338 research outputs found
Zein encapsulation of amphiphilic compounds
Full text linkFunctional compounds including flavors, essential oils, antioxidants or nutraceuticals are widely added into food system to enhance sensory properties or for health purposes. However, these compounds might not be stable in food systems during processing, storage and food preparation. Encapsulation has been proposed as a practical approach to stabilize these compounds and control their release. Zein is an amphiphilic protein originally obtained from corn. Its film-forming and coating ability make it potentially useful as a wall material for encapsulation. Amphiphilic compounds have been recognized to form well defined microspheres by evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) in binary solvents, which is useful in encapsulation. The goals of this research were to improve our understanding of the development of zein encapsulation structures. The main objective was to investigate the effect of the hydrophobicity of core materials as measured by contact angle on the formation and structure of zein encapsulates obtained by evaporation induced self-assembly of ethanol-water systems. A second objective was to apply the knowledge learned in the above objective to propose a strategy to capture and encapsulate flavors generated in frying oils. Results showed that citral was effectively encapsulated with zein. Zein encapsulation morphology was related to the droplet formation ability of core materials in ethanol-water systems. Amphiphilic compounds were believed to form stable droplets in ethanol-water, which favored zein encapsulation. Hydrophobic compounds showed phase separation in ethanol-water which led to the formation of films rather than closed structures. A model system consisting of mixtures of a flavor and a hydrophobic carrier was used to study the effect of carriers on encapsulation ability of zein by the self-assembly process. The presence of the carrier negatively affected encapsulation effectiveness. Citral was recovered from the flavor-carrier mixture by extraction and phase separation at sub-freezing temperatures. Recovered citral was effectively encapsulated by zein. Fried chips flavors were also recovered from frying oil and encapsulated in zein by ethanol extraction and phase separation at low temperatures. Sensory ranking test was used to confirm the presence of recovered flavors after zein encapsulation.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2012-06-19T21:58:37Z
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Peranan Al-Jam'iyatul Washliyah dalam pendidikan Islam di Medan, Sumatera Utara / Muhammad Zein
Full text linkKajian ini membincangkan Peranan Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah Dalam Pendidikan Islam di Medan, Sumatera Utara, yang mana ditumpukan kepada peranan pendidikan Al-Washliyah di Medan, dengan mengkaji pentadbiran organisasi Al-Jam’iayatul Wasliyah yang ditubuhkan di Medan pada tahun 1930 yang ditaja oleh pelajar-pelajar Madrasah Islamiyah Tapanuli (1918) melalui forum diskusi Debating Club (Studi Pelajar), serta memperkenalkan tokoh-tokoh yang telah memain peranan penting dalam mengembangkan organisasi Al-Wasliyah. Di samping itu kajian ini juga, memperkenalkan sistem pendidikan Al-Jam’iyatul Wasliyah yang selari dengan sistem pendidikan Nasional. Dalam kajian ini, penulis menggunakan tiga metodologi iaitu: Metode pengumpulan data yang merangkumi metode historis dan metode dokumentasi, Metode lapangan yang merangkumi temubual, observasi , soal selidik dan metode analisa data.
Di antara hasil kajian ini, penulis mendapati bahawa organisasi Al-Jam’iayatul Wasliyah telah berperanan aktif dalam mengembangkan pendidikan Islam di Medan melalui sistem pendidikan formal dan non formal. Dalam usaha meningkat mutu pendidikan Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah telah menyediakan kemudahan-kemudahan pendidikan seperti; makmal komputer, perpustakaan, ruang praktik otomotif, eletrik serta laboratorium dan pelatihan bahasa Arab. Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah meyiapkan generasi Islam yang mempunyai visi dalam membina masyarakat Indonesia yang berilmu dan berakhlak mulia. Para tokoh Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah yang telah berperanan aktif dalam mengembangkan organisasi ini ialah Hj. Abdurrahman Syihab, Hj. Udin Syamsyuddin, Hj. Arsyad Thalib Lubis dan sebagainya. Diharapkan kajian ini dapat memberikan maklumat tentang peranan Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah dalam mengembangkan pendidikan Islam di Medan
Development of novel zein-cellulose nanocomposite films
No full textZein is a hydrophobic biopolymer, which naturally forms biodegradable films. These films are rigid, brittle, and lack good mechanical and barrier properties for packaging applications. This study aims at improving the mechanical and barrier properties of zein films by the development of zein-cellulose nanocomposites. A ‘nanocomposite’ is a mixture of polymer matrix, which forms the continuous phase and the filler (having at least one dimension less than 100nm), which forms the dispersed phase. Zein-cellulose nanocomposites have zein as the matrix and cellulose as the filler. Nano-sized cellulose was prepared using wet-media milling machine and mass ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 10% of both, naked (not stabilized) nano-cellulose and GA - stabilized nano-cellulose were used in the film formulation. Tributyl citrate (TBC) was used as the plasticizer. The films were prepared using solvent-cast technique and characterized to test their mechanical and barrier properties. The controls were pure zein films and films with only plasticizer. Texture Analysis showed that filler loading of 5% was most effective in increasing the elongation-at-break to about 16 to 20 times of the controls. However, the tensile strength did not change. Water vapor permeability of the nanocomposites was minimum at 1% by wt. of naked cellulose (~4 times less than control) or at 5% by wt. of stabilized cellulose (~6 times less than control). Water absorption results showed that the rate of water uptake decreased as the filler loading increased. DSC and FTIR suggested that there is no interaction between the zein and the nano-cellulose in the films. The AFM results showed that the films’ surface is flat, but the thickness of the films increased with filler loading. Therefore, incorporation of nano-cellulose improved the flexibility and water barrier properties of the films. Gum Arabic, which was used as a stabilizer for nano-cellulose, seemed to have aided the even distribution of cellulose in the zein matrix. Thus, these films can be a good starting point to further study the arrangement of cellulose within the zein matrix and test its potential applications on food systems and as edible films.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Seema Lakshmana Ra
Fabrication, characterization, and applications of zein-based colloidal particles
No full textWith an increasing trend on the development of "clean-label" food products, environmental friendly materials have attracted more and more attentions during the recent years. As a natural biodegradable protein from maize, zein has a good potential to be used to develop new carrier systems due to its Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status, abundant source, commercial availability, low cost, and low digestion properties. The water-insoluble and amphiphilic characteristic of zein makes it a perfect candidate to form colloidal particles to stabilize Pickering emulsions. The successful assembly of particles at emulsion interface largely relies on their surface activities, which can be tuned through the modification of surface charges and hydrophobicities.
In this study, zein was hydrophilically modified with sodium caseinate (SC) to form zein/SC complexes and hydrophobically modified with saturated fatty acids (FA) to form zein/FA complexes. The obtained zein/SC complexes displayed good emulsification capacities, which were suitable to stabilize a wide range of oils with middle or low polarities including toluene, n-octane, hexane, and general cooking oils extracted from vegetables. The fluorescence image of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled zein particles indicated that the emulsions were stabilized mainly by zein-based colloidal particles. With the presence of polyglycerol polyricinoleate, zein/SC complexes were able to stabilize W/O/W double emulsions either through magnetic stirring method or through high speed homogenization method. The Pickering emulsions stabilized by zein/SC complexes were further utilized to encapsulate resveratrol, a plant phytoalexin extracted from grape, peanut and other few plants.
Resveratrol has been widely reported for its health beneficial potentials, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, anti-tumor activities, etc. However, the applications of resveratrol in the food industries are quite limited because of its low chemical stability, low oral bioavailability, and poor water solubility. In this study, a series of delivery systems were developed to compare their delivery efficacy and bioaccessibility of resveratrol using in vitro models. Zein/SC complexes were utilized to fabricate Pickering emulsions through high speed homogenization, while conventional emulsions were stabilized by lecithin using high pressure homogenization. The Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) and TNO gastro-Intestinal Model (TIM-1) were utilized to mimic the digestion in the upper GI tract. The results from TIM-1 indicated that conventional emulsions displayed the highest bioaccessibility compared with Pickering emulsions and bulk oil solutions. In SHIME experiment, the structure of Pickering emulsions was still observable after 2-hour digestion in the stomach, which explained why Pickering emulsion showed slower release effect of RES compared with conventional emusions. After 180 min digestion in the jejunum by the TIM-1 model, the digested samples were loaded on Franz Cell Diffusion apparatus to see the permeability of various formulations through porcine small intestine membrane. It was found that Pickering emulsions had significantly lower permeability as compared with conventional emulsions and bulk oil solutions (P < 0.05). The permeability of resveratrol was driven by concentration gradients between donor compartment and receptor compartment. Through anaerobic fermentation study, it was found that lecithin stabilized emulsions after SHIME digestion retarded the growth of probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, while zein/SC complexes stabilized Pickering emulsions even promoted its growth, since zein and sodium caseinate could serve as a protein source for bacteria. Conclusively, Pickering emulsions are more suitable for target delivery of RES into colon, while conventional emulsions can be used to improve the bioaccessibility in small intestine.
Besides Pickering emulsion, zein/SC complexes were further utilized to fabricate colloidosomes that are characterized by their hollow shell structures through layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembling technique. Quartz crystal microbalance equipped with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was applied to simulate the deposition process of polyelectrolytes (chitosan, sodium alginate, and zein) on the zein/SC surface. The result from QCM-D analysis showed that the adlayer on zein/SC surface had a soft and viscoelastic property. This presented method successfully produced robust colloidosomes, which not only survived from multiple washing steps, but also did not show flocculation and coalescence phenomenon during the LbL coating process. And the polysaccharide coatings strengthened the structure of shells, and offered them a viscoelastic property to stand harsh dehydration conditions.
In the following section, fatty acid (FA)/zein (Z) complexes were prepared by using FAs with different chain lengths (i.e. lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA) and oleic acid (OA)), different FA/Z ratios (i.e. 0.1:1, 0.2:1, 0.4:1, and 1:1), and different pH values (i.e. 3.5, 5.0, 8.0, 10.5) in order to precisely tune the surface activities of zein. Results showed that stable FA/Z complexes were able to be formed under alkaline condition, rather than acidic or neutral pH, which was due to the film forming property of zein in acidic conditions. According to the contact angle (CA) measurement, the CA increased gradually from 64.88 ± 4.09˚ (LA/Z, 0.5:1) to 85.25 ± 2.00˚ (SA/Z, 0.5:1) with an increase of the carbon chain length. However, oleic acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, reduced the hydrophobicity, giving the lowest CA of 61.08 ± 6.14˚. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images indicated that FAs could lead to the partial fusion of the particles, which explained why FAs could reduce the brittleness and increase the plasticity of zein. The SA/Z complexes showed good emulsification capacity to stabilize O/W/O double emulsions through handshaking. The LA/Z complexes were further applied to improve the bioavailability of lipophilic ingredients, i.e. hesperidin in this study. Based on in vitro study conducted through the TIM-1 model, the bioavailability of hesperidin was successfully enhanced from 53% to around 70% as compared with bulk oil solutions. This study indicated the good potentials of using zein as an environmental friendly particle emulsifier to develop novel delivery systems for various nutraceuticals.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical reference
Applications of zein-based material in nano-encapsulation, pickering emulsions, microspheres and amorphous solid dispersions
No full textWith the increasing environmental concerns about the synthetic plastic materials, prolamine originated from grains have come back to people’s sight due to their unique characteristics: GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) nature with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, highly hydrophobic but soluble in 60%-80% aqueous alcohol, easy fabrication of particulate carrier at micro even nano level, and relatively slower digestibility for oral route-controlled release design, etc. Among them, zein is the first commercial prolamine originated from maize byproduct, which is usually produced as a white or light yellowish powder. As one of the historically manufactured plant proteins, zein has various applications in the industry like coatings, binders, fibers, etc. In the decade, zein’s advantages make it one potential biomaterial with intensive explorations in nutraceutical and medical delivery use, as well as an environmental friendly structural material for the soft matter. However, there is still the specific limitation or scarce study for zein based materials to fulfill its application potentials in each trending field, including nano-encapsulation, Pickering emulsions, microspheres and amorphous solid dispersions.
My Ph.D. thesis exploits the solutions to break through the instability limitations of zein-based material in nano encapsulation and Pickering emulsions via chemical modification, and also fills its research gap for scaling up bioactive compound encapsulation using microsphere system and amorphous solid dispersions. Firstly, hydrophilic modification was successfully performed on zein material, in order to improve its colloidal stability by intrinsically enhancing its amphiphilic nature. The zein was conjugated with hydrophilic carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) through covalent linking, and a novel amphiphilic zein-based material, zein-carboxymethyl dextran (Zein-CMD), was successfully synthesized to self-assemble nano-micelles for delivery potential application. The results suggested that about 2 CMD molecules were conjugated per zein chain, which resulted in the transformation from secondary α-helix to β-sheet and random coil structure. After modification, Zein-CMD still took a rod-like conformation but more elongated than pristine zein in aqueous alcohol solution. The modified zein-based material could self-assemble spherical nano-micelles by conventional anti-solvent method, with a good control on colloidal stability and particle size within a physiological pH environment, regardless of zein’s precipitation tendency due to its isoelectric point of ~ 6.2.
Secondly, hydrophilic modified zein-based material was self-assembled into nano-sized micelles to enhance the encapsulation efficiency of lipophilic phytochemicals. Dihydromyricetin (DMY) loaded Zein-CMD nano-micelles, DMY/Zein-CMD, was prepared through anti-solvent method. The Dihydromyricetin load was up to 30 wt.%, and a better colloidal stability was achieved overwhelming solely zein carrier or zein with CMD as the outer. In addition, DMY encapsulated in the Zein-CMD carrier was confirmed as amorphous status, with hydrogen bonding found to synergistically prevent recrystallization of DMY with hydrophobic interactions. In comparison, dissolution profile of DMY/Zein-CMD was significantly improved as compared to pristine zein in bio-relevant media.
In the following section, hydrophobic modification on zein material was also conducted to resolve the unstable issues of Pickering emulsions (PE) based on pristine zein particles. The typical hydrophobic lauryl chains were successfully grafted onto zein to adjust its hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) to better stabilize PE. It is indicated that the HLB of lauryl-zein conjugate could be tuned by 1-8 lauryl chains per zein chain, which was visually quantified by water contact angle as well. Through anti-solvent and ultrasonic treatments, modified zein conjugate particles were successfully prepared with narrowly size distribution. These particles at low concentration of 1 wt% could better stabilize 70% oil internal phase than that at 50% oil phase, and overwhelmed the breakage of pristine zein based Pickering emulsions after 1 week’s storage at the ambient environment. The potential mechanism was discussed that the increase of hydrophobicity through the lauryl grafting correspondingly enhanced the surface tension. A new insight was introduced on PE stabilization containing high oil internal phase, using hydrophobic modified zein conjugate particles without other additives.
Besides chemical modification on zein material, encapsulation of poor soluble bioactive compounds at scale-up level was also discussed on zein-based microsphere delivery system and amorphous solid dispersions. A novel zein-based microsphere delivery system containing amorphous resveratrol was prepared by anti-solvent method and following freeze drying technology. The results showed that up to 20 wt% of amorphous resveratrol was stabilized in zein microspheres possibly via hydrogen bonding, and the amorphous formulation could maintain stable for 3 months. A better dissolution performance with enhanced solubility from amorphous resveratrol was achieved from zein microspheres as compared to equivalent crystalline resveratrol. Free drying technology can be a way to manufacture hydrophobic phytochemical loaded microspheres based on zein material, but a limit of the initial load could be a concern regarding on the high crystallization tendency.
Lastly, amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) containing felodipine and polymeric carrier zein were produced by spray drying technology. The solid state characterization results demonstrated that amorphous origin of ASD was maintained under 3 months’ accelerated stability study, with spherical particles of about 1 um were observed without any birefringence in the micro condition. Only one single glass transition (Tg) was detected around 128.6 °C without exotherms or endotherms, indicating the good miscibility of felodipine in polymeric zein through spray drying. Based on cumulative bioaccessibility of felodipine through TIM-1 in vitro digestion model, a 6-8 times increased bioaccessibility from ASD was achieved as compared to equivalent crystalline felodipine mixed with zein. The spray dried amorphous solid dispersions using zein as polymeric excipient was proved to maintain saturation status of felodipine and enhance its bioaccessibility in simulated upper intestinal tract.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical reference
STRATEGI GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MENINGKATKAN AKHLAK TERPUJI SISWA DI SMPN 1 REJOTANGAN
Full text linkABSTRAK
Skripsi dengan judul “Strategi Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam
dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan” ini
ditulis oleh Muhamad Zein Arifin, NIM. 17201153448, pembimbing
Anissatul Mufarokah, S.Ag, M.Pd.
Kata Kunci : Strategi Guru PAI, Akhlak terpuji.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh sebuah fenomena yang sering
dijumpai yaitu kesadaran peserta didik dalam hal akhlak masih rendah.
Karena siswa dalam memahami Agama Islam hanya mampu pada ranah
kognitif saja. Dalam hal ini, peneliti menghubungkan masalah kurangnya
kesadaran tersebut perlu adanya strategi guru PAI untuk meningkatkan
akhlak terpuji siswa. Tanpa adanya strategi yang diterapkan dalam
meningkatkan akhlak terpuji kepada peserta didik maka dalam
prosesnyapun tidak akan berjalan lancar dan akhlak siswa juga menjadi
berkurang. Strategi yang diterapkan guru PAI dalam meningkatkan akhlak
terpuji siswa diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kesadaran peserta didik
untuk berperilaku yang baik dan mampu mengamalkannya dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari.
Fokus Penelitian dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah (1)Bagaimana
program kegiatan pembelajaran di dalam kelas dalam meningkatkan
akhlak terpuji siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan? (2) Bagaimana program
kegiatan pembelajaran di luar kelas dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji
siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan? (3) Apa saja hambatan yang terjadi dalam
meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan? (4)
Bagaimana solusi untuk mengatasi hambatan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran
di SMPN 1 Rejotangan?. Adapun yang menjadi tujuan penelitian ini
adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui program kegiatan pembelajaran di dalam
kelas dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan.
(2) Untuk mengetahui program kegiatan pembelajaran di luar kelas dalam
meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan. (3) Untuk
mengetahui hambatan yang terjadi dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji
siswa di SMPN 1 Rejotangan. (4) Untuk mengetahui solusi mengatasi
hambatan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran di SMPN 1 Rejotangan.
Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, lokasi
penelitiannya di SMPN 1 Rejotangan, metode pengumpulan datanya
menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Dalam
menganalisis datanya menggunakan teknik analisis non statistik atau
analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan analisis data berdasarkan analisis
interaktif, sebagaimana yang dikembangakan Miles dan Huherman.
Sedangkan pengecekan keabsahan datanya menggunakan triangulasi,
pembahasan teman sejawat, dan perpanjangan penelitian.
Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) Program kegiatan pembelajaran di
dalam kelas dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa yaitu melalui
pembiasaan membaca surat-surat pendek, doa, dan asmaul husna sebelum
pembelajaran, mewajibkan semua siswi menggunakan jilbab ketika
pembelajaran PAI, memberikan motivasi berupa nasehat-nasehat danmelalui cerita dari tokoh-tokoh islam. (2) Program kegiatan pembelajaran
di luar kelas dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa melalui pembiasaan
sholat dhuha dan duhur berjamaah, peringatan hari besar agama Islam
(PHBI), ekstra kulikuler hadroh. (3) Hambatan yang terjadi dalam
meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa terdapat 2 faktor yakni faktor internal
dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal yang menghambat strategi guru PAI
dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji adalah kurangnya kedisiplinan siswa,
motivasi dan antusias siswa serta masih terdapat siswa yang belum bisa
membaca Al-Qur’an. Faktor eksternal yang menghambat strategi guru PAI
dalam meningkatkan akhlak terpuji siswa adalah lingkungan keluarga. (4)
Solusi diantaranya untuk mengatasi hambatan internal yaitu nasihat dan
peringatan secara lisan maupun tulisan, pendekatan emosional, dan
mengikuti Madrasah Diniyah . Solusi untuk mengatasi hambatan eksternal
yaitu membangun kerja sama dengan orang tua
KORELASI ANTARA MOTIVASI BELAJAR DENGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN AL-QUR’AN HADITS DI MAN 3 BLITAR TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018
Full text linkABSTRAK
Skripsi dengan judul “Korelasi antara Motivasi Belajar dengan Hasil
Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Al-Qur’an Hadits di MAN 3 Blitar Tahun
Ajaran 2017/2018”, ini ditulis oleh Muhamad Zein Amrullah, NIM.
1721143291. Jurusan Pendidikan Agama Islam, Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu
Keguruan, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Tulungagung, yang dibimbing
oleh Dr. Lukluk Nur Mufidah, M.Pd.I, NIP.19790319 200312 2 002.
Kata kunci : Motivasi Belajar, Hasil Belajar
Penelitian dalam skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh sebuah fenomena bahwa
dengan tinggi rendahnya motivasi siswa dalam belajar dapat mempengaruhi
segala hasil belajarnya. Dalam hal ini peneliti menghubungkan masalah motivasi
dengan hasil belajar siswa kelas X di MAN 3 Blitar.
Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui 1. Adakah korelasi antara
motivasi belajar intrinsik dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran AlQur’an Hadits di MAN 3 Blitar, 2. Adakah korelasi antara motivasi belajar
ekstrinsik dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Al-Qur’an Hadits di
MAN 3 Blitar, 3. Adakah korelasi secara bersamaan antara motivasi belajar
intrinsik dan ekstrinsik dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Al-Qur’an
Hadits di MAN 3 Blitar.
Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dan
jenis penelitian yang dipakai adalah description research (penelitian deskriptif).
Populasi : Seluruh siswa kelas X pada semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2017/2018
sebanyak 372 siswa yang ada di MAN 3 Blitar. Sampel berjumlah 93 siswa
dengan tehnik pengambilan sampel yaitu stratified random sampling. Metode
pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah angket, observasi dan dokumentasi.
Teknik analisis data : analisis deskriptif, uji validitas, reliabilitas, normalitas,
linieritas, korelasi product moment, korelasi ganda dan uji F dengan bantuan
SPSS for Windows 16.0.
Hasil penelitian yaitu, 1. Ada korelasi yang positif dan signifikan antara
motivasi belajar intrinsik dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Al-Qur’an
Hadits di MAN 3 Blitar Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018. Hal ini ditunjukan dengan
signifikansi r untuk variabel motivasi belajar intrinsik adalah 0,000 dan nilai
tersebut lebih kecil dari pada probabilitas 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05) dan nilai rhitung =
0,541 > rtabel = 0,202 pada taraf siginifikansi 5% juga pada taraf signifikansi 1%
rhitung = 0,541 > rtabel = 0,263. 2. Ada korelasi yang positif dan signifikan antara
motivasi belajar intrinsik dengan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Al-Qur’an
Hadits di MAN 3 Blitar Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018. Hal ini ditunjukan dengan
signifikansi r untuk variabel motivasi belajar intrinsik adalah 0,000 dan nilai
tersebut lebih kecil dari pada probabilitas 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05) dan nilai rhitung =
0,441 > rtabel = 0,202 pada taraf siginifikansi 5% juga pada taraf signifikansi 1%
rhitung = 0,441 > rtabel = 0,263. 3. Ada korelasi yang positif dan signifikan antara
motivasi belajar intrinsic dan motivasi ekstrinsik secara bersama-sama Dilihat dari
hasil uji korelasi ganda dengan hasil koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,591 dan dari
analisis uji F pada taraf signifikansi Fxy = 24,160 dibandingkan dengan ftabel pada
taraf signifikansi 5% = 3,09. Dengan demikian Fxy lebih besar dari Ftabel atau Fxy
> Ftabel, baik untuk taraf signifikansi 5%. Dari analisis tersebut di atas dapat
dikatakan bahwa pada taraf signifikan 5% menunjukkan hasil yang signifika
Development of zein-based ice nucleator films for frozen food applications
No full textThis research aimed at developing zein-based ice nucleation films for the applications of frozen foods. Acetic acid was chosen as the solvent to cast zein films with flawless surface. Tributyl citrate (TBC) was mixed into zein films to various proportions and 10% TBC was most effective on improving mechanical properties resulting in 2.3-fold more flexibility and 5.8-fold more toughness compared to unplasticized zein films. But incorporation of 20% TBC significantly decreased the water absorption by 19% compared to 10% TBC. Thus, zein films with 20% TBC with good flexibility and water resistance was used in following experiments. The activity of ECINs was stable at pH between 4.0 and 9.0 and ionic strength between 0.01 M and 0.10 M. In the development of INFs, the optimum adsorption of ECINs on zein films surface occurred through layer-by-layer method at pH 7.0 and ionic strength of 0.05 M on UV/ozone-treated zein. A novel method was developed to quantify the activity of INFs, which revealed that the highest activity of zein-based INFs reached 175 units/mm2. The zein-based ice nucleation films (INFs) were used to wrap frozen bread dough during five freeze/thaw cycles. The high-activity INF was as effective as blending ECINs in improving the yeast survival by 40%, and consequently increased the specific volume of bread loaf by 25%. Furthermore, high-activity INFs prevented the dehydration of frozen dough and thus significantly reduced the crumb hardness by 36% and increased the crumb springiness by 1.25 times. On energy saving, zein-based INFs were less potential than blended ECINs. INFs only reduced the time of freezing by 6% compared to the 20% by blended ECINs. However, the total amount of ECINs used on wrapping a piece of dough was only about 1/200 of the amount through blending. In addition, ECINs immobilized on the zein films showed desirable stability to sustain at least fifteen repetitive uses on freezing water.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Ke Sh
Encapsulation of naringenin using zein nanoparticles
No full textNaringenin (4’,5,7-‐‑trihydroxyflavanone) is a flavanone known to have many health benefits including antitumor, antioxidant, anti-‐‑inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. It is naturally found in citrus fruits, predominantly in grapefruits. However, when naringenin is orally ingested, the health benefits are limited due to its low solubility in water, which causes low bioavailability. In an effort to improve the bioavailability of naringenin, various nanoparticle systems were investigated and optimized to counter this problem. Zein, a corn based protein, was chosen as the primary encapsulation material due to its capability of forming self-‐‑assembled nanoparticles and sustained release. To minimize the immunogenicity effects of zein, the nanoparticles were further treated with a polysaccharide to produce a more hydrophilic surface coating. Three polysaccharides, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH), and carboxymethyl dextran (CMD), were individually explored with the naringenin filled zein nanoparticles. ii Optimized ratios with the highest load and the smallest particle size were identified for each nanoparticle system. The optimized ratios for each polysaccharide were as follows: 0.1N: 5Z: 15CMC, 3N: 5Z: 15CMCH, 3N: 5Z: 15CMD. MTT testing identified cytotoxicity thresholds for each formulation. Pure naringenin was found to be not cytotoxic at <50 μg/mL. The 0.1N: 5Z: 15CMC formulation was not cytotoxic at 10 fold dilution. For 3N: 5Z: 15CMCH and 3N: 5Z: 15CMD, each formulation was not cytotoxic at 20 fold dilution. Across the polysaccharide sets, carboxymethyl chitosan was found to be smallest in particle size. Further investigation was done on this polysaccharide to see whether further reductions of particle size could be achieved. The addition of a calcium chloride coating reduced the particle size further compared to the original carboxymethyl chitosan ratio. This research showed that the combination of carboxymethyl chitosan with calcium chloride resulted in the most promising system of encapsulating naringenin with zein nanoparticles.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Elizabeth Joseffy Chrzaste
On the association between high temperature and mortality in warm climates
No full textWe conducted a time-series analysis of 1997-1999 data records of air temperature and all-cause mortality in Greater Beirut, using bi-linear Poisson auto-regressive models, and published our findings in the Science of the Total Environment [El-Zein, A., Tewtel-Salem, M., Nehme, G., 2004. A time-series analysis of mortality and air temperature in Greater Beirut. Sci. Total Environ. 330, 71-80]. We compared our results to those of Curriero et al. [Curriero, F.C., Heiner, K.S., Samet, J.M., Zeger, S.L., Strug, L., Patz, J.A., 2002. Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the Eastern United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155(1) 80-87.], who subsequently reported that their original results were inaccurate and published new results [Curriero, F.C., Heiner, K.S., Samet, J.M., Zeger, S.L., Strug, L., Patz, J.A., 2002. Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the Eastern United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155(1) 80-87; Curriero, F.C., Samet, J.M., Zeger, S.L., 2003. Letter to the Editor re. On the Use of Generalized Additive Models in Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health and Temperature and Mortality in 11 Cities of the Eastern United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 158(1) 93-94.]. In this letter, we report two changes in the interpretation of our findings as a result of the change in the results of Curriero et al. [Curriero, F.C., Heiner, K.S., Samet, J.M., Zeger, S.L., Strug, L., Patz, J.A., 2002. Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the Eastern United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155(1) 80-87]. Their newly-reported results reinforce our conclusion that heat-related mortality can be a significant public health issue even in temperate to warm climates. However, our findings raise a question concerning the ability of socioeconomic indicators to explain differences in vulnerability to heat between high-income and low-income countries. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.BAJU R, 2002, EPIDEMIOL REV, V24, P190; Ballester F, 1997, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V26, P551, DOI 10.1093-ije-26.3.551; Curriero FC, 2002, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V155, P80, DOI 10.1093-aje-155.1.80; Curriero FC, 2003, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V158, P93, DOI 10.1093-aje-kwg105; Dominici F, 2002, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V156, P193, DOI 10.1093-aje-kwf062; El-Zein A, 2004, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V330, P71, DOI 10.1016-j.scitotenv.2004.02.02710111
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