263 research outputs found
Hausa Visual Genome 1.0
No full textData
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Hausa Visual Genome 1.0, a multimodal dataset consisting of text and images suitable for English-to-Hausa multimodal machine translation tasks and multimodal research. We follow the same selection of short English segments (captions) and the associated images from Visual Genome as the dataset Hindi Visual Genome 1.1 has. We automatically translated the English captions to Hausa and manually post-edited, taking the associated images into account.
The training set contains 29K segments. Further 1K and 1.6K segments are provided in development and test sets, respectively, which follow the same (random) sampling from the original Hindi Visual Genome.
Additionally, a challenge test set of 1400 segments is available for the multi-modal task. This challenge test set was created in Hindi Visual Genome by searching for (particularly) ambiguous English words based on the embedding similarity and manually selecting those where the image helps to resolve the ambiguity.
Dataset Formats
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The multimodal dataset contains both text and images.
The text parts of the dataset (train and test sets) are in simple tab-delimited plain text files.
All the text files have seven columns as follows:
Column1 - image_id
Column2 - X
Column3 - Y
Column4 - Width
Column5 - Height
Column6 - English Text
Column7 - Hausa Text
The image part contains the full images with the corresponding image_id as the file name. The X, Y, Width, and Height columns indicate the rectangular region in the image described by the caption.
Data Statistics
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The statistics of the current release are given below.
Parallel Corpus Statistics
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Dataset Segments English Words Hausa Words
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Train 28930 143106 140981
Dev 998 4922 4857
Test 1595 7853 7736
Challenge Test 1400 8186 8752
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Total 32923 164067 162326
The word counts are approximate, prior to tokenization.
Citation
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If you use this corpus, please cite the following paper:
@InProceedings{abdulmumin-EtAl:2022:LREC,
author = {Abdulmumin, Idris
and Dash, Satya Ranjan
and Dawud, Musa Abdullahi
and Parida, Shantipriya
and Muhammad, Shamsuddeen
and Ahmad, Ibrahim Sa'id
and Panda, Subhadarshi
and Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej
and Galadanci, Bashir Shehu
and Bello, Bello Shehu},
title = "{Hausa Visual Genome: A Dataset for Multi-Modal English to Hausa Machine Translation}",
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
month = {June},
year = {2022},
address = {Marseille, France},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
pages = {6471--6479},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.694}
An Empirical Study of the Numerical Proportions of Women Academics in Selected Universities in Nigeria: A Study of Federal University Gusau and Umaru Musa Yar’adua University
No full textThe paper provided an empirical analysis of the numerical proportions of women academics in the Nigerian University system. It assessed the challenges confronting women academics as a result of the numerical proportions and it examined their responses and reactions to the challenges that arises as a result of the numerical proportions. It focused on two universities namely Umaru Musa Yar’adua University and Federal University Gusau in Katsina State and Zamfara State of Nigeria respectively. The study was an exploratory research design. It was conducted using Key Informant and In-depth Interview. The data collected were analyzed using Nvivo, version 10. The study found that women also contribute to their numerical proportions in the Nigerian University system. The study suggested the need to encourage women generally to apply for academic career. It also suggested that the Nigeria universities’ management should prioritize the incorporation and recruitment of women in the Nigeria University system
Development of a recombinant genotype-matched live attenuated vaccine against genotype VII Newcastle disease virus
No full textNewcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease of birds considered as one of the most important militating factors against poultry production all over the world. Current control strategies against the disease rely on the use of vaccines developed more than six decades ago. Although those vaccines are still effective by virtue of the fact that all Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) belong to the same serotype, they neither provide a complete protection in commercial chickens, nor do they block the replication and shedding of the virulent virus following infection with genotype VII NDV. Phylogenetically, the vaccines are classified as either genotype I or II, and are evolutionarily divergent from genotype VII isolates which have been the most predominantly circulating NDV strains in Malaysia and many parts of the world for the past 20 years. Therefore in the present study, reverse genetics technology was applied to genetically attenuate the pathogenicity of a recently isolated virulent Malaysian NDV strain IBS025/13. First and foremost, in silico nucleotide substitutions were made on the complete genome sequence of NDV strain IBS025/13, in order to modify the fusion protein (F) cleavage site of the virus from the virulent polybasic (RRQKRF) to avirulent monobasic (GRQGRL) amino acid motifs. Unique MluI and SgrDI enzyme sites were also created at the P-M junction in order to facilitate future expression of foreign genes using the NDV backbone. The modified full length sequence (15.2 kb) was then entirely synthesised (GenScript, USA), subcloned into pOLTV5 transcription vector under the transcriptional control of T7 promoter and then named pOLTV5-mIBS025. Furthermore, expression plasmids for the NDV’s minimum replication machinery (NP, P and L genes) were constructed in pCIneo mammalian expression vector and named pCIneo-NP, pCIneo-P and pCIneo- L respectively. These constructs, collectively referred as helper plasmids, were later tested for functionality in reverse genetics experiments using minigenome rescue system. Next, baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells stably expressing T7 RNA polymerase were co-transfected with the mixture of the helper plasmids and pOLTV5- mIBS025 at an optimized ratio (1:0.5:0.25:0.2μg of POLTV5-mIBS025: pCineo-NP: pCIneo-P: pCIneo-L respectively). Interestingly, a recombinant virus designated NDV mIBS025, was successfully rescued following amplification in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated eggs, as evidenced by positive hemagglutination reaction. To confirm the identity of the recombinant virus, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify a partial F gene region encompassing the cleavage site. DNA sequencing of the amplicons confirmed the presence of the engineered monobasic F cleavage site. Further biological characterization indicate that the recombinant virus has completely lost its pathogenicity as determined by the mean death time (MDT) in SPF embryonated eggs (150.4 hours) and the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) (0.0) in one-day old SPF chickens. Interestingly, when the recombinant virus was sequentially passaged in SPF eggs, it was found to not only maintain the monobasic F cleavage site, but also retained its attenuated phenotype after five consecutive passages, indicating the stability of the newly acquired attenuated phenotype. Finally, when one-day old SPF chickens were immunised with either 6log10 EID50 LaSota or the recombinant NDV mIBS025, a steadily increasing antibody titer was observed in both groups from 0-21 days post immunization, as determined by hemagglutination inhibition test using either genotype II or genotype VII NDV isolates as the HA antigen. Moreover, birds vaccinated with either LaSota or the recombinant NDVmIBS025 at the dose of 106 EID50 were completely protected against morbidity and mortality following experimental challenge with a lethal dose of the virulent genotype VII NDV strain IBS002/11. However, while both vaccines reduced the cloacal and oropharyngeal virus shedding compared to the unvaccinated group, the recombinant NDV mIBS025 significantly reduced both the duration and load quantity of the virus shed compared to the LaSota vaccine. In conclusion, reverse genetics has been used to generate a genotype-matched live attenuated vaccine candidate based on the recently circulating virulent NDV IBS025/13. Immunogenicity assessment indicates that the vaccine induced a high antibody titer capable of protecting chicken against the virulent genotype VII NDV challenge. The vaccine also appears to be more promising in terms of reducing the shedding of the virulent virus post challenge
Sociological Perspective of the Roles and Impact of Nigeria Bank of Industry on Small and Medium Enterprises for National Developments
No full textThis study seeks to assess the role and impact of Nigeria Bank of Industry towards the small and medium enterprises development in Kano Metropolis. The study used both the quantitative and qualitative method to collect and analyze data. The total of one hundred and ten (110) sample size of small and medium enterprises was selected for the study. The study found that small and medium entrepreneur plays significant role in the development of national economy. It also found that Bank of Industry play significant role in the development of small and medium entrepreneur. The study also discovered that small and medium entrepreneur utilizes effectively the services rendered by the bank of industry and importantly the Bank of Industry is not stringent in rendering assistance to the small and medium entrepreneur. It was recommended that Small and medium entrepreneurs should not take for granted the advantage given to them by the Bank of Industry and that they should utilize the opportunity given to them effectively and efficiently. It has also been recommended that since the nation has focused on the small and medium entrepreneurs as a mechanism through which to achieve industrialization, as such they should be monitored effectively in every of the steps of collection and utilization of the loans
Conflict of law and the methodology of Tarjīẖ : a study in Islamic legal theory
No full textIslamic law never achieved unity but expressed itself in, at least, four surviving schools. More interestingly, contemporary Muslim communities are still divided among themselves on a number of issues related to their laws. This work describes how problem of legal conflicts have been tackled by Muslim jurists. It is an attempt to examine closely the phenomenon of conflict in Islamic law from the standpoint of usūl-al-fiqh or Islamic legal theory. In fact, much is heard nowadays of the contradiction in the body of Islamic law. Whilst in contrast, little is presented in terms of the methodology of removing this conflict. The present work therefore, attempts to redress this balance. The emphasis of the work will be concerned primarily with tarjīh methodology ; how to give preference to one piece of evidence or argument over the other when they conflict. Nevertheless, considerable concern is given to investigating the background to the conflict of law in the Shari'ah.
This study of a neglected area in Islamic legal scholarship will be an important source of reference to students, both practising and theoretical jurists or to anyone who merely wishes to increase his knowledge of legal themes, particularly legal conflict. The very aim of the work is to argue that conflict is a natural and unavoidable consequence of legal study because legal conflict is only conflicting principles and arguments adduced by both the classical and modern jurists to reach what is actually intended by God in the target case. Therefore, conflicts are inevitable in most of the cases in fiqh owing to the variety of principles set out to deal with one piece of legal evidence, let alone with all the pieces of legal evidence in question.
Tarjīh is therefore, an important and workable instrument in the re-examination of these conflicts and in arriving at the most accurate principle for establishing the law for as long as this is possible. It is hoped that the discovery of new facts and the increase of knowledge which results from the broadening and deepening of the research will positively contribute to the process of unification of Islamic law
Insights Into Enterovirus D68 Immunology: Unraveling the Mysteries of Host‐Pathogen Interactions
No full textABSTRACT Background Enterovirus D68 (EV‐D68) has emerged as a significant respiratory and neurological pathogen, particularly affecting children with severe respiratory illnesses and acute flaccid myelitis. Understanding the interaction between EV‐D68 and the host immune system is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Objectives This review aims to examine the immune response to EV‐D68, its mechanisms of immune evasion, and the current progress in vaccine and antiviral development while identifying gaps in knowledge and future research directions. Methods A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on the innate and adaptive immune responses to EV‐D68, its strategies for immune evasion, and advancements in therapeutic interventions. Results Pattern recognition receptors detect EV‐D68 and trigger antiviral defenses, including interferon production and activation of natural killer cells. B cells generate antibodies, while T cells coordinate a targeted response to the virus. EV‐D68 employs mechanisms such as antigenic variation and disruption of host antiviral pathways to evade immune detection. Progress in vaccine and antiviral research shows promise but remains in the early stages. Conclusions EV‐D68 represents a complex and evolving public health challenge. Although the immune system mounts a robust response, the virus's ability to evade these defenses complicates efforts to control it. Continued research is essential to develop effective vaccines and antivirals and to address gaps in understanding its pathogenesis and immune interactions. Implications A multidisciplinary approach is critical to improving diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for EV‐D68, ensuring better preparedness for future outbreaks
The Lahawiyin: Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe
No full textThe Lahawiyin:
Identity and History in a Sudanese Arab Tribe
Tamador Ahmed Khalid Abdalla
Abstract
This thesis is concerned with the Lahawiyin of northern Sudan, and it explores
the relationship between identity and history in this Sudanese Arab tribe since
the late nineteenth century. The history of the Lahawiyin reveals continuous
crossings of borders and boundaries through a period of substantial political
and economic change, much of it driven by external forces.
The thesis demonstrates that the Lahawiyin Arab identity has been central to
the way that Lahawiyin leaders have sought to develop and maintain their
authority, and the ways in which ordinary Lahawiyin have tried to maintain a
particular way of life and patterns of social relations. Arab identity has been
used instrumentally to make claims or assert rights; but it has also shaped the
way in which Lahawiyin have understood their interests. The emphasis on
Arab identity has been closely linked to the prolonged campaign by some
Lahawiyin for a homeland (dar), and in the way that Lahawiyin have
negotiated their subordinate status within larger Arab confederations – first the
Kababish, then the Shukriyya. It has also shaped Lahawiyin relationships with
their own subordinates, particularly slaves. Though the Lahawiyin campaign
for a dar has not been successful, and their lifestyle of most Lahawiyin has
now changed irrevocably away from pastoralism, Arab identity has continued
to be important in current contests over the political status of potential leaders,
and the group as a whole.
The thesis makes use of a range of archival sources in the UK National
Archive, in Sudan Archive at Durham and at the National Records Office in
Khartoum. During the fieldwork various academic sources were consulted in
Khartoum and Gedarif which form an important aspect of the narratives
together with the many stories which were generated from the oral histories
told by the Lahawiyin.
Using these materials, the thesis discusses how the Lahawiyin, have utilized
their Arabness, and the way they present their history, to negotiate their status
with a series of regimes, from the Turco-Egyptian state of the nineteenth
century to the current regime of the National Congress Party
Challenges And Perceptions Of Building Information Modeling Adoption In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Insights From Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
No full textBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) represents a paradigm shift for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, yet its adoption remains limited in developing economies, notably in Nigeria. This study investigates the critical challenges and barriers hindering the application of BIM among construction professionals in the Bauchi State Metropolis, Nigeria. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research utilized a quantitative survey and a detailed literature review to assess professionals\u27 level of awareness, perceived benefits, and core obstacles to implementation. The key findings highlight a substantial gap between awareness and actual practice. Specifically, 58% of professionals reported only a moderate level of familiarity with BIM, indicating that deep technical integration is low. The primary barriers were found to be financial and institutional, a decisive 71% of respondents cite the high implementation costs of software and training as the principal financial deterrent and an institutional void is evident, with 60% expressing significant concern over the lack of standardized guidelines and clear BIM policies from governing bodies. The study also identified a major educational shortfall, as 65% of graduates reported acquiring BIM proficiency after completing their formal university education, rather than during their academic training. The study concludes that while the benefits of BIM for enhancing project delivery and sustainability are widely recognized, its adoption in Bauchi is critically hindered by these financial, technical, and institutional challenges. The paper recommends an integrated framework that combines targeted policy, educational reform, and financial incentives to accelerate the successful integration of BIM across the Nigerian construction sector
Assessment of Legibility of Handwritten Prescriptions and Adherence to W.H.O. Prescription Writing Guidelines in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria – Kaduna State, Nigeria
No full textIntroduction: The issues of incorrectness and incompleteness for written prescriptions may result to dispensing errors and unintended outcomes of care. The objective of the study was to assess the legibility of handwritten prescriptions and adherence to W.H.O. prescription writing guidelines in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria.
Method: A cross-sectional prospective study design was used, and existing prescriptions were sampled from selected in-patient and outpatient pharmacy units of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. This was approved by the ethics and research committee of the institution. The prescriptions were then evaluated for quality based on the layout, legibility, and clarity of the details in the prescriptions and screened for medication errors.
Result: The extent of prescribing drugs by generic name was (68.37%), the legibility percentage was moderate and the percentage of prescriptions in which details of the drug, route of administration, and duration of treatment were complete was 85.23%, 80.80%, and 82.40%, respectively. The doctor's signature (84.87%) was present in the prescriptions. Many of the prescribers did not use to indicate patients’ weight, age, and clinic on prescriptions, these are deviations from good prescribing practices while total medication error was 38.01%.
Conclusion: Prescribers have a duty of care to their patient and a professional duty to their colleagues (pharmacists) to ensure drug prescriptions are readily identifiable. Interventional techniques such as the use of printed or electronic prescriptions can improve the ease of interpreting information and reduce medication errors
A review on emerging pathogenesis of COVID-19 and points of concern for research communities in Nigeria
No full textBackground: COVID-19 remains an emerging pandemic that continuously poses an alarming threat and challenge to economic, social and well-being of the people throughout the world. It also remains an evolving disease which complete pathogenesis that translates into clinical features is only just emerging by each second of the day. There have been observations about the emerging trends of the disease in Nigeria like in any other country in the world where there is outbreak. This study examined from evidence-based literature the emerging pathogenesis of COVID-19 and important points of concern of the disease in Nigeria.Materials and Methods: The paper reviewed published articles in PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms „COVID-19” and “SARS-CoV-2”, as well as searched for general COVID-19 information on internet.Results: The result summarized literature on emerging pathogenesis of COVID-19 and important points of concern as well as research questions as to the peculiar trends of the disease in Nigeria.Conclusion: Pathogenesis of COVID-19 remains an emerging knowledge and there are many important research questions that need to be scientifically answered for a successful containment of COVID-19 in Nigeria. It is recommended that all members of intellectual research communities should join the fight against COVID-19 pandemic
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