7,494 research outputs found
A critical analysis of Christian responses to Islamic claims about the work of the Prophet Muhammad, ‘the Messenger of God’.
No full textThe aims of this study are to analyse critically the different Christian responses to the Islamic understanding of the work of Muhammad. Chapter one consists a short introduction leading to an appraisal of Muhammad which incorporates historical, hagiographal and Quranic source material, and in the light of relevant Christian and Muslim scholarship. The second chapter presents a summary critical analysis of Muhammad in Christian theological perspective, from 661 A.D. to modern times. Chapter three presents a critique of Christian responses to the Muslim allegations that the text of the Bible has been infected with corruption; and that Muhammad's advent and status are foretold in the unadulterated' scriptures, and in the Gospel of Barnabas. Chapter four examines the theological significance of the work of Muhammad for Christians. Thus, Jesus and Muhammad are critically assessed and contrasted in order to ascertain the importance, for Christians, of the Muslim claims in respect of Muhammad as ’the messenger of God’. Chapter five provides a critical evaluation of the various Christian responses to Muhammad. It is argued that many of the said responses have been entangled in myths and misperceptions which have severely distorted the true account of Muhammad's work. Consequently, many Christians have failed to appreciate the divine legitimacy of Muhammad's call to prophethood. Further, it is argued that Christians should accept that Muhammad is a genuine prophet, and the messenger of God. However, Muhammad's use of the power-structure in order to maintain Islam is in sharp contrast to Jesus’ decision to face the consequences of his ministry passively through faith in God. Accordingly, orthodox Christian belief in the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus provides another dimension to prophethood, where the messenger and the message become one, an identification which finds no parallel in Islam, and which, in the nature of the case, cannot find a parallel
The vespid fauna of Pakistan
No full textRafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar, Bhatti, Abdul Rauf (2017): The vespid fauna of Pakistan. Zootaxa 4362 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.
Antepipona vescovilis Giordani Soika 1970
No full textAntepipona vescovilis Giordani Soika, 1970 Remarks: Gusenleitner (2006) reported this species from Baluchistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park. Distribution: Iran; Pakistan (Giordani Soika 1970; Gusenleitner 2006).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Chlorodynerus xanthus
No full textChlorodynerus xanthus (Cameron, 1907) Remarks: Earlier reported by Blüthgen (1954) from Sindh: Karachi. Distribution: India; Pakistan (Blüthgen 1954).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) umerolatus Gusenleitner 2006
No full textLeptochilus (Neoleptochilus) umerolatus Gusenleitner, 2006 Remarks: Gusenleitner (2006) described this species from Baluchistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park. Distribution: Pakistan (Gusenleitner 2006).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Antepipona kashmirensis Giordani Soika 1977
No full textAntepipona kashmirensis Giordani Soika, 1977 Remarks: Gusenleitner (2007) reported this species from Punjab: Murree: Patriata. Distribution: India; Pakistan (Gusenleitner 2007).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Pterocheilus arabicus Giordani Soika 1970
No full textPterocheilus arabicus Giordani Soika, 1970 Remarks: This was recorded from Baluchistan: Kharan by Guichard (1986). Distribution: Pakistan; Saudi Arabia (Guichard 1986).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Cyrtolabulus karachiensis Gusenleitner 2006
No full textCyrtolabulus karachiensis Gusenleitner, 2006 Remarks: Gusenleitner (2006) described this species from Sindh: Karachi: Thatta Raod. Distribution: Pakistan (Gusenleitner 2006).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) insitivus
No full textLeptochilus (Neoleptochilus) insitivus (Gusenleitner, 1976) Remarks: Gusenleitner (1976) described this taxon from Sindh: Karachi. Distribution: Pakistan and India (Gusenleitner 1976, 1994).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
Cyphodynerus sculpturatus
No full textCyphodynerus sculpturatus (Dover, 1925) Remarks: Dover (1925) described this species from Sindh: Karachi. Distribution: Pakistan ( Dover 1925) and Iran (van der Vecht 1971).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Carpenter Muhammad Qasim, James M., Shehzad, Anjum, Zia, Ahmed, Khan, Muhammad Rafique, Mastoi, Muhammad Ishaque, Naz, Falak, Ilyas, Muhammad, Shah, Mazafar & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017, The vespid fauna of Pakistan, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/107611
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