11 research outputs found
Foreign exchange market in Beirut - by Nabil Adib Muhammad
No full textThesis (M.A.)--Business Administration Dept., A.U.B.Includes bibliographical references
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
Istihsan (juristic preference) : the forgotten principle of Islamic law
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
IMPLIKASI SELOKO RIMBO SEBAGAI KONVENSI ORANG RIMBA DALAM UPAYA PELESTARIAN HUTAN TAMAN NASIONAL BUKIT DUABELAS JAMBI : IMPLIKASI SELOKO RIMBO SEBAGAI KONVENSI ORANG RIMBA DALAM UPAYA PELESTARIAN HUTAN TAMAN NASIONAL BUKIT DUABELAS JAMBI
No full textPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keunikan kawasan Hutan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas (TNBD) Jambi yang boleh ditempati oleh manusia. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Biodeversity Conservation by Indigenous People dari Isager dan Theilade. Teori ini menjelaskan tentang Partisipasi Masyarakat Komunitas Adat Terpencil (Indigenous People) dalam upaya konservasi hutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Mendeskripsikan syair Seloko Rimbo dalam upaya pelestarian Hutan TNBD. (2) Menjelaskan makna syair Seloko Rimbo dalam upaya pelestarian Hutan TNBD. (3) Mendeskripsikan implikasi syair Seloko Rimbo dalam upaya pelestarian Hutan TNBD.Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode pendekatan deskriptif-kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data sebagai berikut: (1) analisis sebelum di lapangan dan (2) analisis data di lapangan dengan menggunakan model Miles and Huberman. Guna menambah akurasi data, selanjutnya peneliti menggunakan tahapan analisis data dari Spradley yaitu Analisis Domain.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Terdapat bentuk Seloko Rimbo berupa syair-syair yang dapat peneliti tuliskan. (2) Makna syair Seloko Rimbo berhubungan erat dengan upaya pelestarian hutan TNBD. (3) Seloko Rimbo berimplikasi dalam upaya pelestarian hutan TNBD. Temuan ini telah membuktikan bahwa syair Seloko Rimbo sebagai kearifan lokal Orang Rimba memiliki implikasi dalam upaya pelestarian hutan TNBD, sehingga Seloko Rimbo ini patut untuk dijaga dan dilestarika
Conflict of law and the methodology of Tarjīẖ : a study in Islamic legal theory
No full textIslamic law never achieved unity but expressed itself in, at least, four surviving schools. More interestingly, contemporary Muslim communities are still divided among themselves on a number of issues related to their laws. This work describes how problem of legal conflicts have been tackled by Muslim jurists. It is an attempt to examine closely the phenomenon of conflict in Islamic law from the standpoint of usūl-al-fiqh or Islamic legal theory. In fact, much is heard nowadays of the contradiction in the body of Islamic law. Whilst in contrast, little is presented in terms of the methodology of removing this conflict. The present work therefore, attempts to redress this balance. The emphasis of the work will be concerned primarily with tarjīh methodology ; how to give preference to one piece of evidence or argument over the other when they conflict. Nevertheless, considerable concern is given to investigating the background to the conflict of law in the Shari'ah.
This study of a neglected area in Islamic legal scholarship will be an important source of reference to students, both practising and theoretical jurists or to anyone who merely wishes to increase his knowledge of legal themes, particularly legal conflict. The very aim of the work is to argue that conflict is a natural and unavoidable consequence of legal study because legal conflict is only conflicting principles and arguments adduced by both the classical and modern jurists to reach what is actually intended by God in the target case. Therefore, conflicts are inevitable in most of the cases in fiqh owing to the variety of principles set out to deal with one piece of legal evidence, let alone with all the pieces of legal evidence in question.
Tarjīh is therefore, an important and workable instrument in the re-examination of these conflicts and in arriving at the most accurate principle for establishing the law for as long as this is possible. It is hoped that the discovery of new facts and the increase of knowledge which results from the broadening and deepening of the research will positively contribute to the process of unification of Islamic law
Common Sacred Ground: Retrieving the Memories of a Global Identity
No full textvi, 97 p.The first part of this paper is an early history of the Baha'i Faith. The majority of
sources used in constructing this history are based on personal reflections; life stories that, though they come through the filter of generations and decades, shed a personal light on historical events. H.M. Balyuzi's Bahci'u'llcih: King olGlory, Adib Taherzedeh's The
Revleation o!Baha'u'llcih, volumes 1-4, and Nabil-i-Azam's The Dawnbreakers are the
primary works being referenced. All of these deal primarily in translation and exposition of the memoirs and reminiscences of individuals that were witness to the events described. The second part integrates the experiences and memories; the life stories of several individuals, from two distinct backgrounds, into the modem history of their religion. Over the summer and fall of 2005 I conducted either phone or personal interviews with members of my own family, and several Persian Baha'is. The way their stories interact and lead to common conclusions is of great interest. They are a direct link to history. The construction of religious identity is an intangible goal, but through the life stories of these individuals, some light is shed on the subject. The goal of this paper is not so much to come to conclusions about Baha'i history but to preserve it. We stand within a century and a half of the genesis of this already global religion. If there had been more scholarly work preserved from 150 or 750 AD, how much more could we know of Christianity or Islam; of Christ or Muhammad? History at this point can serve a very practical function; that of preservation. This narrative seeks to preserve, highlight and reflect
Civil society and political change in Morocco
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries
No full textBackground: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 percent of patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 percent, and mortality rates were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 percent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle-compared with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)
Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries
No full textBackground: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have
improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.
Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing
pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of
surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.
Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 per cent of
patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien–Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 per cent, and mortality rates
were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality
rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per
cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 per cent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle- compared
with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.
Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe
complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to
address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic
surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)
