461 research outputs found
The indirect effect of social responsibility standards on organizational performance in apparel supply chains: A developing country perspective
No full textDrawing from social exchange theory, this paper proposes and empirically examines organizational citizenship behavior as a possible mechanism to explain the association between suppliers’ socially responsible behavior and organizational performance. Data were collected from companies in the apparel supply chain in Pakistan, a developing country. Findings show that social responsibility standards have a positive impact on organizational citizenship behavior which in turn positively impacts operational and quality performance. Further, a mediation relationship is shown. This research informs practitioners that social responsibility initiatives instigate deep-rooted changes promoting social-friendly behaviors impacting firm performance. Suggestions for future research are discussed.This accepted article is published as Muhammad Shakeel Sadiq Jajja, Muhammad Asif, Frank Montabon, Kamran Ali Chatha, The indirect effect of social responsibility standards on organizational performance in apparel supply chains: A developing country perspective. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. July 2020, 139; 101968. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2020.101968. Posted with permission. </p
The application of Shari’ah and international human rights law in Saudi Arabia
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThe present dissertation provides an analytical and comparative study of the application of Islamic law (Shari’ah) and international human rights law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It provides an analysis of the sources of Islamic law as well as the sources of international law to set the background for analysis and defines the nature of both laws. It also tackles the subject of the domestic application of international human treaties in Saudi Arabia.
In addition, it examines some reservations Saudi Arabia has entered to some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, specifically the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It also sheds some light on the political, cultural and religious obstacles to the realisation of norms protected by international human rights treaties in the country, and in other countries for that matter, clearly stating the impossibility of implementing the provisions of the international human rights treaties in their entirety. This is due to the various political and legal developments towards the internationalization of the concept of human rights. It observes that despite the existence of the international human rights treaties, which aim at reinforcing a universal realisation of international human rights, these rights cannot be possibly realised by all countries.
To stress the importance Saudi Arabia attaches to the issue of human rights, the dissertation discusses some rights of women before Saudi courts in family matters, an issue which has been criticised by some international human rights treaties, and examines to what extent the country has managed to tackle the issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against women. It provides an overview of the major causes of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia, presents some cases of domestic violence before Saudi courts and sheds some light on the measures taken by the Saudi government to combat domestic violence against women. It also tackles this issue both in the international and domestic legal frameworks, clearly stating the Islamic standpoint on the issue, namely that Islamic law, and Saudi Arabia for that matter, whose laws are essentially derived from the two main sources of Shari’ah. It also discusses the common forms of violence against women in Saudi Arabia and suggests a number of recommendations towards more effective protection of women against violence in the country.
The dissertation concludes by presenting a number of obstacles in the way of executing judicial decisions in the Kingdom as well as the obstacles which negatively affect the performance of the new code of law practice. It also presents some recommendations concerning personal status law obstacles and hindrances to progress and attempts to answer the research questions it has posed
bPolitical awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon : the role of Sayyid #Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr.
No full textThe exegesis of Tabatabaei and the Hermeneutics of Hirsch: a comparative study
No full textThis thesis is a comparative study between Hermeneutics on the one hand and exegesis of the Holy Qur'an on the other. Its objective is to discover whether there are salient points of convergence between the two disciples, and whether issues germane to the Hermeneutical tradition in the West have been referred to and/or employed in Muslim works of Qur'an commentary. To this end, the works of one of the most prominent Shi'ite philosophers and exegetes. Allama Mohammad Hossein Tabataei, have been analysed and compared with the perspective and methodology of E D. Hirsch, one of the most important hermeneuticians in the Western World. Hirsch has been chosen since, in the opinion of the author, there is a considerable number of commonalities between the Hirschian approach to hermeneutics and the exegetical methodology of Tabatabaei and other Shi'ite Muslim interpreters of the Qur'an.. Hirsch, as an objectivist, along with a number of other Hermeneutical scholars, are critical of those who subscribe to philosophical Hermeneutics, such as Heideger and Gadimer. The same approach is taken in Tabatabaei's works, thus providing a strong rationale for an academic comparison of these two scholars. For this reason, this thesis attempts to study the theories of Tabatabaei and Hirsch in order to highlight the similarities and differences in their works. The central hypothesis is that while small differences in approach exist, there is much common ground, and that it is possible to use certain facets of Hirschian hermeneutics in the interpretation of the Qur'an, thus modernising some of the existing exegetical approaches employed by Shi'ite scholars.Since the aim of this thesis is to compare the interpretive works of Tabatabaei with those of Hirsch's, an introductory chapter has been dedicated to the study of the evolution of Shi'ite exegesis from the beginning to date. Tabatabaei's Al-Mizan has been chosen as the foremost work of Shi'ite exegesis in the modem period. Furthermore, a complete chapter has also been dedicated to Tabatabai's exegetical modus operandi as reflected in Al-Mizan, in order to arrive at a better understanding of his perspectives. This research arrives at the conclusion that philosophical Hermeneutics and Epistemology have opened new horizons on which we will always be dependent. Whatever interpretive theories with regards to the understanding of the text are accepted, or whatever the tendency as far as literary criticism is concerned, or whatever ideas are accepted in the arena of philosophy of human and social sciences, the discussion of the nature of understanding in general cannot be avoided. This does not mean that Hermeneutics is limited to these new theories. Rather, the opportunity always exists to introduce new interpretive theories in connection with the understanding of the text. It is indeed possible to study these discussions in detail in a separate sphere independent of the other branches of Islamic sciences and arrive at a number of stable principles in the interpretation of the text in Islamic research
Intoxication and self-defence : a comparative study of principles of English law and Shari'ah
No full textThe study is based upon an analysis of the general principles of criminal liability in English law and Shari 'ah. It is hoped that it may provide a valid basis for discussion of the future development of criminal law.
The relationship between law and society is an organic one and this relationship in Shari'ah is based on revelatory text of precepts, law, and admonitions. Shari'ah is an
essential part of faith of every Muslim; a sound knowledge of its principles not only gives him a sense of inner fulfilment but enables him to order his life according to the dictates of his religion. On the other hand, in English law, religious beliefs and private morality might be viewed as not a matter for law. Religion is in that context generally conceived as a spiritual sphere of supra-human connotation distinct from law, which is basically a secular concern.
Both the systems of law under consideration are different in their sources and nature. English law, being a positive law, finds its source in legislation and other recognised
sources. Shari 'ah is a divine ordinance imposed upon people without having a freedom of choice and it has its roots in its primary sources, the Holy Qur'an, and the Sunnah.
However, the revelatory nature of Shari'ah does not render it entirely inflexible and immutable. The finality of authoritative legal texts is confined only to a limited number of injunctions in the primary sources. The secondary sources provide flexibility to meet the changing requirements of society. A legal system should strike a fair balance between flexibility and inflexibility of legal rules. A very flexible system of law may lead to inconsistencies, illogicalities and at the same time may be subject to abuse by judges while a rigid system, which leaves no room for judicial discretion is likely to
lead to injustice in certain cases. It is submitted that the very flexible nature of English law has left it full of inconsistencies and illogicalities, despite the appropriate use of judicial discretion.
The research offers a general view of modern thinking about the theoretical foundations and methodology of Shari'ah Shari 'ah recognises a variety of sources and methods from which a rule of law might be derived. Part-I of the thesis discusses the evolving principles of Islamic jurisprudence from their rudimentary sources. The specific relationship between socio-religious reality and the production of theoretical legal discourse is illustrated in Part-11 and III while dealing with the problem of intoxication
and private defence in society. It suggests that Shari'ah provides a framework in which the complex and sometimes competing needs of an individual and society can be fairly
apportioned.
The research will demonstrate that there is a well developed system of criminal law in Shari'ah that can be compared with the most developed and civilised criminal law of the contemporary world, for example, English criminal law. In order to compare the compatibility of both the legal systems, the approaches of both towards the problems of intoxication and self-defence have been taken as a parameter. Though Shari 'ah provisions seem to be predominantly prescriptive as compared to English criminal law, the comparison will show that it can provide practical solutions to problems faced by human society of any age. Shari 'ah being a revealed law is proactive in its nature. It takes action to cause changes and not only react to a change when it happens. This particular feature can be felt while dealing with the problem of intoxication. English
criminal law, on the other hand, being a positive law bears the characteristics of a reactive law. It reacts to events or changes rather than acting first to cause change or
prevent something. Another major difference between the two legal systems might be that English criminal law has passed through many evolutionary phases and reached at the present stage through the efforts of the political power and the state; whereas, Muslim states and governments throughout the centuries neither had a hand in the development of Islamic jurisprudence nor in the training and certification of jurists or jurisconsults whose task it was to formulate the law.
History suggests that using the combined forces of religion, morality and law Shari'ah has effectively eradicated social evils and created a peaceful environment for human coexistence, where every one can enjoy his rights without a fear of infringement by the others. In cases of infringement of such rights, the offender shall be liable to severe punishments. The principles of criminal liability are on a par with the corresponding principles of the English criminal law. While protecting the rights of the victim of the crime, Shari'ah does not ignore the rights of the offender for fair trail, impartial justice and liability for punishment proportional to the offence committed by him. At the same time it recognises excuse and justification defences under appropriate circumstances, as
it will be evident while comparing the defences of intoxication and self-defence with the same in English criminal law.
The study reveals that there are similarities and differences between English law and Shari'ah when considering the issue of crime and criminal liability. However, this may be considered as normal phenomenon of comparing any two different legal systems. The differences can be attributed to their sources, origin, history and nature of the social values to be protected. Similarities can be ascribed to zeal for social justice and stability.
The study of differences and similarities will provide an opportunity to illuminate our understanding of law and the process of its development. As both the systems have their
own methodology to tackle legal issues, a different approach to the similar problem will provide a fresh insight leading to revitalised solutions. It will also be helpful to understand the methodology and the legal reasoning of both the systems leading towards a better understanding of law in general and at the same time providing efficient means for improvement
Fort William College\u27s Transformative Influence on Urdu Prose Literature
No full textThis research delves into the roots of Urdu prose, identifying significant influences from Sufi traditions and tracing the evolution through key figures such as Banda Nawaz Gesu Daraz, Syed Muhammad Abdullah, Shah Mereji, Burhan-ud-din Janam, Mulla Wajhi, Meeran Ji Hussain Khudanama, and others. The study extends to the Deccan region, highlighting the contributions of Afzal Ali Fazli and Avi Khan. Mirza Ghalib\u27s role in shaping simple and conversational prose is acknowledged, while Fort William College\u27s emphasis on public expression is explored. Notable figures like Meer Amman, Mir Shairr Ali Afsoos, Hydar Bakhsh Hydari, Mirza Kazem Ali Khan Jawan, Lalu Lal Ji, Bahal Chand, Ikram Ali, Madari Lal Gujarati, and Syed Muhammad Matro are recognized for their remarkable contributions and standard books in Urdu and Hindi Prose. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary journey of Urdu prose, with a focus on Fort William College\u27s significant role.
 
A 37 GHz Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Terminals
No full textThis work presents, design and specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis of a 37 GHz antenna, for 5th Generation (5G) applications. The proposed antenna comprises of 4-elements of rectangular patch and an even distribution. The radiating element is composed of copper material supported by Rogers RT5880 substrate of thickness, 0.254 mm, dielectric constant (εr), 2.2, and loss tangent, 0.0009. The 4-elements array antenna is compact in size with a dimension of 8 mm × 20 mm in length and width. The radiating patch is excited with a 50 ohms connector i.e., K-type. The antenna resonates in the frequency band of 37 GHz, that covers the 5G applications. The antenna behavior is studied both in free space and in the proximity of the human body. Three models of the human body, i.e., belly, hand, and head (contain skin, fat, muscles, and bone) are considered for on-body simulations. At resonant frequency, the antenna gives a boresight gain of 11.6 dB. The antenna radiates efficiently with a radiated efficiency of more than 90%. Also, it is observed that the antenna detunes to the lowest in the proximity of the human body, but still a good impedance matching is achieved considering the −10 dB criteria. Moreover, SAR is also being presented. The safe limit of 2 W/kg for any 10 g of biological tissue, specified by the European International Electro Technical Commission (IEC) has been considered. The calculated values of SAR for human body models, i.e., belly, hand and head are 1.82, 1.81 and 1.09 W/kg, respectively. The SAR values are less than the international recommendations for the three models. Furthermore, the simulated and measured results of the antenna are in close agreement, which makes it, a potential candidate for the fifth-generation smart phones and other handheld devices
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No full text67 Mr. Al-Sadiq Al-Fadil Sudan Homs (a)
68 Brig. Ihsan Ali Bu‘aywi Ali Al-‘Anuz Iraq Homs (a)
69 Mr. Aid Abdullah Iyad Al-‘Utaybi Saudi Arabia Homs (a)
70 Maj. ‘As‘ad Abu ‘Ata Jordan Homs (a)
71 Mr. Umar Sulayman Khayr Abbas Iraq Homs (b) (leader)
72 Mr. Zaid Muhammad Abdullatif
Muhammad Ali
Iraq Homs (b)
73 Mr. Salih Walid Said Mahmud Mauritania Homs (b)
74 Mr. Muhammad Hassan Said Muhammad Iraq Homs (b)
75 Mr. Muhammad Al-Bashir Walid Saidi
Hammadi
Mauritania Homs (b) Arab Organization
for Human Rights
76 Mr. Islam Muhammad Abu Al-Aynayn
Sultan
Egypt Homs (b) Arab Organization
for Human Rights
77 Mr. Mustafa Sulih Morocco Homs (b) Permanent Arab
Committee for
Human Rights,
Paris
78 Mr. Muhammad Husayn Idris Sudan Homs (b)
79 Maj. Muhammad Salim ‘Ata Al-Salim Jordan Homs (b)
80 Mr. Salih Ahmad Muhammad Al-Ghamidi Saudi Arabia Homs (b)
81 Brig. Sulayman Hassan Karim Al-Siyahi Iraq Homs (b)
82 Gen. Ali Hassan Hussein Habib Al Habib Iraq Latakia (leader)
83 Col. Akram Husayn Tahir Sudan Latakia (deputy)
84 Gen. Hassan Ali Mali Wali Al-‘Ubaydi Iraq Latakia
85 Gen. Muhammad Sa‘ud Munji Atya Zayni Iraq Latakia
86 Mr. Said Mursi Egypt Latakia
87 Mr. Ali Muhammad Abdullah Al-Shahhi United Arab
Emirates
Latakia
88 Mr. Khalid Muhammad Ali Al-Shahhi United Arab
Emirates
Latakia
89 Mr. Muhammad Khalifa Ali Al-Kutbi United Arab
Emirates
Latakia
90 Mr. Abulqadir Azaria Bin Ahmad Morocco Latakia
91 Mr. Al-Karimani Muwali Muhammad Morocco Latakia
92 Gen. Sadiq Ja‘afar Hawsan Al-Wa’ili Iraq Raqqa and
Madinat Al-
Thawra (leader
اُردو زبان و ادب کے فروغ میں مشاہیرِ قصور کی خدمات کا جائزہ
No full textThe three rivers Sutlej, Ravi and Beas are flowing in the district of Kasur in Pakistani Punjab. Now this city is situated on the two banks of the dried river Bias. Its history is as old as that of Lahore. The father of Urdu poetry Ameer Khusro has also mentioned this city in his book " Quran es Saadeen”. The importance and worth of this city can be estimated from the fact that the legendary Sufi poets like Bhulleh Shah and Waris Shah also came there to acquire knowledge. In each period, this land produced literary legends whose role was not appreciated in Kasur, rather the echoes of their fame were also heard in the annals of history at national and international level. In literary genres, Sir Abdul Qadir, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Dr. Muhammad Shafee, Dr. Daud Rehbar, Dr Tehseen Firaaqi, Rasheeda Saleem Seemee, Irshad Ahmad Haqqani, Hajji Luq Luq, Maqsood Hassni, Muhammad Ali Zahoori, Muhammad Sadiq Qasoori, Muhammad Iqbal Najmi etc have played an important role in novel, drama, fiction, autobiography, correspondence, research, criticism, travelogue, translation, ode, poem, Naat etc_ for promoting Urdu language and literature. There is unprecedented and they are the central figures of Urdu literature. Their works reflect the culture, civilization, and society of this land in a true sense
Macrovascular Complications and their risk factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Hyderabad, Pakistan.
No full textIntroduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is the universally occurring non-communicable disease as well as exemplary health problem affecting peo-ple worldwide.1 The number of cases of DM are rising at an enormous pace irrespective of any age, gender, economic status or ethnicity around the globe.Objective: To evaluate the macro-vascular complications and its correlation with different risk factors among type-2 diabetic patients.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Red Crescent General Hospital Latifabad Hyderabad from October 2018 to October 2020. Type 2 diabetics of either gender, between age 20 and 70 years, on diabetic medication visited during the study duration were included in the study. Data related to socio-demographic details and clinical features was collect-ed from the participants using a written questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.Results: Significant association (p<0.05) was demonstrated between Coro-nary artery diseases and the risk factors like; age of patient, the duration of diabetes mellitus, diastolic as well as systolic blood pressures, body mass index and serum triglycerides levels. While the statistically significant asso-ciation (p<0.05) of peripheral vascular diseases with the duration of diabe-tes mellitus, systolic blood pressure and serum triglyceride levels. Whereas, cerebrovascular disease was associated (p<0.05) with age, systolic and diastolic BP.Conclusion: The coronary artery disease seems to be most frequent macro-vascular complication among the type 2 diabetic patients. Whereas the risk factors including; advancing age, duration of diabetes mellitus, hyperten-sion, BMI as well as serum triglycerides levels are the most significant fac-tors for these complications.Key Words: Coronary artery disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Peripheral vascular diseas
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