443 research outputs found
Foreign Debt, Dependency, and Economic Growth in South Asia
No full textMany developing countries are following a policy to attract foreign capital through loans and other means to enhance investment. The inflow of these resources is seen as an addition to investment for accelerating economic growth. However, there are only a few success stories where such resources have made any significant contribution to improve the economic conditions of recipient country. Pakistan and other South Asian countries have received significant amount of foreign loans2 but its role is critical [Chaudhary and Ali (1993, 1996)]. In spite of increasing foreign aid, South Asia has emerged one of the poorest and illiterate regions of the world, having more than 500 million poor living below poverty line and about 46 percent of the world’s illiterate live in the South Asia [UNDP/MHHDC*(1997)]. This is the region, which has 22 percent of the world’s population, while having only 3 percent of the world’s income. It also appears one of the most indebted regions of the world [Anwar (1995)]. In spite of a significant inflow of foreign aid, the economic conditions remained poor in this region. Such a situation calls for an in depth analysis of the contribution of foreign aid. Therefore, this paper is focused to analyse the role and implications of international debt in South Asia. Besides, South Asia’s dependency upon foreign debt is also analysed. In addition, tendency of resources outflow from South Asia to other countries, in terms of debt services, is also identified.
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: The Role of Domestic Financial Sector
No full textRecent theoretical and empirical literature suggests that foreign direct investment (FDI) exerted positive impact on economic growth through the process of technological diffusion. The literature also suggests that the development of the domestic financial system of the host country is an important pre-condition for FDI to have a positive impact on economic growth. A welldeveloped domestic financial sector enhances efficient allocation of financial resources and improves the absorptive capacity of a country with respect to FDI inflows. Particularly, a more developed financial system positively contributes to the process of technological diffusion associated with foreign direct investment. In this study, we examine the link between FDI, domestic financial sector, and economic growth for Pakistan over the period 1972–2005. Empirical analysis is based on the bound testing approach of cointegration advanced by Pesaran, et al. (2001). The results suggest that FDI inflows exerted positive impact on economic growth in the short-run and the long-run if the domestic financial system has achieved a certain minimum-level development. The results further suggest that better domestic financial conditions not only attract foreign companies to invest in Pakistan, but also allow maximising the benefits of foreign investmentForeign Direct Investment, Financial Sector Development, Economic Growth, Technology Spillovers
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Health and Dental Practice of Oral Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review
No full textFarooq Ahmad Chaudhary,1 Ayesha Fazal,1 Basaruddin Ahmad,2 Osama Khattak,3 Mawra Hyder,1 Muhammad Mohsin Javaid,1 Azhar Iqbal,3 Rakhi Issrani4 1Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry (SOD), Federal Medical Teaching Institution (FMTI)/PIMS, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan; 2School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; 3Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary, Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry (SOD), Federal Medical Teaching Institution (FMTI)/PIMS, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan, Tel +92 3325560644, Email [email protected]: This study aims to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health and dental practice of oral health-care workers (OHCWs). The search for relevant literature was carried out online using PubMed, Web of science, and science direct databases from January 2020 to February 2021. Those articles were included that provided complete information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on oral health-care workers during covid-19 and were original articles and reviews. Those articles were excluded from the current study that was not in English Language and involved case reports/book chapters/short communications. Finally, only 8 articles were selected for the scoping review considering that complete information regarding the provision of dental care in the time of COVID-19 was provided. Increased psychological distress (especially those with existing comorbidities) was noted among the OHCWs during this pandemic. They had enough knowledge about COVID-19 and showed concern regarding the future of dentistry. Either complete or partial closure of dental clinics had introduced financial constraints among them. However, the majority of them did not switch their profession. The institutions were not prepared for any such situation and no training was conducted to control the spread of COVID-19 infection. OHCWs are fully aware of the knowledge regarding COVID-19 and showed concerns for dentistry and dental health-care workers during this pandemic. Complete or partial closure of dental clinics has had adverse effects on the future of dentistry, economically as well as psychologically. Institutions need to upgrade and strengthen their systems to cater to any such situation efficiently. Proper counseling sessions should be conducted for the OHCWs to monitor, identify and treat the cases found.Keywords: dental practice, oral healthcare workers, COVID-19, psychological health, comorbiditie
Poverty, inflation and economic growth: empirical evidence from Pakistan
No full textThis study aims to investigate the role of economic growth and inflation in explaining the prevalence of poverty in Pakistan. ARDL bound testing approach to co-integration confirms the existence of long run relationship among the variables of poverty, economic growth, inflation, investment and trade openness over the period of 1972-2008. Empirical results show that economic growth and investment have negative and inflation has positive impact on poverty. The effect of trade openness on poverty is insignificant in this study. The short run analysis reveals that economic growth has negative and inflation has positive impact on poverty whereas the role of investment and trade openness in poverty reduction in short run is not significant.Poverty, Inflation, Economic Grovvth, Pakistan, Macroeconomic Policy, Welfare, Trade Openness
Determination of Cost of Tube well Water and Estimation of Economic Rent in Canal Irrigation
No full textIn this paper it is primarily sought to ascertain if there is
any economic rent involved in the application of canal irrigation in
Pakistan. In principle if the competitive price for the public
irrigation water supply in the farm sector exceeds the legal water rates
charged, the surface supplies are considered to yield economic rent to
the beneficiaries [20]. The competitive price for canal deliveries
cannot be determined directly because they are not sold in the market
but are allocated through an elaborate system of water distribution.
However, it may indirectly be derived from the price of tubewell water
which constitutes another significant domestic source of" irrigation. If
the ability of the benefi¬ciaries to pay for cost of irrigation supply
has a precedence, which is more often the case, over the recoupement of
its expenses in entirety, the incremental value of additional water to
farm output should serve as a guide in determining the price of canal
water
Distortions of Agricultural Incentives. Edited by Theodore W. Schultz. Bloomington, Ind. (USA), and London : lndiana University Press. 1978. Name and Subject Indices, viii + 343 pp.
No full textThis book is based on the contributions of a workshop
sponsored in 1977 by the Midwest Center of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences. It has been organized into six topical sections:
Constraints on Agricultural Production; Resources and Environment;
Distortion of Incentives; International Markets; Agricultural Research;
Education and New Institutions; and, finally, the Quest for Equity. Each
section carries several articles, in some cases with comments on some of
them. Most of the articles focus on agricultural price and income
policies followed in developing countries during the recent past,
analysing their effects on the adoption of superior innovations, capital
investment , efficient resource allocation, income distribution and,
above all, farm productivity
Economic Analysis of Supply Response in Pakistan’s Agriculture
No full textThis study represents an attempt at estimating the farmer supply response to different economic and material incentives. Several researchers have estimated the cultivator supply response to different techno-economic factors (Cummings, 1975a and 1975b; Askari and Cummings, 1977; Cooley, 1973; Chen, Courteny and Schmitz, 1972; Ghoshal, 1975; Tweeten, 1986). However, as agriculture modernises, the relative significance of different factors affecting farm inputs and outputs changes; factors regarded as significant determinants of farmer decision at one time may not be relevant at another time. Similarly, the transformation of agriculture in the desirable direction invariably necessitates and at times renders desirable the use of new measures and policy instruments. How farmers react to changes in market forces and government measures is important to know in different ways. In fact, policy makers are interested in knowing the appropriateness, effectiveness and impact of measures for the ultimate formation or legislation of farm regulations. Farmer supply responsiveness to changes in different factors may be ascertained from changes they introduce in their cropped area, cropping pattern, crop rotations, output, etc. Although the supply responsiveness of farmers may be measured from changes in any of these aspects of farming, this study has analysed the peasant supply response to price and non-price factors with respect to the allocation of the cultivated area among crops of wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane and maize. Farmers in Pakistan grow some other crops as well. However, the crops considered for this analysis account for the major proportion, 68 per cent, of the cropped area and over 90 per cent of value added of all major crops raised in the country. As such, this study has measured the area allocated to these crops by farmers in response to changes in different factors considered for analysis
Enhancing University\u27s Brand Performance during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Role of ICT Orientation, Perceived Service Quality, Trust, and Students Satisfaction
No full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of information & communication technology (ICT) orientation on university’s brand performance along with the mediating role of student’s satisfaction and moderating role of trust and perceived service quality in times of COVID-19. To achieve this purpose, a quantitative methodological approach was adopted in which the data was collected online through 417 structured questionnaires from university students of Pakistan. The data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS in which structural equation modeling was performed for testing hypotheses of the study. Results of the current study indicate that the ICT orientation has a significant positive effect on student’s satisfaction and university’s brand performance while the student’s satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between ICT orientation and university’s brand performance. It has been further found that the perceived service quality acts as a significant but negative moderator in the relationship between ICT orientation and student’s satisfaction. Results further reveal that the trust acts as a positive moderator in the relationship between student’s satisfaction and university’s brand performance. The current study is expected to be an important contribution to the literature and practice as it provides useful implications that how universities can enhance and maintain their brand performance and student’s satisfaction during the COVID-19 outbreak by adopting techniques and tools of ICT
Enhancing university's brand performance during the COVID-19 outbreak: The role of ICT orientation, perceived service quality, trust, and student's satisfaction
No full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of information & communication technology (ICT) orientation on university's brand performance along with the mediating role of student's satisfaction and moderating role of trust and perceived service quality in times of COVID-19. To achieve this purpose, a quantitative methodological approach was adopted in which the data was collected online through 417 structured questionnaires from university students of Pakistan. The data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS in which structural equation modeling was performed for testing hypotheses of the study. Results of the current study indicate that the ICT orientation has a significant positive effect on student's satisfaction and university's brand performance while the student's satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between ICT orientation and university's brand performance. It has been further found that the perceived service quality acts as a significant but negative moderator in the relationship between ICT orientation and student's satisfaction. Results further reveal that the trust acts as a positive moderator in the relationship between student's satisfaction and university's brand performance. The current studyis expected to be an important contribution to the literature and practice as it provides useful implications that how universities can enhance and maintain their brand performance and student's satisfaction during the COVID-19 outbreak by adopting techniques and tools of ICT
- …
