13 research outputs found
Reduction of stress induced bending in MEMS suspended membrane
No full textMEMS suspended membrane is used as moveable mirror in tunable Fabry-Pérot (FP) filters and tunable Lasers. Since the electrical and optical properties of the FP filters and VSCELs are highly dependent on the parallelism of the suspension holding the membrane in place, therefore, it has crucial role in the performance of these devices. Any bending in the suspensions results in displacement of the membrane which, in turn adversely affects the output properties of these devices. In our research work we present a multilayer suspension design with the aim to produce bend-less suspensions by compensating the stress of the materials and balancing the clock wise and counter clock wise moments within the multilayered structure. This new approach enables us to successfully reduce the displacement of the membrane to 76.7nm from several micrometer
Optimization of stress induced bending in mems based suspensions
No full textThe suspended membrane is currently becoming the trend in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices. For example, in tunable Fabry-Pérot (FP) Filter, the suspended membrane can be used as a top moveable mirror. The parallelism of the suspension holding the membrane is crucially important, as output characteristics of the filter highly depend on it. However, the adverse effect of residual stress of the material causes bending in the suspension which limits the performance of the FP filter. Therefore for high performance of FP filter, the stress-induced bending must be minimized. This paper reports a novel stress optimized multilayer Suspension(s) design by using Finite Element Method (FEM).In which the bending of the suspension is reduced to 76 nm form several μm, for typically used suspended membrane dimensions
Stress Optimization for a MEMS Multilayer Fixed-Fixed Beam
No full textMicro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) based multi-layer fixed-fixed beams are used as suspensions to support the suspended membranes in tunable Fabry-Pérot Filters and tunable Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. The electrical and optical performance of these devices depends highly on the parallelism of the suspensions holding the membrane in place. However, the residual stress in the suspension layer(s), upon relaxation, results in bending of the suspensions, which in turn results in displacement of the membrane. Therefore, the stress induced bending in the free-standing suspensions holding the membrane in place, must be minimized. A novel stress optimized multi-layer suspension system consisting of a fixed-fixed beam is designed in this work, whereby a tensile stressed material is sandwiched between two compressively stressed material films; such that the suspension layer system has an overall tensile film force, while an additional stress less layer is used to balance the clock-wise and counter clock-wise moments. The displacement of the central portion of the fixed-fixed beam is reduced from several micrometers to a mere 1.63 nm using this technique
Folio
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Shaheer-Poetry-I Desire to Paint You. pp. 151; Uzma Azad-Poetry-Silent Wish. pp. 151; Uzma Azad-Poetry-Some Day. pp. 152; Amber M. Gill-Poetry-Patience. pp. 152; Ramla Zaheer-Poetry-Life Goes On. pp. 153; Awan, M. Shaheer-Poetry-Lost Angel. pp. 153; Jawad, M.-Poetry-The Foggy Trees. pp. 154; Sadia Riaz-Poetry-Tears and Laughter. pp. 154; Hafiz Ali Aziz Khokhar-Poetry-I Shine Now. pp. 155; Nauman Ahmad-Poetry-Life is Ephemeral. pp. 155; Ramla Zaheer-Poetry-To Time and Fate. pp. 156; Muhammad Adeel Ahmad-Poetry-Death of Beauty. pp. 156; Hafiz Ali Aziz-Poetry-What Should I do? pp. 157; Shaheryar Khan-Poetry-What May I Think? pp. 157; Azzam Saddique-Poetry-The Smith. pp. 158; Rao Ayyaz Ahmad-Poetry-Assignment Girls College. pp. 159; Zeeshan Zaighum-Poetry-Divorce. pp. 159; Folio [Urdu]. 146 p.Editorial Board (English). before the Editorial page; Kennedy Hall, Forman Christian College (1959-60). after page 30; Folio team with the President of Pakistan. after page 30; Offices. page 160; Visitors. after page 160; Convocation. after page 160; Sports. after page 160; Societies. after page 160; Drama. after page 160; Music. after page 160; College Life. after page 160; Alumni. after page 160; Sundaisay. after page 16
Surge of Non-Communicable Diseases in Pakistan
No full textAccording to the baseline survey, the family history of diabetes mellitus was positive in 41% of the individuals
and 38% of individuals had a familial tendency of hypertension. Approximately 19% of the individuals also
had a familial tendency of ischemic heart diseases whereas; about 8% of the people had a family history of
stroke. When measured in the community about 21% of the individuals above the age of thirty tested
positive for raised random blood glucose levels on glucometer using capillary blood. Approximately 40% of
the individuals above the age of 30 suffered from hypertension whereas 33% of the individuals were obese
Addressing multicollinearity in general linear model: A novel approach for ridge parameter with performance comparison.
No full textThe problem of ill-conditioned data or multicollinearity is common in regression modelling. The problem results in imprecise parameter estimation which leads to inability of gauging true impact of explanatory variables on the response. Also, due to strong multicollinearity, standard errors of parameter estimates get inflated leading to wider confidence intervals and hence increased risk of type-II error. To handle the problem, different approaches have been proposed in literature. Primarily, such techniques penalize the coefficient estimates in one way or other. Ridge regression is one of the most applied among such techniques. In ridge regression, a penalty term is added in the objective function of the general linear model. That penalty term introduces a small amount of bias in parameter estimates with an objective to decrease the mean square error. In the current article, some new choices for ridge constant are proposed. The performance of proposed ridge choices are compared through Monte Carlo simulations under different scenarios, using mean square error as measure of performance. The simulation results indicate that the proposed ridge estimator performs better than existing ridge constants, in most cases catering for severity of multicollinearity, number of explanatory variables, sample size and error variance structure. The simulation results were further corroborated by comparing performance of proposed ridge penalties using two real-life applications
Folio
No full textNasir, M. Umar-Essay-Social Deterioration: A Direct Consequence of Work Dishonesty. pp. 1-2; Nisar Ahmed-Essay-Equality and Harmony. pp. 3-4; Shahzad Munawar-Essay-Importance of Ethics and Values. pp. 5-6; Akhtar, S. Mohsin-Father Abraham, have mercy upon us... pp. 7-12; Sobia Kiran-Essay-On Ethics. pp. 13-15; Irshad Ali Rana-Blood Menace. pp. 16-17; Arsalaan Naveed-Essay-The Seeing, See Little. pp. 18-19; Omer Javed Pal-Essay-Personal Values. pp. 20; Dr.Naseem Riaz-Essay-Of Plagiarism. pp. 21-22; Nawazish Ali-Essay-Kindness. pp. 23; Salman Rafi-Essay-Responsibility and Criticism. pp. 24; Zainab Mohsin-Essay-Psychological Problems Faced by Women in Pakistan. pp. 25; Omer Habib-The Invisible Cage. pp. 26; Arooj Waheed-A Quest for Identity. pp. 27; Zishan Fida-Essay-Importance of Education. pp. 29-30; Naqwi, Z. 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Wajeeh Ud Din. after page 156; Muhammad Yousuf. before page 157; Offices. after page 179; Convocation. after page 179; Alumni. after page 179; Alumni. after page 179; Alumni. after page 179; Sports. after page 179; Sports. after page 179; Sports. after page 179; Sports. after page 179; Societies. after page 179; Societies. after page 179; Societies. after page 179; Societies. after page 179; Societies. after page 179; Festival. after page 179; Music. after page 179; Drama. after page 179; Campus Life. after page 179; Campus Life. after page 179; Campus Life. after page 179; Interview with Dr Anwar Sajjad. after page 6 (Urdu section); Editorial Board (Urdu). before contents page (Urdu section
Effect of strigolactone on growth, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant activity, and osmolytes accumulation in different maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under drought stress
No full textDrought alters plant physiology, morphology, and biochemical pathways, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. Strigolactones (SLs) are phytohormones known to enhance plant growth under abiotic stress. However, their specific impact on drought stress in maize remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the optimal SL concentration for mitigating drought stress in two maize hybrids (HY-1898, FH-1046). Maize plants were subjected to 60% field capacity drought stress in a pot experiment. After 40 d, different concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg L−1) of the synthetic SL analogue GR24 were applied to evaluate their effects on growth features, photosynthesis attributes, and osmolyte accumulation in the maize hybrids. Results showed that exogenous SL application significantly increased photosynthetic pigments in maize hybrids under drought stress. Chlorophyll content, gas exchange characteristics, net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and antioxidant activities were enhanced by GR24. Leaf ascorbic acid and total phenolics also increased with SL application. Organic osmolytes, such as glycine betaine and free proline, were elevated in both maize hybrids under drought stress. Yield-related parameters, including cob diameter, cob weight, number of seeds per cob, and number of seeds per plant, were significantly increased by GR24 under drought stress. Our findings highlight the potential of GR24 foliar application to mitigate drought stress and promote maize growth and grain yield in a concentration-dependent manner. The minimum effective SL concentration against drought stress was determined to be 0.01 mg L−1. Overall, foliar application of GR24 could serve as a sustainable approach for drought tolerance in agriculture
NEEDLE STICK AND SHARPS INJURIES; FREQUENCY AND THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS OF A TERTIARY CARE PRIVATE HOSPITAL OF LAHORE
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