121,805 research outputs found
La nuova Risoluzione n. 2610 (2021) del Consiglio di Sicurezza in materia di liste nere e presunti terroristi. Tante conferme, poche modifiche e qualche perplessità.
No full textIl contributo si pone l'obiettivo di esaminare la recente risoluzione n. 2610 (2021) del Consiglio di sicurezza ONU in tema di contrasto al terrorismo. Detta risoluzione, oltre a confermare alcune misure sanzionatorie, anche a carattere individuale (c.d. smart sanctions), che gli Stati membri sono obbligati ad attuare, contiene la più recente disciplina in materia di inserimento (listing) e cancellazione (de-listing) dei nominativi delle persone fisiche e giuridiche dalla lista nera ISIS & Al-Qaeda
I diritti umani dei migranti in Libia: due anni di vigenza del Memorandum d’intesa Italia-Libia
No full textThe present essay intends to provide for an explanation about the issue of the migrants’ human rights in Libya, in the light of the collaboration between Italy and Libya, which is ultimately based on the Memorandum of Understanding (also known as MoU), signed on 2 february 2017. In this connection, after analysing the MoU’s main characteristics, we found out that, from 2017 to 2019, the entire amount of landings into the italian territory has been sharply reduced from 119,369 arrivals in 2017 to 550 in 2019.
The Mou has thus become a part of a broader italian strategy, aimed to the externalisation of the migratory issue. It follows that the less Italy is involved in resolving such question, the more the Lybian institutions are able to grab migrants in the Mediterranean Sea, and bring them back to Libya.
Accordingly, this kind of strategy, and in particular the support to the Libyan Coast Guard, gives rise to gross violations of human rights, which are well-known throught the presence of the UN mission in Libya . According to the UNSMIL’s reports, the migrants are forced to live in both governmental and non-governmental overcrowded centres, which are sometimes controlled by armed groups and local militia, and in which they undergo flagrant and gross violations of human rights.
In the light of the above, we certainly take the view that Libya cannot provide any assistence to the migrants, neither humanitarian, nor judicial (and therefore it cannot be viewed as a Place of Safety) and that its institutions are engaging in the migratory issue in such a manner that is not consistent with the international human rights law
Tra mancata riapertura del procedimento interno e imparzialità dell’arbitro. La Corte EDU accerta la violazione dell’art. 6 CEDU da parte dell’Italia
No full textThe BEG spa case highlights the importance of having an impartial arbiter in order to meet the ECHR's requirement regarding a fair trial pursuant to article 6. As the Court of Strasbourg made clear, the impartiality has to be evaluated in the light of a test concerning both objective and subjective dimension of the arbiter. The case under discussion, moreover, sheds some light about the topic of the reopening of national proceedings other than the penal ones
La tutela del diritto alla salute e il rapporto tra ONU e OMS. Riflessioni a margine della pandemia da COVID-19
No full textThis paper aims at exploring how and to what extent the International Organizations are able to deal with the international spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly, the WHO’s normative background, concerning the socalled International Health Regulations (2005) and the powers of the Director General, will be assessed. Secondly, an analysis relating to the initial measures taken by the WHO in order to manage the uncontrolled spread of the virus will be proposed. It will be argued and stressed that the States did not comply with these measures, insofar as they perceived them as ineffective to slowing the worldwide contagion down. Ultimately, the paper will focus upon the United Nations Security Council’s missed opportunity to uphold, from the very beginning, the WHO in its efforts to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, underlining the differences between the Ebola crisis in 2014 and the current pandemic
Batteri del microbiota intestinale umano capaci di degradare la mucina
No full textIl muco è un colloide viscoso che costituisce una barriera fisica in tutte le superfici epiteliali del corpo umano, inclusi il tratto gastrointestinale, respiratorio, riproduttivo e urinario (Alemao et al., 2020; Bansil & Turner, 2018). É secreto dalle cellule mucipare che producono uno strato protettivo completo già dopo pochi giorni dalla nascita (Bunesova et al., 2018). La barriera mucosa è coinvolta in più funzioni come ad esempio l’assorbimento di cofattori e nutrienti, la lubrificazione ed inoltre svolge un ruolo fondamentale in correlazione con il sistema immunitario (Anthony P. Corfield, 2015). Le mucine sono glicoproteine e sono le maggiori costituenti del muco (Bansil & Turner, 2018). Queste ultime sono caratterizzate da un alto livello di glicosilazione, sono composte da oligosaccaridi quali N-acetilglucosammina (GlcNAc), N-acetilgalattosamina (GalNAc), fucosio, galattosio e acido sialico, i quali rappresentano fino all’80% della massa molecolare (Bansil & Turner, 2006).
Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di identificare, attraverso un approccio cultura dipendente e indipendente, la popolazione batterica intestinale isolata in soggetti sani che fosse in grado di degradare la mucina. Le feci di cinque adulti sani sono state sottoposte a tre step successivi di arricchimento in un terreno di crescita contenente la mucina come unica fonte di carbonio e azoto. La popolazione batterica è stata confrontata prima e dopo l’arricchimento mediante la metodica del 16S rRNA gene profiling. Sono state isolate solamente tre specie di anaerobi capaci di sviluppare su mucina: Clostridium celatum, Clostridium tertium e Paraclostridium bifermentans. Di queste tre specie è stata effettuata l’analisi genomica e in parallelo un’analisi comparativa con altri genomi presenti nella banca dati NCBI GenBank, in modo da approfondire gli aspetti funzionali e metabolici, oltre che determinare la loro capacità di utilizzo della mucina. In tutti i genomi analizzati, sono stati identificati geni codificanti glicosidasi (GH) coinvolte nella degradazione della mucina, con un massimo di 25 GH riscontrate nel genoma di C. celatum. I geni coinvolti nei pathway di utilizzo dei singoli monosaccaridi quali Gal, GlcNAc and GalNAc, sono stati riscontrati in tutti i tre genomi, mentre solo C. celatum è in grado di utilizzare il fucosio. I tre ceppi oggetto di studio sono stati inoltre caratterizzati dal punto di vista fisiologico. In tutti i ceppi è stata registrata crescita batterica in un intervallo di pH fra 5.5 e 8, con un optimum di crescita di pH 6.5-7, producendo etanolo, acido acetico, propionico, formico e idrogeno. È stata osservata una propensione a formare biofilm solamente in C. celatum e P. bifermentans. Come altri membri della classe Clostridia, i tre clostridi sono in grado di produrre spore, attraverso le quali resistere a condizioni di stress. Per testare se la formazione di spore aumentasse la sopravvivenza, sono stati effettuati dei trattamenti di esposizione all’ossigeno e alle alte temperature. In seguito all’esposizione all’ossigeno tutti i ceppi sono stati in grado di ripristinare lo sviluppo delle cellule vegetative, sebbene in C. celatum sia stata osservata una maggiore sensibilità allo stress indotto da ossigeno. Diversamente, il trattamento con temperature fino a 80°C ha causato una riduzione massima di circa un ordine logaritmico in tutte le specie analizzate.
Infine, sono in corso test in vivo su modelli murini Balb/c, per testare la capacità dei tre isolati di colonizzare la mucosa intestinale e di produrre effetti sul sistema immunitario. Per determinare il loro impatto sul modello murino a seguito del trattamento, verrà valutata l’espressione di interleuchine come IL-1β e IL-10.Mucus is a viscoelastic gel barrier that covers wet epithelial surfaces throughout the body including gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts (Alemao et al., 2020; Bansil & Turner, 2018). It is secreted by goblet and mucous cells and achieves a complete layer already several days after birth (Bunesova et al., 2018). Different roles and functions are carried out by mucus barrier such as gaseous exchange, nutrient and cofactor adsorption, lubrification, chemical sensing and an important relationship with the immune system (Anthony P. Corfield, 2015). The major building block of mucus are represented by mucins glycoproteins (Bansil & Turner, 2018). Mucins are characterised by an high level of glycosylation, oligosaccharides such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), fucose, galactose and sialic acidic, constitute up to 80% of their molecular mass (Bansil & Turner, 2006).
The aim of this study was to investigate gut mucin degraders of healthy subjects through a culture dependent and independent approach. The faeces of five healthy adults were subjected to three steps of enrichment in a medium with only mucins as carbon and nitrogen sources. The bacterial community was compared before and after the enrichment by 16S rRNA gene profiling. Only three species of strict anaerobes able to grow on mucin were isolated: Clostridium celatum, Clostridium tertium, and Paraclostridium bifermentans. Genome analysis of the strains was carried out and compared with other available genome present on NCBI GenBank database to better understand their metabolic and functional potential, and to determine their ability to use mucin. Genes coding for glycoside hydrolases (GHs) involved in mucin degradation were found in all the genomes, with a higher abundance in C. celatum that possess at least 25 GHs. The distribution of genes required for utilization of Gal, GlcNAc and GalNAc were widespread among all the strains, while only C. celatum degrades fucose.
The three strains were investigated also in terms of physiological characterization and functional properties. They all were able to grow in a pH range between 5.5 and 8, with an optimum of pH 6.5-7, producing ethanol, acetic, propionic, formic acids, and hydrogen. Biofilm-forming ability was observed in C. celatum and P. bifermentans. Like other members of Clostridia class, the three clostridia produced spore that resisted to stress conditions. To evaluate whether spore formation improve survival, tolerance to oxygen and high temperature exposure were checked. The three strains were able to resume vegetative growth after exposure to oxygen, albeit C. celatum resulted more susceptible to oxygen stress, whereas heat treatment up to 80°C caused a decrease of maximum one Log.
In vivo experiment on Balb/c mice are in progress, to test the ability of the three strains to colonize intestinal mucus and to exert some effect on immune system. To assess their impact, the expression of IL-1β and IL-10 will be measured after the treatment
Bootstrapping topology and systemic risk of complex network using the fitness model
No full textIn this paper we present a novel method to reconstruct global topological properties of a complex network starting from limited information. We assume to know for all the nodes a non-topological quantity that we interpret as fitness. In contrast, we assume to know the degree, i.e. the number of connections, only for a subset of the nodes in the network. We then use a fitness model, calibrated on the subset of nodes for which degrees are known, in order to generate ensembles of networks. Here, we focus on topological properties that are relevant for processes of contagion and distress propagation in networks, i.e. network density and k-core structure, and we study how well these properties can be estimated as a function of the size of the subset of nodes utilized for the calibration. Finally, we also study how well the resilience to distress propagation in the network can be estimated using our method. We perform a first test on ensembles of synthetic networks generated with the Exponential Random Graph model, which allows to apply common tools from statistical mechanics. We then perform a second test on empirical networks taken from economic and financial contexts. In both cases, we find that a subset as small as 10 % of nodes can be enough to estimate the properties of the network along with its resilience with an error of 5 %
Pioderma gangrenoso paradosso da Abatacept.
No full textIl pioderma gangrenoso è una rara dermatosi neutrofilica non infettiva
che colpisce solitamente gli arti inferiori. Si presenta più comunemente
con pustole sterili che evolvono in ulcerazioni dolorose con bordi sottominati
eritemato-violacei. È spesso associato a malattie autoimmuni e
può insorgere secondariamente all’utilizzo di farmaci. Una donna di 68
anni affetta da artrite reumatoide long standing (non responsiva a molteplici
terapie convenzionali e biologiche) sviluppava, in corso di terapia
con Abatacept, elementi eritemato-nodulari a livello delle gambe che
andavano incontro a rapida ulcerazione; la diagnosi istologica deponeva
per pioderma gangrenoso. Si instaurava, pertanto, terapia steroidea sistemica
con progressivo miglioramento del quadro cutaneo e si sospendeva
Abatacept, sospettando suo eventuale ruolo eziologico. Abatacept è una
proteina di fusione costituita dalla porzione Fc modificata di IgG1 e dal
dominio extracellulare di CTLA-4; si lega a CD80/86, espresse su APC,
inattivando la via di costimolazione mediata dell’interazione tra il recettore
CD28 (espresso sui linfociti T) e le molecole CD80/86. L’insorgenza
del pioderma gangrenoso (ritenuta patologia autoinfiammatoria), durante
terapia con Abatacept, si configura come effetto paradosso in considerazione
dell’azione immunoregolatrice del farmaco. La patogenesi di tale
nesso causale resta ignota; non sono ancora noti i pathway immunologici
coinvolti
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by isobornyl acrylate in a young diabetic patient using a continous glucose monitoring system (Freestyle Libre)
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Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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