17 research outputs found
Pyrolysis Process of Organic Waste into Bio-Oil as an Alternative Fuel
No full textOne of the abundant potential energy sources in Indonesia is organic waste in the form of biomass waste, which amounts to 60% of the total waste in Indonesia. Organic waste from various parts of plants can be converted into fuel in the form of bio-oil through a fast pyrolysis process. The effectiveness of this process really depends on the temperature in the reactor and the type of material being processed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effect of process temperature and type of raw material on yield and the quality of the bio-oil produced. The raw materials used are sawdust, rice husks, or mango plant leaves, which have been cut into pieces to a maximum size of 3 cm. Then the raw material is put into the pyrolysis reactor and heated to a temperature to be varied, namely 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. This heating produce vapour, which is then condensed into liquid bio-oil, and be purified until it is equivalent to fuel oil, as well as non-condensable gas, which can also be used as an alternative fuel. The results of raw material analysis show that sawdust has lower water and ash content as well as a greater calorific value compared to rice husks and mango leaves. Meanwhile, the experiments show that in the pyrolysis process, the higher of the temperature have increased the yield of bio-oil produced, up to a temperature of 500°C, where the yield have decreased at even higher temperatures. The highest yield was achieved in the pyrolysis of sawdust at a temperature of 500°C, namely 30%. Meanwhile, for the heating value, the higher of the temperature have increased the heating value of the bio-oil. The highest heating value was obtained in sawdust pyrolysis at a temperature of 500°C, namely 1,35 joules per gram
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM DOMESTIC WASTEWATER USING A SOLAR-POWERED ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS
No full textHydrogen is a promising energy alternative to substitute fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The electrolysis method is one of the most developed methods for hydrogen production. The electrolysis process requires energy, so renewable energy sources such as solar energy can make hydrogen production cleaner and more sustainable. This research aims to find out how much hydrogen is produced from domestic wastewater using an electrolysis process whose electrical energy comes from solar energy. This research used samples of domestic liquid waste from kitchen washing in the canteen at Universitas Proklamasi 45, with equipment in the form of an off-grid solar power generator, a set of electrolysis equipment, as well as a monitoring and measurement system. The yield of hydrogen produced by the electrolysis process of domestic wastewater with varying concentrations of NaOH (0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M, 1 M, 1.25 M, and 1.5 M). The total amount of hydrogen produced during the electrolysis process increases as the concentration of NaOH does. In the other hand, On the other hand, the best COD removal was obtained under neutral solution pH conditions, namely when NaOH was added with a concentration of 0.01M. The energy savings obtained from using electrical energy for the electrolysis process of domestic liquid waste using solar energy is 25 Wh
INFLUENCE OF RESIDENCE TIME TO THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUID PRODUCT FROM PLASTIC WASTE PYROLYSIS
No full textPirolisis adalah sebuah metode daur ulang yang digunakan untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari sampah plastik di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, karakteristik dari produk minyak pirolisis sampah plastik jenis Low Density Poly Ethylena (LDPE) telah dipelajari dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu tinggal pada rendemen dan properti produk cair (minyak pirolisis) yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor batch skala kecil yang dilengkapi dengan sebuah siklon, kondensor, steam-atomizing burner, dan sistem flare. Pirolisis dilakukan dalam waktu 30, 60, dan 90 menit pada suhu 3500C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu tinggal akan menghasilkan jumlah minyak dan gas yang lebih besar, namun menghasilkan arang yang lebih kecil. Produk minyak tersebut memiliki sifat fisik yang mendekati kerosene dengan nilai kalor 20.019–20.047 BTU/lb, massa jenis 0.7754–0.7802 g/ml, viskositas kinematik 1.392–1.603 mm2/s, dan titik nyala di abwah 11°C. Minyak tersebut juga mengandung asam asetat, metil oleat, 1-hidroksi-2-propanon, furan metanol, and metil siklopentan sebagai senyawa-senyawa yang utama
Proses Gasifikasi Limbah Padat Aren Menggunakan Fixed-Bed Updraft Gasifier dengan Variasi Jenis Bahan
No full textSalah satu potensi sumber energi di Indonesia adalah limbah biomasa berupa limbah padat industri aren. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis bahan terhadap suhu reaktor dan efisiensi proses gasifikasi limbah padat aren. Bahan baku yang digunakan didapatkan dari Sentra Industri Tepung Aren di Dusun Daleman, Kecamatan Tulung, Kabupaten Klaten. Sebelum diproses bahan dikeringkan terlebih dahulu dengan dijemur di bawah sinar matahari selama sehari, kemudian dilakukan analisa proksimat. Variabel penelitian adalah jenis bahan berupa limbah padat aren murni, campuran limbah padat aren dan tempurung kelapa, serta tempurung kelapa murni. Proses gasifikasi diawali dengan memasukkan bahan ke dalam reaktor tipe Fixed-bed Updraft Gasifier, kemudian dinyalakan sampai keluar gas yang bisa terbakar dan diuji selama satu jam. Syn gas yang terbentuk dianalisa kandungan gasnya, kemudian dibakar untuk mengetahui efisiensinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis bahan mempengaruhi suhu proses di dalam reaktor, dimana suhu optimal dicapai pada gasifikasi tempurung kelapa murni, yaitu proses pengeringan pada suhu 120 °C, pirolisis 340 °C, Reduksi 650 °C, dan oksidasi 721 °C. Gas yang dihasilkan tersebut dapat terbakar selama 15 menit, dibandingkan campuran limbah padat aren - tempurung yang terbakar 8 menit dan limbah padat aren murni yang hanya mampu terbakar 1 menit.One of the potential energy sources in Indonesia is biomass waste in the form of palm sugar solid waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the type of material on the reactor temperature and the efficiency of the sugar palm solid waste gasification process. The raw materials used were obtained from the Palm Sugar Flour Industrial Center in Daleman Hamlet, Tulung District, Klaten Regency. Before processing the material is first dried by drying it in the sun for a day, then proximate analysis is done. The research variable is the type of material in the form of pure sugar palm solid waste, a mixture of palm sugar solid waste and coconut shell, and pure coconut shell. The gasification process is initiated by inserting the material into the Fixed-bed Updraft Gasifier type reactor, then igniting the flammable gas and testing it for one hour. The syn gas formed is analyzed for its gas content, then burned to find out its efficiency. The results showed that the type of material influences the process temperature inside the reactor, where the optimum temperature is achieved in pure coconut gas gasification, namely the drying process at 120 °C, pyrolysis 340 °C, Reduction 650 °C, and oxidation 721 °C. The resulting gas can burn for 15 minutes, compared to a mixture of aren solid waste - shells that burn for 8 minutes and pure aren solid waste that can only burn for 1 minute
Pengaruh Bahan Bakar Terhadap Arus dan Tegangan yang Dihasilkan oleh Polymer Electrolite Membrane Fuel Cell yang Terintegrasi dengan Gasifier Sampah Organik
No full textSaat ini, kebutuhan bahan bakar fosil semakin meningkat dan ketersediannya semakin menipis. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan bahan bakar alternatif seperti Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Teknologi ini mampu mengkonversi hidrogen yang dihasilkan dari biomasa melalui proses gasifikasi, menjadi sumber energi listrik. Akan tetapi, kinerja PEMFC sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya adalah kualitas bahan bakar yang digunakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas bahan bakar terhadap kinerja PEMFC yang terintegrasi dengan Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier. Bahan baku yang digunakan pada proses gasifikasi adalah biomasa berupa tempurung kelapa yang diproses di dalam gasifier menghasilkan syn gas, untuk kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam PEMFC dengan variabel syn gas yang dimurnikan maupun tanpa pemurnian, serta hidrogen murni sebagai kontrol. Peralatan yang digunakan adalah satu set alat Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier yang diintegrasikan dengan PEMFC. Tahap awal pengujian adalah proses gasifikasi tempurung kelapa di dalam gasifier menghasilkan syn gas yang akan langsung ditampung di dalam gas holder. Pengujian berikutnya dilakukan dengan cara yang sama, tetapi syn gas tersebut kemudian dimurnikan melalui satu set peralatan cyclone, filter, scrubber, dan condensor. Produk syn gas tersebut kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam PEMFC dengan pompa serta adanya penambahan oksigen menggunakan blower. Sebagai kontrol, dilakukan pengujian menggunakan hidrogen murni sebagai bahan baku PEMFC dengan laju alir 2,5 liter/menit dan tekanan gas 2 kg/cm2. Analisa dilakukan dengan indikator arus dan tegangan untuk mengethaui daya yang dihasilkan dari Fuel Cell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa syn gas hasil gasifikasi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar PEMFC, namun arus dan tegangan yang dihasilkan sangat kecil. Untuk syn gas hasil pemurnian, arus yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,1 Ampere dan Tegangan 1 Volt dan lampu indikator bisa menyala agak redup. Hasil ini berbeda dengan pengujian menggunakan bahan bakar gas hidrogen murni, dimana mampu menghasilkan arus sebesar 1,4 Ampere dan tegangan 7 volt, serta lampu indikator bisa menyala dengan terang. Sementara untuk syn gas tanpa pemurnian, arus dan tegangan yang dihasilkan sangat kecil sehingga tidak terbaca oleh indikator. Kata kunci : Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Fixed-Bed Updraft Gasifier, Syn Gas, Hidrogen, ListrikAbstrackAlternative fuels such as the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). This technology is able to convert hydrogen produced from biomass through a gasification process, into a source of electrical energy. However, PEMFC\u27s performance is strongly influenced by several factors, including the quality of the fuel used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fuel quality on PEMFC performance integrated with the Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier. The raw material used in the gasification process is biomass in the form of a coconut shell which is processed in the gasifier to produce syn gas, to then be incorporated into PEMFC with a variable syn gas that is purified or without purification, and pure hydrogen as a control. The equipment used is a set of Fixed Bed Updraft Gasifier tools that are integrated with PEMFC. The initial stage of testing is the process of gasification of the coconut shell in the gasifier to produce syn gas which will be directly accommodated in the gas holder. Subsequent tests were carried out in the same way, but the syn gas was then purified through a set of cyclone equipment, filters, scrubbers, and condensers. The syn gas product is then put into PEMFC with a pump and the addition of oxygen using a blower. As a control, testing was conducted using pure hydrogen as PEMFC raw material with a flow rate of 2.5 liters / minute and a gas pressure of 2 kg / cm2. Analysis is carried out with current and voltage indicators to determine the power generated from the Fuel Cell. The results showed that the syn gas produced from gasification can be used as PEMFC fuel, but the current and voltage produced are very small. For syn gas purification results, the resulting current is 0.1 Ampere and 1 Volt Voltage and the indicator light can be lit somewhat dimly. This result is different from testing using pure hydrogen gas fuel, which is able to produce a current of 1.4 Amperes and a voltage of 7 volts, and the indicator lights can be lit brightly. While for syn gas without purification, the current and voltage produced are so small that they cannot be read by indicators. Keywords: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Fixed-Bed Updraft Gasifier, Syn Gas, Hydrogen, Electricit
Potensi Campuran Kotoran Sapi dan Limbah Cair Rumah Pemotongan Ayam Sebagai Sumber Energi Penghasil Biogas
No full textAbstrakKetersediaan energi alternative merupakan tantangan yang harus dihadapi sebagai solusi adanya krisis energi Sumber energi alternatif yang mudah untuk dikembangkan di masyarakat salah satunya adalah biogas, sebagai hasil dekomposisi bahan organik dengan proses fermentasi anaerob. Pada penelitian ini biogas diibuat dari kombinasi antara kotoran sapi dan limbah cair rumah pemotongan ayam sebagai substrat bahan biogas. Biogas yang dihasilkan dapat diketahui komposisi yang optimal, volume biogas terbanyak, dan uji nyala api yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Jetis Prenggan, Sidokarto, Godean, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian adalah analisa deskriptif dengan tahapan persiapan digester, pembuatan substrat, proses fermentasi anaerob, analisa pH, analisa suhu, analisa tekanan biogas, analisa volume biogas, dan uji nyala biogas. Variasi yang digunakan adalah campuran kotoran sapi dan limbah cair rumah pemotongan ayam yaitu digeter A (5 liter : 2 liter), digeter B (3,5 liter : 3,5 liter), digester C ( 2 liter : 5 liter) dilakukan pengulangan dengan kapasitas digester 25 liter dan lama waktu fermentasi 30 hari. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa digester B merupakan komposisi yang optimal dan menghasilkan volume biogas tercepat pada hari ke-4 dengan volume tertinggi sebesar 11,32 liter dengan hasil uji nyala api yang berwarna biru.AbstrackThe energy crisis is a challenge to develop alternative energy sources to support the availability of existing energy sources. One of the energy sources that is easy to develop in the community is biogas. It is the result of decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic fermentation process which produces bio gas in the form of combustible methane gas. This study used cow dung and a mixture of liquid chicken slaughterhouse waste as a substrate for biogas with the aim of knowing the optimal composition, the largest volume of biogas, and the resulting flame test. The research was located in Jetis Prenggan, Sidokarto, Godean, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This is a descriptive analysis with research stages including preparation of anaerobic fermentation digester, manufacture of substrate, fermentation process in the digester, pH analysis, temperature analysis, biogas pressure analysis, biogas volume analysis, and biogas flame test. This study used 3 variations of a mixture of cow dung and liquid waste of a chicken slaughterhouse, namely digeter A (5 liters: 2 liters), digeter B (3.5 liters: 3.5 liters), digester C (2 liters: 5 liters) and repeated. with a digester capacity of 25 liters and a long fermentation time of 30 days. The results obtained show that digester B is the optimal composition and produces the fastest volume of biogas on day 4 with the highest volume of 11.32 liters with a blue flame test result
Proses Pirolisis Untuk Mengkonversi Limbah Plastik Menjadi Bahan Bakar Minyak Menggunakan Penyaringan Adsorban (Arang dan Zeolit)
No full textsebuah teknologi dekomposisi bahan organic pada suhu tinggi tanpa adanya oksigen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses konversi sampah plastic menjadi bahan bakar minyak yang optimal dan memahami pengaruh penggunaan absorban arang dan zeolite sebagai media proses pemurnian minyak pirolisis. Percobaan ini menggunakan reactor dengan ketebalan 2 mm, diameter 60 cm dan ketinggian 55 cm. Proses pirolisis terjadi pada suhu 100-3500C menggunakan plastic LDPE sebanyak 40 kg/proses. Lebih lanjut, pemurnian hasil minyak pirolisis dengan variasi adsorban arang dan zeolite dengan pengujianr nilai kalor, viskositas, dan titik nyala di dalam laboratorium. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa variasi penggunaan absorben arang dan zeolite berpengaruh terhadap parameter pengujian minyak pirolisis tersebut. Nilai kalor terbesar adalah 9576.9713 cal/gr menggunakang absorban 100% arang, sedangkan viskositas terendah sebesar 47.5 cP menggunakan 100% zeolit, serta titik nyala tertinggi adalah 137 °C menggunakan 100% zeolit. AbstractPyrolysis is a technological tool to process the thermal decomposition of organic materials at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The purpose of this study was to determine the conversion process of plastic waste in order to produce optimal fuel oil and to understand the significance of charcoal and zeolite adsorbents as a medium for the purification of pyrolysis oil. The study used a reactor with a thickness of 2 mm, with a diameter of 60 and a height of 55 cm. This pyrolysis process is carried out at a temperature of 100-3500C using LDPE plastic fuel of 40 Kg/process. Furthermore, purification of the pyrolysis oil using a variation of charcoal and zeolite adsorbants with parameters of calorific value, viscosity, and flashpoint results through laboratory tests. The results showed that the variation of the adsorbant structure of charcoal and zeolite stone as a medium for purification of pyrolysis oil products greatly affected the calorific value, viscosity, and flashpoint results. The highest average calorific value (9576.9713 cal/gr) using 100% wood charcoal, the highest average viscosity value (47.5 cP) using 100% zeolite, and the highest average flashpoint value (137 °C) using 100% zeolite.
Modified Rainwater Harvesting Design to Prevent the Breeding of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
No full textClean water is a basic need for every human being, aligning with the sixth goal of Sustainable Development, which ensures that all communities have access to clean water. Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Pelita Hati in Sumber, Kramat, Kranggan, Temanggung Regency, needs 920 liters of clean water per day. Still, during the dry season, the need for clean water is not met. One solution is to utilize a rainwater harvesting (RWH) system, but it leads to mosquito breeding, especially Aedes aegypti. A simple prototype modified RWH by integrating it with the Prevent Aedes Pump (PAP) technology with an internal aquarium filter pump was designed to prevent mosquito breeding. The observation was conducted for 10 days, and the results showed that installing the internal filter pump reduced the number of Aedes aegypti larvae from 4 to 0. The system also reduced the levels of dissolved iron from 0.2 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L and coliform bacteria from 560 MPN/100 ml to 15 MPN/100 ml
Karakterisasi Proses Gasifikasi Sampah Organik dengan Variasi Jenis Bahan
No full textOne of the abundant energy source in Indonesia is organic waste in the form of leafs and branches which is widely avalilable in homeyard. It can be utilized as alternative energy source by gasification process. The objective of the study was to know the influence of raw material and AFR to the characteristic of organic waste gasification process. The raw material used were leafs and branches of melinjo (gnetum gnemon) which obtained from homeyard of inhabitant in Sidomoyo village, Godean sub-district, Sleman Regency, Indonesia. Before being gasified, it was prepared for proximate analysis in laboratorium. The gasification begins by feeding the raw material to the reactor with variation of 100% leaf, 100% branch, and 50%-50% leaf and branch. The gasification process was occured in reactor for one hour, and syn gas which produced has been analized to know the composition of it. Result shows that raw material have influenced the characteristic of gasification process. The highest heating rate was occured for gasification process of 100% leaf and AFR 0.5, which it gas has burned after 25 minuted process in oxidation temperature of 650 0C, reduction temperature of 350 0C, and pyrolysis temperature of 240 0C
Evaluation of Solar-Powered Street Lighting Performance at Kamijoro Bridge, Yogyakarta
No full textIndonesia\u27s fossil fuel dependence has led to significant environmental problems, including greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and ecosystem degradation. Given its location along the equator, Indonesia has enormous potential for harnessing solar energy. This research evaluates the solar insolation potential of solar-powered street lighting (PJU-TS) installed at Kamijoro Bridge, Yogyakarta. Solar radiation data were obtained from NASA POWER, while light intensity was measured in the field using a Lux Meter. Results show that average solar radiation intensity at the site was 251.87 W/m², equivalent to a theoretical energy yield of 163.77 kWh/day under ideal conditions with a 17% PV efficiency. Field measurements demonstrated that PJU-TS 3 achieved the highest illumination (589 Lux at 18:00 WIB), although the intensity declined throughout the night. Luminance calculations confirmed compliance with the Indonesian quality standard SKh 1.9.7. These findings demonstrate the viability of solar street lighting for public infrastructure and provide recommendations for improving system stability, monitoring, and maintenance
