1,720,965 research outputs found
Sintesis Senyawa Benzoilurea dari Benzoil Klorida dan Urea dengan Metode Irradiasi Microwave
Full text linkSenyawa benzoilurea disintesis melalui reaksi asilasi antara urea dan benzoil klorida. Sintesis senyawa tersebut dilakukan dengan metode irradiasi microwave pada kekuatan 60% dan pada berbagai lama pemanasan, yaitu 60, 70, dan 80 detik. Persentase hasil sintesis pada masing-masing lama pemanasan adalah 19,89%, 12,75% dan 5,51%. Kemurnian hasil sintesis ditunjukkan dengan adanya bercak tunggal pada KLT dan jarak lebur yang sempit. Dari hasil pemeriksaan senyawa hasil sintesis dengan spektrofotometri UV, IR, dan spektrometri 1H-RMI dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa hasil sintesis sesuai dengan senyawa yang diharapkan
Stabilitas Fisikokimia dan Penghantaran Polisakarida Acemannan dalam Body Scrub Ekstrak Lidah Buaya: Variasi Tween 80 dan Gliseril Monostearat
Full text linkLidah buaya memiliki manfaat menutrisi dan melembapkan kulit karena kandungan polisakarida acemannan sebagai humektan, sehingga sering digunakan dalam produk perawatan tubuh, termasuk body scrub. Stabilitas krim body scrub dipengaruhi komposisi emulgator tween 80 dan gliseril monostearat yang menjaga homogenitas dan stabilitas produk selama penyimpanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi konsentrasi emulgator terhadap stabilitas dan penghantaran acemannan dalam body scrub lidah buaya. Body scrub diformulasikan dalam tiga formula yang mengandung ekstrak lidah buaya, rice bran oil, virgin coconut oil, microbeads polyethylene, dan kombinasi emulgator tween 80 dan gliseril monostearat dengan konsentrasi 4%, 5%, dan 6% untuk formula I, II, dan III. Pengamatan stabilitas dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 7, 14, dan 30 untuk parameter organoleptis, berat jenis, tipe emulsi, ukuran droplet, viskositas, sifat alir, daya sebar, dan pH. Penghantaran zat aktif berkhasiat diamati dari parameter kadar acemannan. Ketiga formula body scrub memenuhi spesifikasi. Variasi konsentrasi emulgator mempengaruhi ukuran droplet dan stabilitas body scrub. Body scrub formula III dengan konsentrasi total emulgator 6% merupakan formula terbaik yang stabil pada keseluruhan parameter termasuk kadar acemannan tertinggi, serta keunggulan pada karakteristik ukuran droplet yang lebih kecil.
Aloe vera is widely used in body care products due to its moisturizing and skin-nourishing properties, attributed to the presence of the polysaccharide acemannan, a natural humectant. The stability of body scrub creams is influenced by the composition of emulsifiers such as tween 80 and glyceryl monostearate, which maintain product homogeneity during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying emulsifier concentrations on the stability and acemannan delivery of Aloe vera-based body scrubs. Three formulations were prepared using Aloe vera extract, rice bran oil, virgin coconut oil, polyethylene microbeads, and a combination of tween 80 and glyceryl monostearate at total concentrations of 4%, 5%, and 6% in Formulas I, II, and III, respectively. Stability assessments were conducted on days 0, 7, 14, and 30, evaluating organoleptic properties, specific gravity, emulsion type, droplet size, viscosity, flow behavior, spreadability, and pH. The delivery of the bioactive compound was evaluated based on the acemannan content. All formulations met general specification requirements. Emulsifier concentration influenced droplet size and overall formulation stability. Formula III, with 6% total emulsifier, demonstrated the highest stability across all parameters, including the smallest droplet size and the highest acemannan content, indicating it as the most optimal formulation.
Submitted: 27-03-2025, Revised: 22-05-2025, Accepted: 28-05-2025, Published regularly: June 202
The Effect of Chitosan Concentration Cross-Linking with Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Acyclovir Spray Dried Microspheres
Full text linkAcyclovir is an antiviral drug with poor absorption and short half-time elimination. This problem can be solved by delivery system modification with microspheres prepared by spray drying method using chitosan crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate (STTP). This study observe the effect of different chitosan concentration, 0,5% chitosan (S1), 0,75% chitosan (S2), and 1% chitosan (S3) on the microspheres’s physico-chemical characteristics. Microspheres were characterized for functional groups identification and change in melting point and enthalpy energy using FTIR and DSC, particle size, surface morphology, yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, swelling behavior, and in vitro drug release. Decriptively, functional groups identification and change in melting point and enthalpy energy of S1, S2, and S3 microspheres showed that acyclovir has been encapsulated by cross-linked matrix of chitosan-STPP. Surface morphology of particles revealed that S1 and S2 microspheres have non spherical form with rough surface, while S3 have smoother surface. The result showed that chitosan concentration affect the particle size (1-19 µm), yield and moisture content of microspheres. Swelling index and in vitro drug release study revealed that higher chitosan concentration showed a significant decrease of two parameters, with sustained relase behavior. In conclusion, all three formula are potential for controlled drug release and S3 is the best microspheres
Pengaruh Laju Alir pada Proses Spray Drying terhadap Karakteristik Fisiko Kimia Mikrosfer Glibenklamid menggunakan Polimer Kitosan dan Penyambung Silang Natrium Tripolifosfat
Full text linkGlibenklamid memiliki waktu paruh yang singkat, sehingga modifikasi pelepasan terkendali diperlukan dan dapat dicapai dengan mikrosfer. Kitosan sebagai polimer disambung silang dengan natrium tripolifosfat (NTPP), selanjutnya mikrosfer dibuat menggunakan metode spray drying. Laju alir yang rendah menghasilkan suhu outlet yang tinggi pada spray dryer sehingga variasinya dapat menghasilkan karakteristik mikrosfer yang berbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh laju alir terhadap karakteristik fisiko kimia mikrosfer yang diperoleh. Variasi laju alirnya adalah 7,5 ml/menit untuk F1 dan 6,5 ml/menit untuk F2. Identifikasi gugus fungsi menunjukkan adanya semua puncak glibenklamid dan gugus spesifik yang membuktikan terjadinya sambung silang antara kitosan dengan NTPP. Hasil identifikasi titik lebur dan energi termal menunjukkan kitosan membentuk ikatan sambung silang dengan NTPP serta puncak glibenklamid tidak ditemukan karena glibenklamid terselubungi oleh kitosan-NTPP. Rata-rata ukuran partikel F1 adalah 5,00 µm sedangkan F2 adalah 4,02 µm. Morfologi bentuk permukaan keduanya menghasilkan permukaan partikel yang sferis tetapi pada F2 memiliki permukaan yang lebih halus. Efisiensi enkapsulasi dan perolehan kembali F2 lebih tinggi dari F1, sebaliknya indeks pengembangan dan kandungan lembab F1 lebih tinggi. Profil disolusi kedua sampel menunjukkan pelepasan yang bertahap dibandingkan dengan glibenklamid murni. Perbedaan laju alir menyebabkan perbedaan bermakna karakteristik fisikokimia mikrosfer sehingga menghasilkan perbedaan pelepasan glibenklamid
Effect Of Carbomer 940 Concentration to Physics And pH Characteristics Of Aloe Vera Soothing Gel
Full text linkSoothing gel is a multi-purpose gel which can be used for many purposes include prevention of dry skin. This research aims to investigate the change of the physics characteristics and pH of Aloe vera soothing gel. Concentration ratio of carbomer 940 as gelling agent and triethanolamine as the basis gel is 1:1. This research compares three different formulas that contain different variation of carbomer concentration which were formula I with 0.6% concentration, formula II with 0.8% concentration, and formula III with 1% concentration. The parameters of physics characteristics and pH were observed. The parameters are organoleptis, viscosity, flow characteristics, dispersive capability, density, and pH. The research is conducted in three replication in each formula. The result shows that all formulas fulfilled all specifications. The carbomer concentration affect the physical parameter characteristic of the soothing gel, but it did not affect the pH of soothing gel. Formula I is the best formula based on soothing gel specification
Optimasi Rasio Cocoa Butter dan Minyak Jarak pada Stabilitas Lip Balm Stick Ekstrak Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera Linn.)
Full text linkLip balm merupakan produk perawatan bibir yang sangat esensial karena fungsinya dalam menjaga kelembapan dan memberikan proteksi terhadap kekeringan. Kombinasi cocoa butter dan minyak jarak sering digunakan dalam formulasi lip balm karena sifatnya yang melembapkan, namun rasio yang tidak tepat dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas dan tekstur produk. Ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera Linn.) memberikan tambahan manfaat dalam melembapkan dan menyejukkan, sehingga meningkatkan khasiat lip balm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati kesesuaian lip balm dengan spesifikasi dan memperoleh rasio cocoa butter dan minyak jarak terbaik berdasarkan karakteristik dan stabilitasnya. Lip balm diformulasikan dalam tiga formula yang bervariasi pada rasio cocoa butter dan minyak jarak, masing-masing adalah 10:44,2 (formula I), 11:43,2 (formula II) dan 12:42,2 (formula III). Kondisi penyimpanan produk dikondisikan pada suhu 40 °C dan RH 75% ± 5% selama 30 hari. Keseluruhan formula lip balm memenuhi seluruh spesifikasi yaitu organoleptis, kekerasan, berat jenis, titik lebur, spreadability dan pH. Rasio cocoa butter dan minyak jarak mempengaruhi karakteristik titik lebur dan pH lip balm. Lip balm lidah buaya formula II dengan rasio cocoa butter dan minyak jarak 11:43,2 merupakan formula terbaik yang stabil pada keseluruhan parameter.
Lip balm is an essential lip care product due to its function in maintaining moisture and providing protection against dryness. A combination of cocoa butter and castor oil is commonly used in lip balm formulations due to its moisturizing properties; however, an incorrect ratio can affect the product stability and texture. Aloe vera (Aloe vera Linn.) extract provides additional benefits in terms of hydration and soothing, thereby enhancing the efficacy. This study aims to evaluate the conformity of the lip balm with specified standards and to determine the optimal ratio of cocoa butter to castor oil based on its stability. The lip balm was formulated in three different formulations with varying cocoa butter and castor oil ratios: 10:44.2 (formula I), 11:43.2 (formula II), and 12:42.2 (formula III). Storage conditions were set at 40 °C and RH 75% ± 5% for 30 days. All formulations met the pecifications, including organoleptic properties, hardness, specific gravity, melting point, spreadability, and pH. The cocoa butter-to-castor oil ratio influenced the melting point and pH characteristics of the lip balm. Lip balm formula II, with a cocoa butter and castor oil ratio of 11:43.2, was the best formula, stable across all parameters.
Submitted: 10-11-2024, Revised: 29-11-2024, Accepted: 05-12-2024, Published regularly: December 202
Stability study of spray freeze-dried insulin dry powder formulations used for nose-to-brain delivery
Full text linkInsulin is classified as a cold chain product due to being a peptide hormone with stability issues in the liquid preparation. Therefore, insulin was developed into the dry powder form to improve the stability and application for nose-to-brain delivery in Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Insulin was physically engineered through the addition of sugar stabilizers with seven different weight ratios of trehalose to inulin, labeled as F1–F7, and prepared using the spray freeze-drying (SFD) method. The obtained SFD insulin dry powders (IDP) were characterized physically and chemically. In addition, the long-term stability study was conducted at 25°C and 40°C for 6 months, whereas the accelerated stability study was examined at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C for 1 month. This study aims to obtain the most stable IDP formulation. The results show that IDP F3, composed of trehalose and inulin 1:1 w/w, was the superior formula. Moreover, IDP F3 exhibited spherical shapes with rough surfaces, amorphous crystallinity, and high insulin content of 100%. Furthermore, IDP F3 indicated the proper stability for 6 months, including insulin content, transition glass temperature (Tg), and moisture content. According to stability study results, the k25 value, half-life, and shelf life of IDP F3 were (1.77 ± 0.06)×10−2 week−1, 39.17 ± 1.34 weeks, and 5.93 ± 0.20 weeks, respectively
Effect of lung function disorders and physical activity on smoking and non-smoking students
Full text linkBackground. The number of young smokers is increasing, and
hence their risk of respiratory problems. This risk is exacerbated
by their low level of physical activity, which also reduces lung function.
This study aimed to determine differences in lung function and
levels of physical activity between smokers and non-smokers.
Method. This research was conducted from October 2019 to January
2020. The research design was cross-sectional, and a purposive
sampling method was used. Pulmonary function was measured by
means of spirometry, while physical activity was measured through
a modified International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).
Results. We enrolled 124 university students: 62 smokers and
62 non-smokers. A significant difference in lung function values
(< 70 vs ≥ 70) was observed between smokers and non-smokers
(p = 0.00). No difference (p = 0.907) in the level of physical activity
was seen between smokers and non-smokers, with most subjects in
both groups displaying moderate levels.
Conclusions. Students who smoked had more respiratory problems
than those who did not. Although the level of physical activity did
not correlate with respiratory problems, these problems were more
common in the vigorous catgory
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF INSULIN DRY POWDER FORMULATION: CRITICAL PROCESS PARAMETERS ON SPRAY-FREEZE-DRYING AND CRITICAL MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES OF TREHALOSE AND INULIN AS STABILIZER
Full text linkObjective: The aim of this study was to obtain recommendations about critical process parameters (CPP) and the optimal ratio of trehalose and inulin as critical material attributes (CMA) on insulin dry powder formulation with spray-freeze-drying (SFD) method.
Methods: Inulin dry powder was formulated with the SFD method, which consisted of an atomization process and freeze-drying (FD). SFD processes were optimized in order to obtain dry powder and CPP was analyzed. All seven variations of formulas proceeded with physicochemical characterization to obtain the optimal formula.
Results: In the early optimization, there was a slight time lag between the atomization process and FD; as a result, some of the powder coagulated and crystallized. Another critical parameter was that the FD process should not be interrupted for at least 50 h of FD. Dry powder proceeded with physicochemical characterization, a formula without inulin showed semicrystalline properties, while six formulas had amorphous properties due to its combination. All formulas had a spherulite shape and rough surface. Five formulas with the combination of trehalose and inulin obtained dry powders with a diameter range of 30-43 μm, moisture content below 3.5%, and high encapsulation efficiency (EE). Formula with the ratio of 1:1 (F4) showed optimal properties with moisture content and EE of 2.62% and 99.68%, respectively.
Conclusion: This study concluded that there were two critical process parameters in the SFD method. There should be no delay in the SFD process and when the FD is in operation, it should not be interrupted until the powder is dry. The optimal ratio for trehalose and inulin was shown by F4 with ratio of 1:1
Promising brain biodistribution of insulin via intranasal dry powder for nose-to-brain delivery
Full text linkNose-to-brain delivery (NTBD) offering potential benefits for treating Alzheimer’s disease. In
previous research, insulin dry powder (IDP) formulation for NTBD was developed, exhibiting
favorable stability. This study aims to conduct in vitro and ex vivo assessment of release,
permeation, mucoadhesion and histopathology, as well as an in vivo biodistribution study to
produce IDP for NTBD and evaluate brain biodistribution. Spray-freeze-dried IDP formulations
with varying weight ratios of trehalose-to-inulin were produced and analyzed. The release study
was carried out in PBS with a pH of 5.8 stirred at 50 rpm and maintained at 37 ◦C ± 0.5 ◦C. Goat
nasal mucosa was used for ex vivo permeation and mucoadhesion testing under similar conditions.
An ex vivo histopathological examination and an in vivo study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were also performed. The IDP dissolution study demonstrated complete release of all
IDPs within 120 min. The permeation study indicated that steady-state conditions were observed
between 30 and 240 min. The mucoadhesion study unveiled that IDP F5 exhibited the fastest
mucoadhesion time and the least force required within the fastest time of 43.60 ± 2.57 s. The
histopathological study confirmed that none of the tested IDPs induced irritation in the nasal
mucosa. Furthermore, the biodistribution study demonstrated the absence of detectable insulin in
the plasma, while IDP F3 exhibited the highest deposited concentration of insulin within both the
olfactory bulb and the whole brain. The extensive evaluation of the IDP formulations through in
vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies implies their strength non-invasive NTBD. IDP F3, with a 1:1 wt
ratio of trehalose to inulin, exhibited favorable brain biodistribution outcomes and was recommended for further investigation and development in the context of NTBD
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