4,396 research outputs found
Sohail Substrate Unified Theory (SSUT): A Unified Substrate-Based Framework for Spacetime, Gravity, and Quantum Phenomena
No full textThis project presents the Sohail Substrate Unified Theory (SSUT), a theoretical framework proposing spacetime as a physical substrate rather than a purely geometric background.
The theory explores how gravitational, quantum, and cosmological phenomena emerge from the intrinsic structure and dynamics of this substrate. SSUT aims to provide a unified conceptual foundation linking spacetime geometry, fundamental interactions, and quantum behavior without invoking extra spatial dimensions.
This OSF record serves as a public, time-stamped documentation of the theory for transparency, academic reference, and future development
Formibelle Sohail & Usman & Naveed & Zhang 2019, gen. nov.
No full textFormibelle gen. nov. Sohail & Zhang Type species: Formibelle vladimiri sp. nov., here designated. Diagnosis. Formibelle gen. nov. can be differentiated from other caliscelid genera by convex coryphe; large bluish spot on forewing and genital style with hump-like process below capitulum. Description. External morphology (Figs 1–4). Metope convex joining coryphe at more than 180 o (in lateral view), longer than wide, narrowing towards clypeus with obscure carina. Pedicel long with short rounded apically process on the side of subapical flagellum. Compound eyes large supported by callus. Postclypeus convex wider than long. Anteclypes short tubular. Rostrum long, second segment more than 1/3 length of third segment. Coryphe twice as wide as long medially deeply grooved. Pronotum wider than coryphe, anterior margin slightly convex, posterior margin nearly straight. Mesonotum nearly as long as pronotum. Forewing short reaching tergite four. Abdomen in lateral view medially concave and posteriorly raised. Legs long, one lateral spine situated in lower third basally on hind tibia. Apex of tibia with five spines. Metatarsomeres I and II with two lateroapical spines, tarsomere II is half the length of tarsomere I. Metatibiotarsal formula: 5/2/2. Male genitalia (Figs 5–10). Pygofer with straight margins (in lateral view). Anal tube in lateral view long, narrowing apically. Phallobase in lateral view enlarged anteriorly, dorsal lobe concave beneath the aedeagal hooks. Genital styles posteriorly convex apically with long narrow capitulum. Etymology. This new genus name is a combination of “Formica” for its ant shaped body with the French word “belle”, meaning -beautiful; as the type location is famous for its natural beauty. Gender: masculine.Published as part of Sohail, Kamran, Usman, Muhammad, Naveed, Hassan & Zhang, Yalin, 2019, New Oriental genus in the tribe Caliscelini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae) from Pakistan, pp. 57-62 in Zootaxa 4691 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4691.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/352707
Formibelle vladimiri Sohail & Usman & Naveed & Zhang 2019, sp. nov.
No full textFormibelle vladimiri sp. nov. Sohail & Zhang Description (male). Length: ♂ 4.6 mm (n=1). Coloration (♂): Dark brown to black. Metope black, lateroapical margins yellow or white. Genae black, with yellowish transverse stripe below the scape. Clypeus black, rostrum dorsally yellow apically brown. Eyes greyish brown. Antennae black having whitish sensory plate organs on and near the apical lobe. Coryphe yellow with black markings. Pronotum black. Mesonotum yellow with black markings or spots. Tegmina reddish brown with distinct large bluish spot on each side, wing base and lateral margins black. Abdominal tergites laterally and genital segments black. Tergite III (below the elytra) dirty white or ivory, and VI–VII medially yellow or brown. Anal segment black. Sternites black except segment III which has dirty white or ivory posterior margin. Abdominal sternites IV–VIII dorsomedially with dirty white or ivory bands. Legs black ventrally yellowish or white. Metope convex centrally without keels, slightly concave near anterior margins of coryphae, longer than wide widest between antennae narrower towards clypeus (Figs 1, 4). Antennae long, short scape. Pedicel long tubular with short rounded apical process, flagellum long (Fig. 3, 4). Large compound eyes with relatively small nearly round area (callus) near base of antennae (Fig. 4). Rostrum reaching hind coxae (Fig. 4). Coryphe wider than long with black markings lacking carina deeply incised with strongly elevated yellow lateral margins, anterior margin convex posterior margin straight (Figs 2, 3). Pronotum wider than coryphe without keels extended transversely beyond eyes anterior and posterior margins straight. Mesonotum as long as pronotum without keels weakly grooved wider centrally, anterior margin straight (Figs 2, 3). Elytra short saddle-shaped reaching tip of fourth abdominal segment with obscure venation (Figs 1, 2). Abdomen centrally concave, posterior margin convex or raised (Figs 1, 2). Legs long not foliate with one lateral spine in basal one third and five apical spines on hind tibia. Tarsomere I and II each with two spines lateroapically, ventrally with short thick pad like structures. Tarsomere I twice the length of tarsomere II. Male genitalia. In lateral view, pygofer longer than wide; both anterior and posterior margins of pygofer concave in middle, wider in basal third (Fig. 5). Anal tube oval in dorsal view, in lateral view tubular, narrower anteriorly and tapering posteriorly (Figs 7, 5). Epiproct short (Fig. 7). Phallobase narrowing to apex in lateral view and looks like woodpecker head (Fig. 9, 10). Aedeagus with a pair of hooks directed ventrally versus latero-externally (Figs 8, 9). Genital style long wider in apical half, posteriorly convex at apex smoothly curved towards base. Anterior margin of style concave near base of capitulum with hump-like processes dorsolaterally. Capitulum of style very long conical, apically and laterally spinose dentated ventrally (Fig. 6). Female: Unknown. Remarks. Formibelle vladimiri sp. nov. is close to Formiscura indica Gnezdilov & Viraktamath, 2011 but can be readily differentiated by its convex coriphe, two distinct large bluish spots on forewing, oval anal tube (in dorsal view) and gonostylus with hump-like processes on dorsolateral margin under the capitilum. This species is also similar to Asarcopus palmarum Horváth, 1921 in having convex coryphe but can be differentiated by carination on vertex; shape and spots of forewing; medially concave abdomen and male genitalia. Host plants: Unknown. Type material: Holotype: ♂, Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Swat, 35°13'21.76"N, 72°25'32.93"E, 2993.39 m, 5 vii 2018, sweeping grasses, coll. Kamran Sohail. Etymology. This new species is named after Vladimir M. Gnezdilov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, St Petersburg, Russia) for his valuable contribution to the taxonomy of the family Caliscelidae.Published as part of Sohail, Kamran, Usman, Muhammad, Naveed, Hassan & Zhang, Yalin, 2019, New Oriental genus in the tribe Caliscelini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae) from Pakistan, pp. 57-62 in Zootaxa 4691 (1) on pages 58-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4691.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/352707
Reliability Analysis of LASER ULTRASONICS as an NDT method for surface defect detection in High Speed Hollow Train Axles using Experimental and Numerical Methods
No full textThe objective of the research is to find a methodology to test the train axle for possible surface defects using non-contact laser ultrasonic technique and then studying the reliability of this non-destructive test (NDT) method by considering a large set of defects with varying sizes to build Probability of Detection (POD) curve. Generally, this NDT technique has three parts: laser beam generation and impingement on a point over the test object surface, ultrasound propagation within the material of the test object and reception of the ultrasound wave propagated at a certain distance from the laser source position. The wave propagation will be influenced by the path where it propagates through and specifically it will be modified in presence of a defect. The part of methodology covered in this research is more concentrated on the laser beam incidence and ultrasound generation within the material and its behavior as it moves through the train axle under study. Laser ultrasonics is being considered a replacement of conventional ultrasonic testing method as it eliminates many limitations of conventional method and has advantages of its own. In case of train axles preventive maintenance is a challenge using conventional method as once mounted it is very difficult to reach all areas of axle and dismounting is never a good idea with respect to time and economy. Though rotating probe method needs only small elements to be removed to reach the central bore in case of hollow axles but there was still an urge to use a non-contact method which is feasible for hard to reach areas and does not require dismounting of the axle completely. Laser ultrasonics if found feasible in future not only kills this issue but it is also quicker and if used properly can detect wider range of surface defects. As a starting point it is necessary to know the behavior of ultrasonic waves in the material which is steel in our case. The steel axle under research is being used in high speed train ETR 460. It becomes harder to see the behavior of the waves when there is a hollow axle with various abrupt variations in cross section along the length. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) which are precisely Rayleigh surface waves in our case are the most important for detecting surface defects. These waves are almost half in speed to longitudinal waves and so are with smaller wavelengths for a given frequency to become more sensitive to any hurdles in their way. It also leads to many reflections in the detected signals due to central hole and fillets present on each variation of the cross section. A section of the axle with two fillets is selected initially to study all of the above behavior. 2D model of this section is numerically analyzed using COMSOL multi-physics code. A series of experiments is also carried on selected section using the lab equipment available to produce Nd: YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser in the infrared region with a short pulse of about 16 Megawatt (maximum power) for 12 nanoseconds duration. It theoretically causes about 5 nanometer of penetration in the steel to cause thermo-elastic regime. This value also varies on the basis of surface quality and frequency of laser beam used. Due to this phenomenon, a transient increase in temperature in a small volume of material causes a thermal stress which in turn propagates three types of waves: longitudinal waves, transverse waves and Rayleigh surface waves. The reception signal was read by using Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). Another option may also be considered by using air-coupled ultrasonic transducer making the method a hybrid Laser Ultrasonic system. Behavior of the stated waves studied numerically and experimentally by measuring vertical displacement of a point at different locations by simulating defect of varying size and position is what can help in finalizing the objective. Along with this sensitivity and efficiency of the NDT method against different range of defect sizes is also important. It can be achieved by measuring POD curve of the system. This curve tells us about the largest probable size of defect which can be missed by the technique under consideration. Parametric studies run for different defect sizes give a curve against RMS of the signal and the amplitude of the Rayleigh wave. For example to study change in RMS of the vertical displacement of a point when measured after defect of a constant width and varying depth from no crack to a maximum crack depth showing a variable behavior with a small incremental step each time gives a probability measure of the detection of the defect. The Rayleigh Surface wave attenuation was one of the main changing factors considered due to the inclusion of the defects. The important information is extracted using POD Curve to look for the minimum size of defect to be seen by the method with required level of probability. It also helps to define the inspection interval of a train axle under service. First of all a range of crack sizes is to be defined in which the inspection system under question cannot determine if the object is defected or not. Then a large number of specimen are required in this range of defects to do further analysis. Linear regression analysis of these results is used to get the conventional POD curve. This type of POD curve built with inputs from numerical models is termed as Model Assisted POD curve or MAPOD curve. MAPOD curve avoids the expensive real building of test specimen for different defect sizes. A large number of trial experiments were done on the real axle without defect to incorporate natural noise of the inspection method in the numerical readings. The model to be used was refined multiple times to get a fully qualified model fulfilling all the real requirements and avoiding as much as possible the stochastic behavior of numerical methods involved. A generalized alpha time stepping algorithm was used in the time domain study of all the experiments. Direct Solver used was the famous MUMPS solver and Newton method was used for the iterative non-linear solution. At the end MAPOD curve for the specific settings used showed that the Laser-Ultrasonics is fairly suitable to detect the typical crack sizes and if a suitable configuration is found it is quite efficient to serve the purpose of in service inspection of train axles without using any conventional contact techniques
sj-pdf-3-smo-10.1177_20503121231222822 – Supplemental material for Incidence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries accompanying a femur shaft fracture and their association with injury mechanism and fracture characteristics: A prospective-observational study in a low-middle-income country
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-3-smo-10.1177_20503121231222822 for Incidence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries accompanying a femur shaft fracture and their association with injury mechanism and fracture characteristics: A prospective-observational study in a low-middle-income country by Muhammad Hamza Dawood, Muhammad Gulfam Shahzad, Haseefa Perveen, Muhammad Daniyal, Sheza Sohail and Mavra Roshan in SAGE Open Medicine</p
sj-pdf-2-smo-10.1177_20503121231222822 – Supplemental material for Incidence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries accompanying a femur shaft fracture and their association with injury mechanism and fracture characteristics: A prospective-observational study in a low-middle-income country
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-2-smo-10.1177_20503121231222822 for Incidence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries accompanying a femur shaft fracture and their association with injury mechanism and fracture characteristics: A prospective-observational study in a low-middle-income country by Muhammad Hamza Dawood, Muhammad Gulfam Shahzad, Haseefa Perveen, Muhammad Daniyal, Sheza Sohail and Mavra Roshan in SAGE Open Medicine</p
New Oriental genus in the tribe Caliscelini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae) from Pakistan
No full textSohail, Kamran, Usman, Muhammad, Naveed, Hassan, Zhang, Yalin (2019): New Oriental genus in the tribe Caliscelini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Caliscelidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa 4691 (1): 57-62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4691.1.
Correction to: Strategic crossing of biomass and harvest index—source and sink—achieves genetic gains in wheat
No full textAbstractThe original article was corrected. Author Muhammad Kundi should instead read: Muhammad Sohail.</jats:p
First record of Tettigometridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Pakistan description of a new species including barcode identification
No full textSohail, Kamran, Huang, Weijian, Usman, Muhammad, Zhang, Yalin (2020): First record of Tettigometridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from Pakistan description of a new species including barcode identification. Zootaxa 4816 (2): 223-228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4816.2.
sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121231222822 – Supplemental material for Incidence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries accompanying a femur shaft fracture and their association with injury mechanism and fracture characteristics: A prospective-observational study in a low-middle-income country
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121231222822 for Incidence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries accompanying a femur shaft fracture and their association with injury mechanism and fracture characteristics: A prospective-observational study in a low-middle-income country by Muhammad Hamza Dawood, Muhammad Gulfam Shahzad, Haseefa Perveen, Muhammad Daniyal, Sheza Sohail and Mavra Roshan in SAGE Open Medicine</p
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