350 research outputs found
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
The Folio
No full textCentenary IssueBiography-The Founder. pp. 11-14; Article-History of the College. pp. 15-27; Poetry-The Song of Velte Hall. pp. 28; Article-The Story of the Folio. pp. 29-35; Poetry-The Newton Hall Song. pp. 36; Benade, J. M.-Article-Past and Future. pp. 37-40; Sinclair, Mrs E. J.-Article-First Impressions. pp. 41-46; Farouk A. Rana-Notes Towards the Definition of Formanite Culture. pp. 47-50; Yussuf Khattak-A Footnote to Formanite Culture. pp. 51-53; Basharat Qadir-Poetry-Forever Yours. pp. 53; Nafees A. Mahmud-Poetry-A Friendly Advice. pp. 54; Bokhari, S. Javed Iqbal-Article-The Confession of a Teacher. pp. 55-58; Ejaz Rahim-On Looking Back. pp. 59-63; Qaisrah Meshhedi-Poetry-You. pp. 64; Ayaz Hassan-The Teenage Romeo of Pakistan. pp. 65-67; Basharat Qadir-Poetry-An April Dream. pp. 68; Mellors, Mrs E. A.-Article-The Ewing Memorial Library. pp. 69-72; Farouk A. Rana-Poetry-Love Song of a College Boy. pp. 73-74; Sh. Tahir Mahmood-Through a Window. pp. 75-77; Basharat Qadir-Poetry-Eternity. pp. 78; Mahmood Alizai-Article-Individual Fellowship World. pp. 79-81; Reflections on an Evening. pp. 82; Saif-ud-Din-Story-Life and Ambition. pp. 83-85; Salim Arshad-Story-Misery. pp. 86-87; Ch. Muhammad Qasim-Article-Books & Crooks. pp. 88-91; Jaafar Msolomi-Article-My Country. pp. 92-98; Mwaikinda, Jackson R.-Article-Education System in East Africa. pp. 99-102; Parvez Shaheen-Essay-Pontius Pilate's Query. pp. 103-105; Lolita Parsar-Poetry-College Days. pp. 106; Krishan Gopal Bhatia-Poetry-Love Song of an Undergraduate. pp. 107-108; Anees-ur-Rehman Barry-Article-My Hero. pp. 109-110; Nasir Khalidi-Article-Natural Gas Industry in Pakistan. pp. 111-113; Book Review-College Life by Professor T. H. Hashmi. pp. 114; Folio [Urdu]. 120 p.Father of the Nation. after title page; Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan. after title page; Malik Amir Mohammad Khan, Governor, West Pakistan. after title page; Professor E. J. Sinclair. after title page; Dr J. C. R. Ewing (Principal 1888-1918). after title page; Dr E. D. Lucas (Principal 1918-1932). after title page; Opening Ceremony of Newton Hall-1902. after title page; O' dear, dear old site. haunt of fifty years. after title page; Dr S. K. Dutta (Principal 1932-42). after title page; Dr C. H. Rice (Principal 1942-50). after title page; Dr R. M. Ewing (Principal 1950-62). after title page; Professor E. J. Sinclair (Principal 1962-). after title page; College Teaching Staff-1908. after title page; College Teaching Staff-1917. after title page; College Teaching Staff-1936. after title page; College Staff-1963-64. after title page; Secondary Union Council-1963-64. after title page; The Annual Dinner of the College (Degree) Union-1963-64. after title page; Newton Hall Cabinet-1964. after title page; Griswold Hall, Executive Committee-1963-64. after title page; Kennedy Hall, Members of the Executive-1963-64. after title page; Velte Hall-1963-64. after title page; Senior Physics Association-1963-64. after title page; Benade Physics Society (Jr), Members of the Executive Committee-1962-64. after title page; Bazm-e-Adab. after title page; Senior Biology Association 1963-64. after title page; Basket Ball, Board Team Champions Zone and Interzone-1964. after title page; Swimming Team 1963-64. after title page; Inter Hockey Team 1963-64. after title page; Volly Ball Club-1963-64. after title page; Members of Board and University Badminton Teams 1963-64. after title page; Griswold Wilson History Society, Members of the Executive Committee-1963-64. after title page; The Founder, Dr C. W. Forman. after page 1
Viral enteric infections of turkey poults
No full textID: IND85024786; Accession Number: IND85024786 Pagination: p. 59-60. Identifiers: viral diseases Publicaton Type: Journal Article Language(s): English Coden: MXMRA Category Codes: Animal Diseases (Viral) Subset: Indexing Branch - NAL NAL Call Number: S1.M52 Update Code: 00000000Source type: Electronic(1
The application of Shari’ah and international human rights law in Saudi Arabia
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThe present dissertation provides an analytical and comparative study of the application of Islamic law (Shari’ah) and international human rights law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It provides an analysis of the sources of Islamic law as well as the sources of international law to set the background for analysis and defines the nature of both laws. It also tackles the subject of the domestic application of international human treaties in Saudi Arabia.
In addition, it examines some reservations Saudi Arabia has entered to some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, specifically the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It also sheds some light on the political, cultural and religious obstacles to the realisation of norms protected by international human rights treaties in the country, and in other countries for that matter, clearly stating the impossibility of implementing the provisions of the international human rights treaties in their entirety. This is due to the various political and legal developments towards the internationalization of the concept of human rights. It observes that despite the existence of the international human rights treaties, which aim at reinforcing a universal realisation of international human rights, these rights cannot be possibly realised by all countries.
To stress the importance Saudi Arabia attaches to the issue of human rights, the dissertation discusses some rights of women before Saudi courts in family matters, an issue which has been criticised by some international human rights treaties, and examines to what extent the country has managed to tackle the issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against women. It provides an overview of the major causes of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia, presents some cases of domestic violence before Saudi courts and sheds some light on the measures taken by the Saudi government to combat domestic violence against women. It also tackles this issue both in the international and domestic legal frameworks, clearly stating the Islamic standpoint on the issue, namely that Islamic law, and Saudi Arabia for that matter, whose laws are essentially derived from the two main sources of Shari’ah. It also discusses the common forms of violence against women in Saudi Arabia and suggests a number of recommendations towards more effective protection of women against violence in the country.
The dissertation concludes by presenting a number of obstacles in the way of executing judicial decisions in the Kingdom as well as the obstacles which negatively affect the performance of the new code of law practice. It also presents some recommendations concerning personal status law obstacles and hindrances to progress and attempts to answer the research questions it has posed
Intoxication and self-defence : a comparative study of principles of English law and Shari'ah
No full textThe study is based upon an analysis of the general principles of criminal liability in English law and Shari 'ah. It is hoped that it may provide a valid basis for discussion of the future development of criminal law.
The relationship between law and society is an organic one and this relationship in Shari'ah is based on revelatory text of precepts, law, and admonitions. Shari'ah is an
essential part of faith of every Muslim; a sound knowledge of its principles not only gives him a sense of inner fulfilment but enables him to order his life according to the dictates of his religion. On the other hand, in English law, religious beliefs and private morality might be viewed as not a matter for law. Religion is in that context generally conceived as a spiritual sphere of supra-human connotation distinct from law, which is basically a secular concern.
Both the systems of law under consideration are different in their sources and nature. English law, being a positive law, finds its source in legislation and other recognised
sources. Shari 'ah is a divine ordinance imposed upon people without having a freedom of choice and it has its roots in its primary sources, the Holy Qur'an, and the Sunnah.
However, the revelatory nature of Shari'ah does not render it entirely inflexible and immutable. The finality of authoritative legal texts is confined only to a limited number of injunctions in the primary sources. The secondary sources provide flexibility to meet the changing requirements of society. A legal system should strike a fair balance between flexibility and inflexibility of legal rules. A very flexible system of law may lead to inconsistencies, illogicalities and at the same time may be subject to abuse by judges while a rigid system, which leaves no room for judicial discretion is likely to
lead to injustice in certain cases. It is submitted that the very flexible nature of English law has left it full of inconsistencies and illogicalities, despite the appropriate use of judicial discretion.
The research offers a general view of modern thinking about the theoretical foundations and methodology of Shari'ah Shari 'ah recognises a variety of sources and methods from which a rule of law might be derived. Part-I of the thesis discusses the evolving principles of Islamic jurisprudence from their rudimentary sources. The specific relationship between socio-religious reality and the production of theoretical legal discourse is illustrated in Part-11 and III while dealing with the problem of intoxication
and private defence in society. It suggests that Shari'ah provides a framework in which the complex and sometimes competing needs of an individual and society can be fairly
apportioned.
The research will demonstrate that there is a well developed system of criminal law in Shari'ah that can be compared with the most developed and civilised criminal law of the contemporary world, for example, English criminal law. In order to compare the compatibility of both the legal systems, the approaches of both towards the problems of intoxication and self-defence have been taken as a parameter. Though Shari 'ah provisions seem to be predominantly prescriptive as compared to English criminal law, the comparison will show that it can provide practical solutions to problems faced by human society of any age. Shari 'ah being a revealed law is proactive in its nature. It takes action to cause changes and not only react to a change when it happens. This particular feature can be felt while dealing with the problem of intoxication. English
criminal law, on the other hand, being a positive law bears the characteristics of a reactive law. It reacts to events or changes rather than acting first to cause change or
prevent something. Another major difference between the two legal systems might be that English criminal law has passed through many evolutionary phases and reached at the present stage through the efforts of the political power and the state; whereas, Muslim states and governments throughout the centuries neither had a hand in the development of Islamic jurisprudence nor in the training and certification of jurists or jurisconsults whose task it was to formulate the law.
History suggests that using the combined forces of religion, morality and law Shari'ah has effectively eradicated social evils and created a peaceful environment for human coexistence, where every one can enjoy his rights without a fear of infringement by the others. In cases of infringement of such rights, the offender shall be liable to severe punishments. The principles of criminal liability are on a par with the corresponding principles of the English criminal law. While protecting the rights of the victim of the crime, Shari'ah does not ignore the rights of the offender for fair trail, impartial justice and liability for punishment proportional to the offence committed by him. At the same time it recognises excuse and justification defences under appropriate circumstances, as
it will be evident while comparing the defences of intoxication and self-defence with the same in English criminal law.
The study reveals that there are similarities and differences between English law and Shari'ah when considering the issue of crime and criminal liability. However, this may be considered as normal phenomenon of comparing any two different legal systems. The differences can be attributed to their sources, origin, history and nature of the social values to be protected. Similarities can be ascribed to zeal for social justice and stability.
The study of differences and similarities will provide an opportunity to illuminate our understanding of law and the process of its development. As both the systems have their
own methodology to tackle legal issues, a different approach to the similar problem will provide a fresh insight leading to revitalised solutions. It will also be helpful to understand the methodology and the legal reasoning of both the systems leading towards a better understanding of law in general and at the same time providing efficient means for improvement
Bio-aromatics: Revolutionizing the integrated biomass and plastic waste valorization for high-value aromatic hydrocarbons via bifunctional catalytic pathways of bio-syngas conversion
No full textAromatic hydrocarbons play a pivotal role in various industrial applications, serving as essential building blocks to produce polymers, resins, and specialty chemicals. Traditionally, their synthesis has been reliant on fossil fuels, raising concerns about environmental sustainability and resource depletion. However, recent advancements in the field have paved the way for a paradigm shift, with a focus on biomass-derived synthesis gas as a renewable and environmentally friendly feedstock. This review explores innovative shortcuts in the synthesis of aromatic hydrocarbons, a key area of research that holds promise for a more sustainable and efficient future. As we delve into the intricacies of biomass-derived synthesis gas conversion, we will examine breakthroughs in catalyst development, process optimization, and integrated approaches. By scrutinizing these advancements, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for further exploration. The urgency of addressing environmental concerns and the growing demand for renewable alternatives underscore the importance of reevaluating the methodologies. The unique characteristics of biomass-derived synthesis gas coupled with co-gasification processes present an intriguing avenue for redefining the landscape of aromatic hydrocarbon synthesis. Through this exploration, we seek to unravel the complexities of these innovative shortcuts, offering insights that may contribute to a more sustainable and greener future for the chemical industry.The authors acknowledge financial support from Spanish Ministry of Science through the projects; 1- NICER-BIOFUELS (PLEC2021-008086), financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 Next Generation Europe and SMART-FTS (PID2021-126876OB-I00) 2- FPI grant (PRE2022-101636) financed by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 & the FSE+3- Spanish Ministry and the European Union for the grant (JDC2022-048533-I) financed byMCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.Peer reviewe
Redefining the Symphony of Light Aromatic Synthesis Beyond Fossil Fuels: A Journey Navigating through a Fe-Based/HZSM-5 Tandem Route for Syngas Conversion
No full textThe escalating concerns about traditional reliance on fossil fuels and environmental issues associated with their exploitation have spurred efforts to explore eco-friendly alternative processes. Since then, in an era where the imperative for renewable practices is paramount, the aromatic synthesis industry has embarked on a journey to diversify its feedstock portfolio, offering a transformative pathway toward carbon neutrality stewardship. This Review delves into the dynamic landscape of aromatic synthesis, elucidating the pivotal role of renewable resources through syngas/CO2 utilization in reshaping the industry's net-zero carbon narrative. Through a meticulous examination of recent advancements, the current Review navigates the trajectory toward admissible aromatics production, highlighting the emergence of Fischer-Tropsch tandem catalysis as a game-changing approach. Scrutinizing the meliorated interplay of Fe-based catalysts and HZSM-5 molecular sieves would uncover the revolutionary potential of rationale design and optimization of integrated catalytic systems in driving the conversion of syngas/CO2 into aromatic hydrocarbons (especially BTX). In essence, the current Review would illuminate the path toward cutting-edge research through in-depth analysis of the transformative power of tandem catalysis and its capacity to propel carbon neutrality goals by unraveling the complexities of renewable aromatic synthesis and paving the way for a carbon-neutral and resilient tomorrow.The authors acknowledge financial support from Spanish Ministry of Science through the projects: (1) NICER-BIOFUELS (PLEC2021-008086), financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 Next Generation Europe and SMART-FTS (PID2021-126876OB-I00); (2) FPI grant (PRE2022-101636) financed by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 & the FSE+; and (3) Spanish Ministry and the European Union for the grant (JDC2022-048533-I) financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The authors also thank “Macrovector/Freepik” for providing the services in the design of the TOC and graphics.Peer reviewe
How should flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) be operated to achieve efficient desalination and scalability?
No full textFunding Information:
This work received funding from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCDT/MCTES) under grant agreement No PTDC/EQU-EQU/6193/2020 (Se(L)ect(i)vity) and LISBOA2030-FEDER-00729800 (n° 16144 – Li-cycle). This work received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 869467 (SEArcularMINE). This work was also supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry – LAQV, financed by National Portuguese Funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020). Hafiz Muhammad Saif Ullah Saleem acknowledges FCT/MCTES for his PhD grant 2020.09828.BD (doi:10.54499/2020.09828.BD).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 The AuthorsFlow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging desalination technology that utilises flowable electrodes and can be operated in diverse configuration modes. This study provides a systematic assessment of the three main configuration arrangements under a voltage range between 0.8 and 2.0 V: isolated closed-cycle (ICC), short-circuited closed-cycle (SCC), and single-cycle with separate concentrate chamber (SCSC). The ICC mode shows the highest specific energy consumption (up to 72.02 Wh/mol of NaCl at 2.0 V) and low operational stability manifested by extreme alteration of pH in the electrode compartments (anode compartment pH down to 2.17; cathode compartment pH up to 12.08), which leads to the need for frequent electrode regeneration or replacement. In comparison to the ICC mode, the SCC mode exhibited superior performance, with a 44.3 % increase in salt removal and up to 3.95 % higher current efficiency at 2.0 V, due to the regeneration of electrodes through short-circuiting, as it reduces the electrical resistance and minimises the side reactions. The SCSC mode emerged as the most stable and reliable among the three, with uniform current and conductivity profiles, as well as minimal pH fluctuations, which is critical to produce treated water within desired quality standards. These findings highlight the promising potential of SCSC mode as an optimal configuration for scalable, continuous and energy-efficient FCDI systems, providing a balanced solution for long-term desalination with reduced operational complexity and costs.publishersversionpublishe
Exposure to fluorescent excitation light induces dose-dependent, irreversible force relaxation in living fibroblast cells
No full textThe student, Samantha Knoll, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2016-04-18 at 15:13.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2016-04-19 at 10:45.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #9309 on 2016-07-07 at 14:17:13Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T21:17:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-19Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 93278
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimited Restriction Lifted for Item 93278 on 2018-07-08T09:15:20Z.Fluorescent excitation light is commonly used to visualize biophysical structures in order to understand the composition and functions of living cells. However, illuminating living cells with fluorescent excitation light can adversely affect cell viability. Adverse effects of light on cells are commonly assessed by observation of morphological changes during and after illumination. Such morphological changes are indicative of impaired cell health, and include activities such as membrane blebbing, excessive vacuole formation, and necrosis. While many experimental studies have reported visual signs of cell distress during exposure to fluorescent excitation light, the process by which living cells respond to light remains unknown. Many known photo-induced morphological changes lead to detachment of a cell from its underlying surface, suggesting cells respond mechanically to light exposure by way of force relaxation or release. However, current knowledge of photo-induced cell changes is comprised of qualitative observations (i.e. morphological transformation). A method to quantitatively evaluate the effect of excitation light on cell forces does not yet exist.
We have developed unique analytical tools to quantitatively evaluate the effect of fluorescent excitation light on living cells. Changes in cell force contractility during illumination serve as a measure of photo-induced cell response. It is well known that adherent cells interact with their local mechanical microenvironment by applying traction forces to their underlying surface. As a result, the surface deforms and contracts. Here, any disruption to cell-induced substrate contraction (e.g. force relaxation) indicates photo-induced mechanical response. Living fibroblast cells were cultured on two-dimensional hydrogel substrates embedded with fiducial markers and allowed to fully adhere. Dynamic, nanoscale motion of the fiducial markers during short (≤ 60 s) illumination periods serves as a measure of cell force dynamics.
Through the development and utilization of a unique hydrogel platform, we have evaluated the effect of illumination duration and exposure source (as a function of wavelength and intensity) on cell force contractility. We find that fluorescent excitation light alters cell force contractility by inducing widespread relaxation. Force relaxation begins immediately upon exposure, and proceeds irreversibly until the cell nearly detaches from the substrate, thus compromising cell viability. Interestingly, force changes occur long before manifestation of visible morphological cues, suggesting that light affects cell forces prior to onset of observable changes in cell health. The extent of force relaxation scales with wavelength and intensity of excitation light, as well as illumination time, indicating a dose-dependent photo-response. This work establishes an experimental threshold for excitation light intensity, I = 0.5 W/m2, below which widespread force relaxation does not occur, and cell adhesion is safely maintained. Finally, we explore the time evolution of traction forces following an initial exposure to relaxation-inducing light. Cell traction forces decrease initially, proportionally to dose (intensity and time), but remain constant following initial illumination. In this way, we demonstrate that cells maintain a steady state of traction regardless of light exposure, but continuously apply localized forces to their surrounding microenvironment.
We find that cell forces relax during illumination, and that force changes are dependent on exposure duration and excitation light source. Our work provides an analytical tool with which to interpret biological changes in a new way by assessing the mechanical response of living cells to fluorescent excitation light.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2018-05-01The student, Samantha Knoll, accepted the attached license on 2016-04-18 at 15:06
Investigating the role of geometry, mechanics, and microenvironmental cues on liver progenitor cell differentiation
No full textEngineered systems permit investigation of the variety of signals in the microenvironment that direct cells and tissue fates. This work focuses on developing and using such systems to investigate how mechanical characteristics impact liver progenitor cell differentiation. In this dissertation, I will introduce and review relevant concepts of mechanobiology and the 2D and 3D in vitro systems used doe measurement and manipulation. I then describe my work combining microarrays with a semi-automated implementation of TFM analysis to enables evaluation of the impact of substrate stiffness, matrix composition, and tissue geometry on cellular mechanical behavior in high throughput, and the application of this system to circular islands of liver progenitor cells. Here I characterize how peak cell to substrate traction stresses at the island periphery, which is also predicted by mechanical models, coincident with peak biliary fate. Building from this work, I next describe the development of a hydrogel-based microwell platform, which I used to produce arrays of 3D, multicellular liver progenitor cell microtissues in constrained geometries. These generated distinct mechanical profiles which I modeled with finite element method software, which was supported with mechanical measurements. I used this system to correlate patterns of tensile and compressive stress with patterns of progenitor cell fate. Finally, I adapted this system into a coculture platform used to investigate signaling between liver progenitor cells and portal fibroblasts, showing the portal fibroblasts lead to increased biliary differentiation in context-specific ways. This dissertation details the engineering behind these diverse methods for use by the scientific community, along with describing the specific contributions made to understanding liver development.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-05-01The student, Ian Berg, accepted the attached license on 2021-04-15 at 08:53.The student, Ian Berg, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2021-04-15 at 08:56.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2021-04-21 at 14:07.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #16277 on 2021-09-16 at 20:08:26Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-17T04:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemAuthor requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimite
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