87 research outputs found
En-gendering theatre in Eritrea : the roles and representations of women in the performing arts
No full textThis thesis is a first attempt at writing a modern theatre historiography of Eritrea, with emphasis on the roles and representations of women. It covers a period of some fifty years, from the late 1930s to 1991, the year of the country's de facto independence. The study is divided into three major sections; Part One providing the context of theatre in Eritrea, Part Two dealing with the emergence of modern Eritrean theatre arts, and Part Three covering the rise of the fighter performing arts during the thirty-year liberation struggle against Ethiopia.
After an introduction to Eritrean history and theatre arts as well as the theoretical framework of the study, Chapter 1 examines women's roles and representations in Eritrean societies and selected traditional performing arts as the
matrix onto which modern performance practices are built.
Chapter 2 starts with a portrayal of early urban women performers in the late 1930s and early 1940s as singers and krar-players in local drinking houses, followed by the gradual expansion of Eritrean theatre arts under the British
Military Administration. Thereafter the establishment of three well-known Eritrean theatre associations is examined, with Chapter 3 focusing on the Asmara Theatre Association, Mahber Theatre Asmara, whose work was eventually brought to a halt by the rise of the Ethiopian Derg regime. An investigation into the cultural troupes of the two liberation movements, the Eritrean Liberation Front
(ELF) and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) is dealt with in Part Three.
Chapter 4 outlines theatre work in the ELF, while Chapters 5-7 present details of EPLF performing arts. Chapter 5 begins with early performance activities until
the strategic retreat in 1978/79, followed by Chapter 6 with an analysis of drama work after the reorganisation of the Division of Culture. Chapter 7 covers theatre
activities in mass organisations and supporting departments and outlines cultural developments during the final years of the liberation war. In conclusion, major trends and directions in post-independence Eritrean theatre arts are summarised as they continue to negotiate recent socio-political problems and developments
Runoff Estimation by Giuh Based Clark and Nash Models for Shaya River
No full textFor catchments with stream gauging, the traditional techniques for runoff estimation use
historical rainfall-runoff data to derive the unit hydrograph. However, for ungauged catchments
some indirect approaches have been used. Due to scarcity of data, more emphasis is being given
to the conceptual models which are based on the geomorphological characteristics of the
catchment than the physically based models.
Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) approach is among the various
techniques available for the runoff estimation, especially for ungauged catchments.
In this study, the mathematical model developed by other investigators for the estimation of
Clark model parameters using the geomorphological characteristics for ungauged basins and
GIUH based Nash model have been used to simulate the direct surface runoff (DSRO)
hydrographs of Shaya river basin up to Robe gauging site.
GIS package Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) has been used to evaluate
the geomorphological parameters of Shaya basin. Arc GIS is used to draw the isochrones maps,
of the selected catchment, required to draw the time area diagram for the GIUH based Clark
model. Velocity vs. excess rainfall intensity relationship has also been developed based on the
stream gauging station data obtained from the Ministry of Water and Energy.
The direct surface runoff (DSRO) hydrographs estimated by the two GIUH based approaches
have been compared with the direct surface runoff hydrographs estimated by HEC-HMS package
Clark and Nash IUH models and also with the observed direct surface runoff hydrographs.
Some of the error functions viz. (i) efficiency (EFF), (ii) root mean square error (RMSE), (iii)
percentage error in peak (PEP) and (iv) error function (Err), have also been used to evaluate the
performance of the GIUH based models.
From the models evaluation it is observed that GIUH based Clark approach provided the best
estimation in peak discharge, whereas Nash IUH model performed best in estimating the time to
peak discharge. It is also observed that the direct surface runoff hydrographs estimated using
GIUH based Clark and GIUH based Nash model approaches, are quite accurate.
Finally, this paper concludes that GIUH based conceptual models can be used to simulate
rainfall-runoff relations with better estimation, especially for ungauged catchments. However,
further works are required in implementing the GIUH based approaches in different parts of Ethiopian ungauged catchments, with varying geomorphology. The researcher recommends
further investigations on GIUH based models using satellite based data, which can substitute the
conventional historical gauging records
A review of evidence on barriers to and facilitators of the utilization of reproductive, maternal and neonatal health services among pastoralist communities in Sub-Saharan Africa
No full textBackground: The coverage and uptake of reproductive, maternal and neonatal health services among pastoralist communities in the developing world is low. However, there is a paucity of information on the barriers to and facilitators of the uptake of these services among pastoralists in developing countries.
Objective: The aim of this review aim to assess the available evidence on the barriers to and facilitators of the uptake of reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health services among pastoralist communities in Sub-Saharan African.
Methods: A systematic electronic literature search from 2001 to 2016 was undertaken using the online databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and Google Advanced Search using key terms. Initial screening was done by the ‘preview, question, read and summarize’ system using key screening terms. A quality assessment of individual studies was carried out. A total of 21 papers were reviewed, focusing on reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health services of pastoralist communities in Ethiopia, Sudan, Djibouti, and Kenya.
Conversely, male involvement, the use of existing community structures, mobile clinics and the ‘One Health’ approach were shown to be facilitators of the uptake of reproductive, maternal and neonatal health services among the pastoralist communities in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Conclusion: To improve the use of reproductive, maternal and neonatal health services in pastoralist settings, it is necessary to promote female empowerment and male involvement; make optimal use of existing community structures; provide culturally acceptable and context-specific quality of care; and institutionalize the ‘One Health’ approach. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2018;32(Special Issue):43-49]
Keywords: Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Review of evidence,Sub-Saharan Afric
Triad limiting the provision and uptake of reproductive, maternal and neonatal health services in the pastoralist communities of Afar, Ethiopia
No full textThe Role of Soil Conservation on Mean Crop Yield and Variance of Yield: Evidence from the Ethiopian Highlands
No full textWorking papers in Economics, No 408, School of Business, Economics and Law at University of Gothenburg
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of pyrolytic oil distillates, 1978
No full textA sample of pyrolytic oil (condenser oil project B-469) was vacuum distilled at 30C/14.5mm - 188C/19.0mm. The distillate (25-1) was studied by gas chromatography to establish optimum conditions and apparatus performance for the separation of the components of the distillate. This was achieved by using a 6' x 1/4" SE-30 column. The peaks were identified by using a combined gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric technique. The identification of peaks was also aided by noting enhancement of peak size when known materials were chromatographed with the mixture. After the components of the mixture were known, a quantitative gas chromatographic analysis procedure was developed
Factors associated with prelacteal feeding in North Eastern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study
No full textIndividual-level and community-level factors associated with the family planning use among pastoralist community of Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
No full textObjective The study aimed to identify the effects of the individual-level and community-level factors on the use of family planning (FP) among married women in the pastoralist community of Ethiopia.Design A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2018. Data were analysed using R software. To determine the fixed effect of individual-level and community-level factors of FP use, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was used. The result was described using the Adjusted OR (AOR), and the variance partition coefficient.Setting and participants Afar, Ethiopia (2018; n=891) married women of reproductive age (15–49) years.Primary outcome measures FP use or non-use.Results The current use of FP was 18.7% (16.31%–21.43%). Women who need to walk 1 hour and more to the nearest health facility (AOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.3), have ANC visit of 4 and above (AOR 6.02, 95% CI 1.74 to 20.8), had their last birth at a health facility (AOR 2.71 95% CI 1.27 to 5.81), have five and more children (AOR 4.71, 95% CI 1.86 to 11.9), have high knowledge on FP (AOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.74) and had high intentions to use FP (AOR 10.3, 95% CI 3.85 to 27.6) were more likely to report FP use. The magnitude of the effect of for FP use was smaller than that of 9 of the 13 individual factors. Apart from this 19.4% of the total variance in the odds of using FP attributed to between community difference (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.194). Regarding the community-level characteristics, clusters of having higher electronic media possession (AOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.72) and higher women decision making on FP (AOR 8.35, 95% CI 2.7 to 27.1) were significantly associated with increased FP use compared with clusters with lower reports of these aspects.Conclusion FP use among the pastoralist community is influenced by both individual cluster/community-level characteristics or factors. Even though the effect of clustering in FP use was large in comparison with the unexplained between-cluster variation, it was lower than the individual-level factors.Trail registrtion number NCT0345056
Drivers to have more children in the pastoralist communities of Afar, Ethiopia: an explorative qualitative study
No full textBackground: Parents from pastoralist communities of Ethiopia often do have more children, thus high fertility. However, little is known about its drivers.
Objective: This study aimed to explore the drivers to have more children in the pastoralist communities of Afar, Ethiopia.
Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was carried out in January 2016 in five districts of Afar region to discover the drivers to have more children in the pastoralist communities. Participants were purposively selected based on their potential to provide extensive information. Ten focus group discussions were conducted among selected married men and women in five districts of the region. Following the focus group discussions, 45 key informant interviews were conducted among selected community leaders (clan, kebele and religious leaders), traditional birth attendants, health extension workers, health workers, experts from health and women’s affairs offices, and representatives of Non-governmental Organizations working in the region. Semi-structured guides were used to facilitate the discussions and in-depth interviews. Data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti software version 7.5. Data were coded and similar codes organized into categories. Peer debriefing and triangulation of data from focus group discussants and key informants were undertaken to enhance the reliability of the data.
Results: The study findings revealed that most commonly cited drivers to have more children in the pastoralist communities of Afar are preference of husbands for more children; considering children as family wealth, potential workforces to share family workload, future leaders to safeguard the family and the clan, and seeking respect among wives; sex preference; and fear of child death.
Conclusions: The desire to have more children in the pastoralist communities of Afar implies low demand for fertility regulation measures. To address this issue, sustained health education focusing on the orientations that consider more children as wealth, the consequences of high fertility and the benefits of fertility regulation are recommended. Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2018;32(Special Issue):21-27]
Keywords: Fertility, Family planning, Afar, pastoral community, Ethiopi
Sustainable land management practices improve agricultural productivity: Evidence on using reduced tillage, stone bunds, and chemical fertilizer in the Ethiopian highlands
No full textPolicy brief
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