179,050 research outputs found
MULES IN SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE: REVISITED
No full textThis article provides additional empirical evidence concerning the choice of the mule as the dominant draft animal in southern agricultural production in the latter 19th and early 20th century. While the mule was uniquely suited to the crops and climate of the region, two divergent arguments have been presented as to why the mule was the dominant draft animal in southern agricultural production. This research reevaluates these arguments and provides evidence that it was, in fact, the characteristics of this hybrid that made it the preferred draft animal for the South.mule, land owners, part owners, and managers, share tenants, sharecroppers, principal agent problem, Farm Management, N51, O13, Q12, Q13,
U.S. Army Procurement of Draft and Pack Animals in the Civil War Era
No full textThis article examines the Civil War era procurement of draft and pack animals. A statistical analysis of Army records shows that the procurement of mules and horses reflected their relative prevalence in the theaters in which military commands were located, presumably to economize on transport of the animals from point of requisition. Different characteristics of the two equines made mules especially desirable in Western commands and in units with large numbers of draft animals. No statistical support was found for the notion that the abuse resistance of the mule made it preferable in units where animal handlers were poorly monitored.Military; Procurement; War
PrPCWD lymphoid cell targets in early and advanced chronic wasting disease of mule deer
No full textUp to 15% of free-ranging mule deer in northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, USA, are afflicted with a prion disease, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), known as chronic wasting disease (CWD). CWD is similar to a subset of TSEs including scrapie and variant Creutzfeldt¿Jakob disease in which the abnormal prion protein isoform, PrPCWD, accumulates in lymphoid tissue. Experimental scrapie studies have indicated that this early lymphoid phase is an important constituent of prion replication interposed between mucosal entry and central nervous system accumulation. To identify the lymphoid target cells associated with PrPCWD, we used triple-label immunofluorescence and high-resolution confocal microscopy on tonsils from naturally infected deer in advanced disease. We detected PrPCWD primarily extracellularly in association with follicular dendritic and B cell membranes as determined by frequent co-localization with antibodies against membrane bound immunoglobulin and CD21. There was minimal co-localization with cytoplasmic labels for follicular dendritic cells (FDC). This finding could indicate FDC capture of PrPCWD, potentially in association with immunoglobulin or complement, or PrPC conversion on FDC. In addition, scattered tingible body macrophages in the germinal centre contained coarse intracytoplasmic aggregates of PrPCWD, reflecting either phagocytosis of PrPCWD on FDC processes, apoptotic FDC or B cells, or actual PrPCWD replication within tingible body macrophages. To compare lymphoid cell targets in early and advanced disease, we also examined: (i) PrPCWD distribution in lymphoid cells of fawns within 3 months of oral CWD exposure and (ii) tonsil biopsies from preclinical deer with naturally acquired CWD. These studies revealed that the early lymphoid cellular distribution of PrPCWD was similar to that in advanced disease, i.e. in a pattern suggesting FDC association. We conclude that in deer, PrPCWD accumulates primarily extracellularly and associated with FDCs and possibly B cells ¿ a finding which raises questions as to the cells responsible for pathological prion productio
An epizootic of besnoitiosis in captive caribou (Rangiger tarandus caribou), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus)
No full textBesnoitia was diagnosed in 2 caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) which died of pneumonia at the Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in 1983. During the following 3 years, besnoitiosis spread to an isolated herd of caribou, to mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and to reindeer (R. tarandus). Reduction of exposure to biting insects appears to have reduced the transmission of besnoitiosis within the reindeer herd. The morbidity rate was approximately 82% in caribou and 67% in mule deer over the age of 2 months. Most animals with clinical signs were euthanized; this precluded an estimation of the disease-related mortality rate. Twenty-eight caribou, 10 mule deer and 3 reindeer were euthanized or died as a result of this epidemic. Attempts to artificially transmit the disease to potentially susceptible intermediate and definitive hosts were unsuccessful.ID: 521; Accession Number: 19910871500. Publication Type: Journal Article. Language: English. Number of References: 19 ref. Subject Subsets: Protozoolog
The role of the left to the path to a minimum income policy in Italy
No full textIn 2018, Italy became the last of the E.U. member states to introduce a minimum income policy. Our work helps explain why Italy was a laggard in this field by investigating the role the Italian left played, historically, in the evolution of policies to combat poverty. This is a surprisingly neglected topic. We argue that until the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Italian left focused on labour-market insiders – that is, full-time core workers – and appeared largely unconcerned about the most vulnerable individuals, the outsiders, thus accepting the lack of policies to combat poverty. The policy status quo, however, dovetailed with a lively debate among left-wing intellectuals and politicians. This debate paved the way for several attempts by left-wing governments in the 1990s to implement a national pilot scheme (called the Reddito Minimo di Inserimento [R.M.I.]) along with local minimum income policies. The electoral success in 2013 of a new populist movement, the Five-star Movement (M.5.s.), campaigning on the flagship project of the Reddito di Cittadinanza (R.d.C.), fuelled the political debate on anti-poverty policies. This electoral ‘threat’ finally convinced the centre-left government under Paolo Gentiloni to establish in 2018 the Reddito di Inclusione, the first minimum income scheme in Italy. Our work demonstrates the importance of political variables, such as the structure and dynamics of party competition, in the fight against poverty. It also highlights the role of the Italian left as a political innovator in this field
Pathogen exposure patterns among sympatric populations of bighorn sheep, mule deer and cattle
No full textSympatric bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis, n = 31), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus, n = 38), and domestic cattle (n = 26) in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California (USA) were sampled for the presence of Psoroptes spp. mites and for serological evidence of exposure to bluetongue virus (BTV) and Babesia spp. From 1991 to 1994, Psoroptes spp. infestations were found on 12 (44%) of 27 bighorn sheep. No mites were found on mule deer or cattle. The BTV serum antibody prevalence in a cohort of 26 cattle ranged from 17 to 89%. There was no evidence of exposure to BTV in the bighorn sheep or mule deer. The cumulative serum antibody prevalence of Babesia spp. during the study was 35% in 26 bighorn sheep and 85% in 20 mule deer, while antibodies were not detected in a cohort of cattle when they were sampled in May (n = 23) and December (n = 22) of 1992. It is suggested that exposure patterns to BTV, Psoroptes spp. and Babesia spp. differs between sympatric cattle, mule deer and bighorn sheep in the San Bernardino Mountains.ID: 6631; Accession Number: 19972208674. Publication Type: Journal Article. Language: English. Number of References: 22 ref. Subject Subsets: Veterinary Science; Veterinary Science; Medical & Veterinary Entomology; ProtozoologySource type: Electronic(1)http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lah&AN=19972208674&site=ehost-liv
W. R. Leland with January the mule
No full textThis 1941 image of W. R. Leland and an unidentified man giving January the mule a Coca-Cola is part of the Stearns-Grueninger collection. The mule worked at Carolina Wood Turning Company pulling a cart behind him to load and unload along an unsupervised route within the plant. Irving Kip Stearns (1895-1942) was president of Carolina Wood Turning Company from 1928 until his death in 1942. Stearns’ grandfather, Jeremiah Shank, started the company in 1903 as Bryson City Pump Works and it grew to be a thriving industry for the community. In 1911, Stearns was in the first graduating class of Bryson City High School. He had one son, Joseph Pease Stearns (1917-1948). In 1935, I. K. married Betty Grueninger (1896-1971)
Escaped from R. J. White's farm
No full textOne copper colored negro escaped from R. J. White's farm Oc.t. 26th, 1894, weighs about 185 or 190 pounds, heavy set talks very soft· heavy lips. Sentenced under the name of Will Moore.
Marks on NEGRO: He has scars on front of neck, left shoulder, right knee, small of back, right cheek of rump, vaccine scar on left arm.
Left riding one brown horse mule in fine fix; about 9 years old, 15 hands high, face a. little dished, one saddle with new stirrup leathers, C.W. Hess marked on saddle; saddle worn some.
Will Pay $10 00 For Mule
1000 Mule Tree
No full textHand tinted photograph of 1000 Mule Tree, Union Pacific Railway.Photograph
Evidence for the presence of functional protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) in the rat colon
No full textBackground and aims: Protease activated receptors (PARs) have been postulated to play a role during intestinal inflammation. The presence and role played by PAR4 in gastrointestinal functions have not been fully clarified. The aims of this study were: (i) to examine expression of PAR 4 in rat proximal colon; (ii) to determine the mechanical effects induced by PAR4 activation in longitudinal muscle; and (iii) to characterise the underlying mechanisms. Methods: PAR4 expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Mechanical activity was recorded as changes in isometric tension. Results: A PCR product corresponding to the predicted size of the PAR4 signal was amplified from RNA prepared from the colon of rats, showing the presence of PAR4 in those tissues. Immunohistochemistry revealed that PAR4 protein was expressed on epithelial surfaces and submucosa. PAR4 activating peptides, GYPGKF-NH2 and AYPGKG-NH2, produced concentration dependent contractile effects on longitudinal muscle. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) or atropine significantly reduced the contractile responses to AYPGKG-NH2, and atropine after TTX did not cause any further reduction. NK1 receptor antagonist, SR140333, or NK2 receptor antagonist, SR48968, alone or in combination, produced a reduction in PAR4 induced contractile effect, and when coadministered with TTX abolished it. Capsaicin markedly reduced the contractions evoked by AYPGKG-NH2. Conclusions: The present results suggest that PAR4 is functionally expressed in rat colon and its activation induces contraction of the longitudinal muscle both through TTX sensitive release of acetylcholine and release of tachykinins, probably from sensory nerves. These actions may contribute to motility disturbances during intestinal trauma and inflammation
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