Kung sinasabing ang panitikan ay representasyon ng isinahirayang ugnayan ng mga indibidwal sa kanilang kondisyon ng pag-iral sa lipunan, paano nabibigyan ng pampanitikang representasyon ang babaeng manggagawa sa mga nobela ni Valeriano Hernandez-Peña? Paanong muling nalikha sa mga akda ang mga karanasan ng kababaihang manggagawa – ang pagsasamantala sa tauhan bilang babae at bilang manggagawa? At sa gitna ng mga ito, paano nabibigyan ng ahensiya ang tauhan para baguhin ang kaniyang kalagayan sa nobela? Naging puwersa ang kababaihang manggagawa na kongkretong nagiging materyal ng manunulat sa pagsasahiraya sa unang mga dekada ng siglo 20. Gamit ang alegorikal na pagbasang sumasaklaw sa hanggahang politikal, panlipunan, at historikal, sinikap na bakatin ang ugnayan ng teksto sa konteksto ng ekonomiya, paggawa, at turing sa kababaihan sa unang dekada ng pananakop ng Amerikano, kung kailan umusbong ang mga nobela. Sa pangkalahatan, bagaman karamihan sa mga nobela ni Hernandez-Peña ay tumatalakay sa pag-ibig at nakakahon sa ideolohiya ng patriyarka, may mga guwang sa teksto na nagsilbing daluyan ng mga resistant na imahen/espasyo ng/para sa babaeng manggagawa. Tinatayang mapupunan ng pag-aaral ang mga puwang na naiwan ng ibang manunulat na pumaksa sa kasarian at gayundin, makapagdaragdag sa mga pananaliksik tungkol sa babaeng manggagawa sa ilalim ng kolonyalismong Amerikano. Mga susing salita: nobelang Tagalog, panunuring pampanitikan, babae, manggagawa, panahon ng Amerikano ABSTRACTThe study analyzes how representations in literature relate the imagined and real lives of individuals in society. Because women workers provided a tangible material for Valeriano Hernandez-Peña in re-imagining American colonialism, the article examines how they were recreated in the novels of the author. How did Hernandez-Peña articulate the experiences of the female character and her oppression as a woman and a worker? In the process, how is the character given agency to transform her condition in the novel? Using an allegorical reading that encompasses the political, social, and historical, the researcher outlined connections and correspondences in the context of economics, labor, and prevailing concepts on women during the period. As a whole, even if Hernandez-Peña produced mostly romantic novels confined to the patriarchal ideology, there are crevices in the text where resistant images/spaces of/for women workers flow. The study contributes to the existing research on women workers during American colonialism as well as to the continuing discourses on gender. Keywords: Tagalog novel, literary criticism, women, workers, American perio
Modulation-Mode Assignment for SVD-Aided and BICM-Assisted Spatial Division Multiplexing
No full textIn this contribution the number of activated MIMO layers and the number of bits per symbol along with the appropriate allocation of the transmit power and the rate of the BICM error correcting codes are jointly optimized under the constraint of a given fixed data throughput. The performance investigations are carried out by computer simulations and confirmed by the EXIT charts. Our results show that not necessarily all MIMO layers have to be activated in order to achieve the best BERs
Coping, copeptin and cardiac stress: the SABPA study
No full textMSc (Physiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom CampusCoping met emosionele stres kan óf effektief wees vir die neutralisering van stres óf dit kan negatiewe kardiovaskulêre uitkomste fasiliteer. Verdedigende-coping (DefS) en sosiale ondersteunings-coping is op effektiewe stresbestuur gemik, terwyl vermydings-coping gewoonlik fisiologiese verlies-van-beheer behels. In die Suid-Afrikaanse swart bevolking van die Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans- (SABPA) studie, is DefS as synde oneffektief bewys. DefS het tot simpatiese hiperaktiwiteit, vaskulêre hiperresponsiwiteit, miokardiale skade en linkerventrikulêre wand-stres bygedra. Die swart bevolking het ook in die algemeen hoër kardiale stres reaktiwiteit tydens akute mentale stres getoon, in vergelyking met die wit bevolking. Verhoogde kardiale wand-stres gaan gewoonlik gepaard met die vrylating van biomerkers van kardiale stres, bv. kardiale troponien T (cTnT); N-terminale pro-brein natriuretiese peptied (NT-proBNP). Die stresrespons ontlok ook hipotalamiese-pituïtêre-adrenale (HPA) aksis-aktiwiteit en kopeptien/vasopressien vrystelling as ʼn akute kompenserende meganisme wanneer ʼn ontwrigting in volume-belading homeostase voorkom. Dit word ondersteun deur bevindings van verhoogde kopeptien-vlakke na kardiale stres en bewyse van kopeptien en kardiale stresmerkers [(cTnT); NT-proBNP)] wat klinies diagnostiese waarde inhou vir miokardiale infarksie, hartversaking en ventrikulêre hermodellering. Óf dit geld wanneer DefS toegepas word, is nie duidelik nie. Die wyse waarop DefS die HPA aksis-aktiwiteit, sowel as verbande tussen kopeptien, hemodinamiese reaktiwiteit en kardiale stresmerkers in rasgroepe sal beïnvloed, moet nog nagevors word.
Doelwitte
Die oorhoofse doelstelling van ons studie was om kennis uit te brei rakende coping, asook akute mentale stresresponse van kopeptien, slag-tot-slag bloeddruk (BD), cTnT en NT-proBNP. Die hoofdoelwitte was dus om vas te stel of akute mentale stresresponse van kopeptien, vaskulêre responsiwiteit, cTnT en NT-proBNP positief met mekaar geassosieer sal word in rasgroepe wanneer DefS toegepas word.
Metodes
Hierdie studie maak deel uit van die dwarsdeursnit, teikenpopulasie SABPA-studie (n=409), wat swart- sowel as wit verstedelike-onderwysers van beide geslagte (tussen 20 en 65 jaar oud) ingesluit het. Vir hierdie sub-studie is deelnemers met timpanum temperature bo 37.5°C, atriale fibrillasie, ʼn geskiedenis van miokardiale infarksie en/of beroerte, die teenwoordigheid van elektrokardiogram linkerventrikulêre hipertrofie, asook α- of ß-blokker gebruikers, en ‘n cTnT uitskieter (237.5 ng/L, selfmoord gepleeg) bykomend uitgesluit. Die finale studiesteekproef het bestaan uit 378 deelnemers.
Coping-strategieë is aan die hand van die Coping Strategie Indikator-vraelys bepaal. Akute mentale stresreaktiwiteit is bepaal deur die Stroop-Kleur-Woord-Konflik toets (Stroop-CWT) 1-minuut lank toe te pas. Slag-tot-slag BD, slagvolume (SV), kardiale omset (KO), arteriële meegewendheid en totale perifere weerstand (TPW) van die klein en groot arteries is deurlopend gemeet voor en tydens strestoetsing. Vastende bloedmonsters is ook voor en 10-minute post-strestoetsing geneem en vir kopeptien, cTnT en NT-proBNP geanaliseer. Interaksieterme vir hoofeffekte (ras x geslag x DefS) is vir risiko-merkers bereken. T-toetse vir onafhanklike groepe is gebruik om basislyn kenmerke van die twee rasse te bepaal. Chi-kwadraattoetse het proporsies en voorkoms bepaal. Twee-rigting ANCOVA’s het basislyn en akute mentale stresreaktiwiteit-response vergelyk deur oorweging te skenk aan a priori veranderlikes (ouderdom, middellyfomtrek, fisiese aktiwiteit, kotinien, gamma-glutamiel-transferase en oestradiol). Parsiële en meervoudige regressie-analises is uitgevoer om akute mentale stres risikomerker-assosiasies in verskeie modelle te bepaal terwyl oorweging geskenk is aan ‘n coping-strategie. Logistieke regressie-analises is bereken om die waarskynlikheid te bepaal van NT-proBNP persentasieverandering (%), copeptin% en TPR% om ʼn voorafbepaalde stresverwante cTnT afsnypunt van 4.2 ng/L in DefS-groepe te voorspel.
Resultate
Interaksie-effekte (p≤0.05) vir kopeptien% tydens die Stroop-CWT het die verdeling van deelnemers in ras- en DefS- (≥26, bo-mediaan-telling) groepe bepaal. In die DefS swart bevolking, het Stroop-CWT-blootstelling toenames in cTnT%, NT-proBNP%, diastoliese-BD% en TPW% teweeggebring. Geen rasverskille was vir kopeptien sigbaar nie. Weereens, by hierdie individue, met meervoudige regressie-analises, was positiewe assosiasies sigbaar tussen kopeptien% en TPW%; met inverse assosiasies tussen kopeptien% en cTnT% (p ≤ 0.05). Geeneen van hierdie assosiasies is by die DefS wit bevolking gevind nie. Voorts het TPW% die stresverwante cTnT afsnypunt van 4.2 ng/L slegs by die DefS swart bevolking voorspel.
Gevolgtrekking
Akute mentale stres by die DefS swart bevolking het kardiale wand-stres laat toeneem deur simpatiese hiperaktiwiteit en die kopeptien/vasopressien-stelsel (HPA-aksis aktiwiteit), wat koronêre hipoperfusie en kardiale skade potensieel teweegbring. Vermoedelike hipo-responsiewe HPA-aksis aktiwiteit tydens stresblootstelling kon egter nie koronêre perfusie tekorte via kopeptien/vasopressien-vrystelling teenwerk nie. Die teenwoordigheid van verdedigende-coping kan kliniese implikasies vir voorkomende kardiologie inhou.
Coping with emotional stress can either be effective for stress neutralisation or it may facilitate negative cardiovascular outcomes. Defensive coping (DefS) and social support coping are aimed at effective stress management, while avoidance coping usually involves physiological loss-of-control. In South African Blacks from the Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) study, DefS proved to be ineffective. DefS contributed to sympathetic hyperactivity, vascular hyper-responsiveness, myocardial injury and left ventricular wall stress. The Blacks also presented with overall higher cardiac stress reactivity during acute mental stress testing, compared to Whites. Elevated cardiac wall stress is usually accompanied by the release of biomarkers of cardiac stress e.g. cardiac troponin T (cTnT); N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The stress response also elicits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and copeptin/vasopressin release as an acute compensatory mechanism when there is a disruption in volume-loading homeostasis. This is supported by findings of increased copeptin levels following cardiac stress and evidence of copeptin and cardiac stress markers [(cTnT); NT-proBNP)] having clinical diagnostic value in myocardial infarction, heart failure and ventricular remodelling. Whether this holds true when DefS is utilised, is not clear. The manner in which DefS will influence HPA axis activity and associations between copeptin, hemodynamic reactivity and cardiac stress markers in race groups, needs to be investigated.
Objectives
The main aim of our study was to expand knowledge on coping, as well as acute mental stress responses of copeptin, beat-to-beat BP, cTnT and NT-proBNP. Therefore, the main objectives were to determine whether acute mental stress responses of copeptin, vascular responsiveness, cTnT and NT-proBNP will differ between racial groups when utilising DefS. Furthermore, we also aimed at establishing whether acute mental stress responses of copeptin, vascular responsiveness, cTnT and NT-proBNP will be positively associated with one another in racial groups when utilising DefS.
Methods
This study forms part of the cross-sectional, target population SABPA study (n=409), which included both black- and white urban-dwelling teachers of both sexes (aged 20-65 years). For this sub-study, participants with tympanum temperatures above 37.5°C, atrial fibrillation, a history of myocardial infarction and/or stroke, the presence of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as α- or ß-blocker users, and a cTnT outlier (237.5 ng/L, committed suicide) were additionally excluded. The final study sample comprised 378 participants.
Coping strategies were determined by applying the Coping Strategy Indicator questionnaire. Acute mental stress reactivity was determined by utilising the Stroop-Colour-Word-Conflict test (Stroop-CWT) for 1-minute. Beat-to-beat BP, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), arterial compliance and total peripheral resistance (TPR) of the small and large arteries were continuously measured prior to and throughout stress testing. Fasting blood samples were also taken prior to and 10-minutes post-stress testing and analysed for copeptin, cTnT and NT-proBNP. Interaction terms on main effects (race х sex х DefS) for risk markers were computed. T-tests for independent groups were used to determine baseline characteristics of the two races. Chi-square tests determined proportions and prevalence. Two-way ANCOVAs compared baseline and acute mental stress reactivity responses considering a priori covariates (age, waist circumference, physical activity, cotinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase and oestradiol). Partial and multiple regression analyses were used to determine acute mental stress risk marker associations in various models considering coping style. Logistic regression analyses were computed to determine the probability of NT-proBNP percentage change (%), copeptin% and TPR% to predict a previously derived stress-related cTnT cut-point of 4.2 ng/L in DefS groups.
Results
Interaction effects (p≤0.05) for copeptin% during the Stroop-CWT determined stratification of participants into race and DefS (≥26, above-median score) groups. In DefS Blacks, Stroop-CWT exposure elicited increases in cTnT%, NT-proBNP%, diastolic-BP% and TPR%. No race differences were apparent for copeptin. Again, in these individuals, in multiple regression analyses, positive associations were evident between copeptin% and TPR%; with inverse associations between copeptin% and cTnT% (p≤0.05). None of these associations were found in DefS Whites. Furthermore, TPR% predicted the stress-related cTnT cut-point of 4.2 ng/L in DefS Blacks only.
Conclusions
Acute mental stress in DefS Blacks increased cardiac wall stress through sympathetic hyperactivity and the copeptin/vasopressin system (HPA axis activity), potentially inducing coronary hypo-perfusion and cardiac injury. However, presumably hypo-responsive HPA axis activity during stress exposure could not counteract coronary perfusion deficits via copeptin/vasopressin release. The presence of defensiveness may have clinical implications in preventive cardiology.National Research Foundation (NRF)Master
Pseudolitochira taiwang Ng & Lin 2023, n. sp.
No full text<i>Pseudolitochira taiwang</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs. 1D, 6, 7)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <i>Holotype</i>: female (11.2 × 8.1 mm) (NMMBCD5627), Badouzi, Keelung County, Taiwan, coll. SCUBA, C.-W. Lin, 27 July 2016.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> 1 female (11.0 × 7.6 mm) (RUMF-ZC-7770), Sesoko Island, Okinawa Island, Ryukyus, Japan, <i>ca</i>. 1.0 m, coll. T. Maenosono, 25 December 2022; 1 male (8.5 × 5.9 mm) (ZRC 2023.0031, ex RUMF-ZC-7523), subtidal, off Kudaka island, Nanjo, Okinawa Island, Ryukyus, Japan, coll. Okinawa Prefecture Environment Center, T. Saito, 21 May 2021.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Carapace transversely ovate, width 1.38 times length (Fig. 6A, B); surface covered with short fine pubescence, frontal and anterolateral margins with dense, long silk-like pubescence, those lining postfrontal ridge relatively shorter, plumose (Figs. 1D, 6A, C); external orbital tooth low, barely separated from very low first anterolateral tooth, margin appears granulate, second anterolateral tooth distinct but short, lateral margins lined with denticles, last anterolateral tooth small, directed laterally (Fig. 6B); posterior margin of epistome with median lobe low, broadly triangular, lateral margin gently concave (Fig. 6C, E). Third maxilliped with short, subquadrate ischium, merus quadrate, subdistal margin with low granules (Fig. 6D). Chelipeds homochelous, chela with fingers about three-quarters length of palm, outer surface covered with granules and long setae obscuring margins (Fig. 6A, G). Ambulatory legs with merus and propodus distinctly short, stout, lined with dense long silk-like setae (Fig. 6A, H). Vulvae large, ovate, on proximal half of sternite 6, positioned close to median part of sternite 6, opening obliquely (Fig. 6F).</p> <p> <b>Colour in life.</b> Carapace, chelipeds and ambulatory legs orangish-red with long setae bright yellow; distal twothirds of fingers black (Fig. 1D).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The name is an arbitrary combination of the name Taiwan with Wang Chia-Hsiang. Chia-Hsiang, who passed away in 2022, was the first author’s oldest friend in Taiwan, and a valued colleague beyond measure. He encouraged many generations of young people to pursue carcinology and bring the community in the island together. That the species is found in Taiwan and Okinawa is also providence, it was there where Chia-Hsiang and the first author first met a lifetime ago. The name is used as a noun in apposition.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> With regards to the dense and long silk-like setae on the carapace and armature of the anterolateral carapace teeth, <i>Pseudolitochira taiwang</i> <b>n. sp.</b> most closely resembles <i>P. lanuginosus</i> (Klunzinger, 1913) from the Red Sea, but <i>P. taiwang</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is a distinctly larger species with the adult holotype female measuring 11.2 × 8.1 mm (adult females of <i>P. lanuginosus</i> already mature at 5.4 × 3.5 mm and ovigerous at 5.1 × 3.5 mm); the carapace is higher with the dorsal surface prominently convex (Fig. 6A, C) (carapace relatively lower in <i>P. lanuginosus</i>; Ng & Clark 2022b: fig. 1A, B); and the merus of the third maxilliped is proportionately smaller (Fig. 6D) (distinctly larger in <i>P. lanuginosus</i>; Ng & Clark 2022b: fig. 2D).</p> <p> <i>Pseudolitochira taiwang</i> <b>n. sp.</b> is also close to <i>P. crinita</i> Ng & Clark, 2022a, from Papua New Guinea. It can, however, easily be separated by the setae on the carapace and legs being much denser (Figs. 1D, 6A) (setae less dense in <i>P. crinita</i>; Ng & Clark 2022a: fig. 2b); the carapace is more hexagonal with the posterolateral margins slightly concave to almost straight (Fig. 6A, B) (carapace transversely ovate with the posterolateral margins gently convex in <i>P. crinita</i>; Ng & Clark 2022a: figs. 2b, 5e); the dorsal surface of the carapace is distinctly higher and more convex in frontal view (Fig. 6A, C) (dorsal surface relatively lower in <i>P. crinita</i>; Ng & Clark 2022a: fig. 5f, g); the anterolateral carapace margin has the first anterolateral spine low, with the next two spines more prominent, the junction with the posterolateral margin marked by a spine (Fig. 6B) (with only two very low spines, the junction with the posterolateral margin being rounded in <i>P. crinita</i>; Ng & Clark 2022a: fig. 5e); the merus of the third maxilliped is proportionately smaller (Fig. 6D) (larger in <i>P. crinita</i>; Ng & Clark 2022a: figs. 5h, 7c); and the merus of the fourth ambulatory leg is proportionately shorter (Fig. 6H) (merus distinctly longer in <i>P. crinita</i>; Ng & Clark 2022a: fig. 6g).</p> <p> <i>Pseudolitochira taiwang</i> <b>n. sp.</b> closely resembles <i>H. setosus</i> (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) from New Caledonia, especially with regards to the pattern of setation (cf. A. Milne-Edwards 1873: 267–268). The latter species is poorly known and although often reported from various parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans (<i>e</i>. <i>g</i>., see Poupin 2010; Trivedi <i>et al.</i> 2018), it has never been redescribed to modern standards. The figures of the species are relatively accurate, and the first author has examined photographs of four dried syntypes in the Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The species was originally described in <i>Carcinoplax</i> H. Milne Edwards, 1852, but was referred to <i>Heteropilumnus</i> by Balss (1933). The figure of the frontal part of the cephalothorax of <i>H. setosus</i> by A. Milne-Edwards (1873: pl. 12 fig. 2a) is diagnostic and shows the posterior margin of the epistome entire, without any lateral clefts or lobes: a diagnostic character of <i>Pseudolitochira</i>. As such, <i>Carcinoplax setosa</i> A. Milne-Edwards, 1873, is here also transferred to <i>Pseudolitochira</i>. <i>Pseudolitochira taiwang</i> <b>n. sp.</b> can be distinguished from <i>P. setosa</i> by its relatively narrower carapace (width to length ratio 1.38 versus 1.50; Fig. 6A, B versus A. Milne-Edwards, 1873: pl. 12 fig. 2); the last anterolateral carapace tooth is spiniform (Fig. 6B) (dentiform in <i>P. setosa</i>; A. Milne-Edwards 1873: pl. 12 fig. 2); the posterolateral margins are more convergent towards the posterior carapace margin (Fig. 6A, B) (more divergent in <i>P. setosa</i>; A. Milne-Edwards 1873: pl. 12 fig. 2); the median lobe of the posterior margin of the epistome is relatively lower (Fig. 6C, E) (more produced in <i>P. setosa</i>; A. Milne-Edwards 1873: pl. 12 fig. 2a); and the merus of the fourth ambulatory leg is distinctly shorter (Fig. 6A, H) (more elongate in <i>P. setosa</i>; A. Milne-Edwards 1873: pl. 12 fig. 2).</p> <p> The specimen identified as “ <i>Heteropilumnus longisetum</i> Davie & Humpherys, 1997 ” (type locality Western Australia) by Maenosono (2023: 165) (RUMF-ZC-7770) from Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Ryukyus, Japan, is clearly identical to <i>P. taiwang</i> <b>n. sp.</b> The figures of the specimen (Maenosono 2023: figs. 1, 2) agree with the type female in all aspects. There is also a male specimen (ZRC 2023.0031) from Okinawa that agrees with the rest of the material in all non-sexual aspects; its male pleon and gonopods are here figured (Fig. 7E–I). Compared to <i>P. maenosonoi</i>, the only congener in which males are known, the G1 is distinctly more sinuous with the distal part more elongate and directed laterally (Fig. 7F–H) (G1 less sinuous with the distal part gently curved and not elongate in <i>P. maenosonoi</i>; cf. Ng & Clark, 2022a: fig. 7e–g).</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> The type specimen was found under a rock with a soft, muddy substrate.</p>Published as part of <i>Ng, Peter K. L. & Lin, Chia-Wei, 2023, Two new species of hairy crabs (Pilumnidae) and the first record of Crinitocinus alcocki (Borradaile, 1900) (Acidopsidae) (Crustacea: Brachyura) from Taiwan, pp. 101-114 in Zootaxa 5297 (1)</i> on pages 106-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.1.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7989367">http://zenodo.org/record/7989367</a>
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Near-capacity iterative decoding of binary self-concatenated codes using soft decision demapping and 3-D EXIT charts
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