146,500 research outputs found
Bharati Mukherjee, conquering America
No full textAuthor Bharati Mukherjee discusses her works and what it means to be an Asian immigrant in the United States.Host, Bill Moyers. Director of photography, Eric Camiel ; editor, Michael Collins ; theme music, Michael Bacon
Bayesian experimental design and model selection forecasting
No full textIntroduction Common applications of Bayesian methods in cosmology involve the computation of model probabilities and of posterior probability distributions for the parameters of those models. However, Bayesian statistics is not limited to applications based on existing data, but can equally well handle questions about expectations for the future performance of planned experiments, based on our current knowledge. This is an important topic, especially with a number of future cosmology experiments and surveys currently being planned. To give a taste, they include: large-scale optical surveys such as Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System), DES (the Dark Energy Survey) and LSST (Large Synoptic Survey Telescope), massive spectroscopic surveys such as WFMOS (Wide-Field Fibrefed Multi-Object Spectrograph), satellite missions such as JDEM (the Joint Dark Energy Explorer) and EUCLID, continental-sized radio telescopes such as SKA (the Square Kilometer Array) and future cosmic microwave background experiments such as B-Pol searching for primordial gravitational waves. As the amount of available resources is limited, the question of how to optimize them in order to obtain the greatest possible science return, given present knowledge, will be of increasing importance. In this chapter we address the issue of experimental forecasting and optimization, starting with the general aspects and a simple example. We then discuss the so-called Fisher Matrix approach, which allows one to compute forecasts rapidly, before looking at a real-world application. Finally, we cover forecasts of model comparison outcomes and model selection Figures of Merit
Patent Protection with Cooperative R&D Option
No full textWe investigate R&D incentive under patent protection with cooperation option. Chowdhury [Economics Letters, 2005, 89(1), 120-126] claims that patent protection may decrease R&D incentive when the tournament effect (TE) is negative. However, We show that patent protection in the presence of R&D cooperation option always increases R&D incentive. In addition, to increase R&D incentive, this option strictly dominates imitation and may dominate royalty licensing under patent protection, introduced by Mukherjee [Economics Letters, 2006, 93(2), 196-201].R&D investment; Patent protection; Cooperative R&D
Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus Mukherjee et Hazra 2022, sp. n.
No full textDemicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus Mukherjee et Hazra, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F48E2EBE-70ED-4E3F-B96B-231DD922E9F3 GenBank Accession No. ON898600 Material examined. Holotype male, labelled ‘ Holotype Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus sp. n., India, Assam, Kohora [26.15° N, 91.79° E], 16.iv.2022, Coll. B. Khan’. Paratypes 2 males, same data as holotype, labelled ‘ Paratype Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus sp. n. Paratype 1 male, labelled ‘ Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus sp. n., India, West Bengal, Burdwan [23.2441319° N, 87.8368799° E], 17.ix.2019, Coll.B. Mukherjee’. Paratype 1 male, labelled ‘ Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus sp. n., India, West Bengal, Burdwan [23.2393° N, 87.8512° E], 14.x.2019, Coll. B. Mukherjee’. Paratypes 4 males, labelled ‘ Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus) praeacutus sp. n., India, West Bengal, Burdwan [23.2393° N, 87.8512° E], 16.vii.2020 & 10.i.2021, Coll. N. Hazra’. Diagnostic characters. The adult male is distinguished from other species of the genus Demicryptochironomus by the presence of tapered gonostylus with pointed apex and bilobed or trilobed superior volsella having clubbed apical end. Etymology. The name “ praeacutus ’’, a Latin word, refers to the sharply pointed gonostylus at apex. Male (n=9) Total length 2.8–3.2, 3 mm. Wing length 1.65–1.7, 1.675 mm. Costal length 1.57–1.62, 1.59 mm. Antennal length 0.88–0.91, 0.895 mm. Colouration. Thorax yellowish brown, leg colour light brown, abdomen yellow to light brown. Head. Head width 570–580, 575 µm. Temporal setae 7–11 (IV 2, OV 5–6, Po 0–2). Clypeal setae 12–15. Frontal tubercles present, 6.9 µm long. Eyes bare with dorsomedial extension of 119–130, 124.5 µm. Ultimate flagellomere 570–590, 580 µm long; AR 1.7–1.93, 1.82. Length of palpomeres (I–V) (µm): 25–27.6: 30: 94–97.5: 134.6–138: 165.6. CA 0.64–0.66, 0.65. Thorax. Acrostichals 10–12, dorsocentrals 24, prealars 3, supraalars 2 and scutellars 9–10. Wing (Fig. 1A). VR 1.10–1.11. R with 36 setae, R 4+5 with 26 setae. Brachiolum with 2 setae. Squama with 6 fringed setae. FCu distinctly distal to RM. Anal lobe moderately developed. Legs. Fore tibia with 2–3 setae. Mid legs with 2 tibial spurs; 18.4–20.7 µm and 23 µm long, comb with 28–36 teeth. Hind leg with 2 tibial spurs; 25.3 µm and 27.6–29.9 µm long, comb with 50–52 teeth. Lengths (µm) and proportions of legs shown in table 1. Hypopygium (Figs. 1B–D). Anal tergite band V shaped. Anal point slender, parallel sided; 46–48, 47 µm long, 6.9 µm wide.Anal point bearing 2–3 lateral setae on each side. Tergite IX with 16–18 setae. Transverse sternapodeme 64.5–69, 66.75 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 1D) nearly bilobed or trilobed, apically pommel in shape, bearing 3 long setae and microtrichia; 46 µm long and 11.5 µm wide at apex. Inferior volsella absent. Gonocoxite 115–119, 117 µm long. Gonostylus 126.5–131, 128.75 µm long, tapered apically with pointed apex. HR 0.91–0.94, 0.925; HV 2.4–2.7, 2.55. Distribution (Fig. 2). West Bengal and Assam, India (present record). Remarks. Characters such as V shaped anal tergite band, absence of inferior volsella, bilobed or trilobed superior volsella and presence of frontal tubercles assert the positioning of this new species in Demicryptochironomus (Demicryptochironomus). Parallel sided anal point without ridge present in both the new species and D. (D). zairensis Lehman, 1979 but they differ in the shape of superior volsella and gonostylus.Published as part of Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2022, Two new species of Demicryptochironomus Lenz, 1941 from India with tentative phylogenetic relationship and a revised world key to known males (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 88-100 in Zootaxa 5175 (1) on pages 90-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/700324
Patent Protection with Cooperative R&D Option
No full textWe investigate R&D incentive under patent protection with cooperation option. Chowdhury [Economics Letters, 2005, 89(1), 120-126] claims that patent protection may decrease R&D incentive when the tournament effect (TE) is negative. However, We show that patent protection in the presence of R&D cooperation option always increases R&D incentive. In addition, to increase R&D incentive, this option strictly dominates imitation and may dominate royalty licensing under patent protection, introduced by Mukherjee [Economics Letters, 2006, 93(2), 196-201].R&D investment; Patent protection; Cooperative R&D
R&D, Licensing and Patent Protection
No full textThis paper investigates the effect of different patent regimes on R&D investment and social welfare in a duopoly market with uncertain R&D process. We find that strong patent protection increases R&D investment of at least one firm but whether both firms’ R&D investment will be more under strong patent protection is ambiguous. While ex-ante welfare is more likely to be higher under strong patent protection, ex-post welfare may be higher under strong patent protection. Whether the possibility of licensing increases both firms' R&D investment is also ambiguous. Licensing with up-front fixed-fee can increase policy dilemma by increasing the possibility of higher ex-ante welfare under strong patent protection but higher ex-post welfare under weak patent protection. However, the results may be different for licensing contract with per- unit output royalty.Knowledge spillover, Licensing, Patent protection, Uncertain R&D
FIGURES 1A–D in Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship
No full textFIGURES 1A–D. Adult male of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) retusum sp. n. A, Wing (Photograph); B, Wing, scale: 1 mm; C, Hypopygium (Photograph); D, Hypopygium, scale: 0.01 mm.Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/439725
Uniqueness of the critical point for semi-stable solutions in R2
No full textIn this paper we show the uniqueness of the critical point for semi-stable solutions of the problem {-Δu=f(u)inΩu>0inΩu=0on∂Ω,where Ω ⊂ R2 is a smooth bounded domain whose boundary has nonnegative curvature and f(0) ≥ 0. It extends a result by Cabré-Chanillo to the case where the curvature of ∂Ω vanishes
Licensing and the Incentive for Innovation
No full textPrevious literature has mostly considered R&D and licensing activities separately. In this paper we examine the effect of licensing on R&D and social welfare. We show that the effect of licensing on the incentive for doing R&D is ambiguous and depends on the costs of doing R&D. We also show that the possibility of licensing can change the identity of the innovating firm. However, we find that social welfare is non- decreasing in presence of licensing.Licensing, R&D, Welfare
Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) dividuus Mukherjee et Hazra 2022, sp. n.
No full textDemicryptochironomus (Irmakia) dividuus Mukherjee et Hazra, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 860D8812-98E8-4B14-ADBB-9E15BF1BFE63 GenBank Accession No. ON881144 Material examined. Holotype male, labelled ‘ Holotype Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) dividuus sp. n., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling [26.7095° N, 88.3542° E], 04.ix.2021, Coll. G. Pal’. Paratype 1 male, labelled ‘ Paratype Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) dividuus sp. n., India, West Bengal, Burdwan [23.2393° N, 87.8512° E], 26.ii.2021, Coll. N. Hazra’. Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other species of the genus Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) by the following combinations of features: partially divided superior volsella at apex, and apically pointed gonostylus with strong concavity. Etymology. The name “ dividuus ’’, a Latin word, refers to the partly divided superior volsella at apex. Male (n=2) Total length 2.4–3, 2.7 mm. Wing length 1.85–1.87 mm. Costal length 1.78 mm. Antennal length 0.8 mm. Colouration. Thorax yellowish brown, leg colour light brown, abdomen yellow to light brown. Head. Head width 500–540 µm. Temporal setae 8–10 (IV 1, OV 6–7, Po 0–2). Clypeal setae 9–10. Frontal tubercles present, 4.6–5 µm long. Eyes bare with dorsomedial extension of 115–130 µm. Ultimate flagellomere 490 µm long; AR 1.58. Length of palpomeres (I–V) (µm): 23: 46: 92: 105: 149. CA 0.63–0.68. Thorax. Acrostichals 4, dorsocentrals 12–14, prealars 3, supraalars 1–2 and scutellars 6–8. Wing (Fig. 3A). VR 1.14. R with 17 setae, R 4+5 with 18 setae. Brachiolum with 2 setae. Squama with 4 fringed setae. FCu distinctly distal to RM. Anal lobe moderately developed. Legs. Fore tibia with 2–3 setae. Mid legs with 2 tibial spurs; 16–18.4 and 20.7 µm long, comb with 36–40 teeth. Hind leg with 2 tibial spurs; 23 µm and 25.3 µm long, comb with 48–50 teeth. Lengths (µm) and proportions of legs shown in table 2. Hypopygium (Figs. 3B–D).Anal tergite band Y shaped.Anal point 76–80.5 µm long, 9.2–11.5 µm wide, slightly widened sub apically, apically rounded, bearing 3–4 lateral setae on each side. Transverse sternapodeme 23–30 µm long. Digitiform superior volsella 18.34–20.7 µm long, 6.9–9.2 µm wide (Fig. 3D), partially bifurcated apex bearing 2 setae. Inferior volsella absent. Gonocoxite 138 µm long. Gonostylus 156–166 µm long, widest medially, apically pointed and strongly curved in middle with strong longitudinal keel. HR 0.84–0.88; HV 2.17. Distribution (Fig. 4). West Bengal, India (present record). Remarks. The new species shows closeness with D. (I). concavus Yan, Tang et Wang, 2005 in having somewhat similar shaped gonostylus but differs in the shape of superior volsella. Small thumb–like superior volsella is possessed by the new species and D. (I). fastigatus (Townes, 1945), but superior volsella is apically bisected in the new species while it is undivided apically in the latter species.Published as part of Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2022, Two new species of Demicryptochironomus Lenz, 1941 from India with tentative phylogenetic relationship and a revised world key to known males (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 88-100 in Zootaxa 5175 (1) on pages 92-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/700324
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