1,720,952 research outputs found
Standard Transport Appraisal Methods
No full textStandard Transport Appraisal Methods, Volume 6 in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series, assesses both successful and unsuccessful practices and policies from around the world. Chapters in this new release include Transport models, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Value of Travel Time Savings and reliability, Value of Statistical Life, Wider economic benefits, Multi-criteria analysis, Best-Worst Method, Participatory Value Evaluation, Ex-post evaluation, Sustainability assessment, Evaluating Transport Equity, Environmental Impact Assessment, Decision-Support Systems, Deliberative appraisal methods, Critique on appraisal methods, Appraisal methods in developing countries, Research agenda for appraisal methods, and much more.Accepted Author ManuscriptTransport and Logistic
New Methods, Reflections and Application Domains in Transport Appraisal
No full textNew Methods, Reflections and Application Domains in Transport Appraisal, Volume 7 in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series, assesses both successful and unsuccessful practices and policies from around the world. Chapters in this new release include Evaluating transport equity, Participatory Value Evaluation, Sustainability assessment of transport policies, plans and projects, Deliberative appraisal methods, Appraisal methods of public transport projects, Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects, Appraisal of Freight Project, Project appraisal methods: tools for optimizing or for informed political debate?, and Research agenda for appraisal methods.accepted author manuscriptTransport and Logistic
Spatial effects in the ex-ante evaluation of urban underground transportation infrastructure projects: A study of the gap between the perceived spatial effects of Het Souterrain and the spatial effects incorporated in already conducted CBAs
No full textUnderground transportation infrastructure projects are a possible solution to the increasing demand for transportation, limited space and congestion in urban areas. In addition, these kinds of projects are in line with the need for improvement of the quality of the public urban space. Nowadays, when a municipality applies for funding with the national government for the construction of a transportation project a Cost-Benefit analysis (CBA) has to be conducted by an independent party (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, 2012). In the CBA the costs and benefits of the project on the society are balanced and therefore provides the CBA decision-makers with important policy information; whether the benefits outweigh the costs of the project compared to the state of affairs in which no project is build- also called the reference case (van Wee & Rietveld, 2014). The use of the CBA in the decision-making process leads to a better decision-making process (Mouter, Annema, & van Wee, 2013), but it is unclear which exact role a CBA plays in the decision-making process, because politicians also have other reasons than the results of a CBA for reaching a go/no-go decision (Rienstra, 2008; Eijgenraam, Koopmans, Tang, & Verster, 2000; Annema, 2014; Mackie, 2010). A limitation of the CBA is that not all (welfare) effects can be taken (properly) into account in a CBA (Mouter, Annema, & van Wee, 2015). CBAs are often incomplete because project effects are uncertain, unknown or difficult to monetize (Mouter, Annema, & van Wee, 2013). Under these conditions, political decisions based on results of a CBA study are based on incomplete policy information.Technology, Policy and ManagementDepartment of Transport and Logistic
Practicing Participatory Value Evaluation: Assessing the applicability of the Participatory Value Evaluation Method for public decision-making on Urban Storm Water Management in a The Hague case study.
No full textOne of the pillars of Dutch municipal decision-making is to stimulate citizen participation in agenda- setting and decision-making (VNG, 2018). Involving citizens in the allocation of the public budget for addressing specific challenges is a novel approach to participatory decision-making. This thesis examines the applicability of the Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) as a participatory budgeting tool to improve the economic assessment of investments with public funds on Urban Storm Water Management (USWM). The PVE method was developed by Mouter, Koster and Dekker (2017) to overcome the economical dispute on the use of consumer Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the valuation of investments with public funds. The PVE-method could be a valuable means to improve the assessment of public investment opportunities and facilitate participation in the decision-making process. However, due to a lack of experience with the actual application of the method in different sectors, scientists and practitioners lack the knowledge to understand whether and how the PVE- method can be applied in different fields and administrative levels of public decision-making. The PVE-method has so far only been applied twice; in a transportation study in the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam (Mouter, Koster & Dekker, 2017) and in a national Water Safety study by the ministry of Economic Affairs in the Netherlands (Mouter, Koster, Dekker & Borst, 2018a, 2018b). These applications of the PVE-method are significantly different from applying the PVE-method to assess measures for USWM in terms of the scale level of the administration and specific characteristics of the USWM context. Therefore, the applicability of the PVE-method on a municipal level is assessed through the development of a case study in the municipality of The Hague that focused on the topical societal challenge of managing superfluous storm water in the urban environment. In this context, the application of the PVE could help to steer future investments in climate adaptation and USWM strategies, such that the highest value-for-money can be achieved.Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM
Value of time – A citizen perspective
No full textThe dominant empirical approach to infer Value of Time is based on experiments in which respondents are typically asked to make hypothetical travel choices as if they were paying travel costs from their own budget, in exchange for personal travel time gains. However, many scholars have argued that such travel choice decisions of individuals in their role of consumer of mobility are likely to be a poor proxy of how they in their role of citizen believe government should spend tax money to generate travel time gains for large numbers of travelers. So far, this possible deviation between what we call ‘consumer VoT’ and ‘citizen VoT’ has not been studied empirically. In this paper, we fill this gap, by designing a Stated Choice experiment with eight different frames; some representing a typical consumer choice situation, others gradually approaching a citizen perspective. We find that individuals’ willingness to pay from previously collected tax money for travel time gains created by a government policy, is significantly higher than their willingness to pay, from their after tax income, for time gains obtained by choosing a different route. This result implies that citizen VoT is higher than consumer VoT. This difference does not stem from a stronger willingness to spend previously collected tax money compared to spending one's own income, but from a difference in the value attached to travel gains: a travel time gain resulting from government action is valued more than the same travel time gain obtained by one's own route choices. This and a range of other empirical results are discussed in depth, in light of the conceptual differences between preferences of individuals in a role of consumer or citizen.Accepted Author ManuscriptTransport and Logistic
De donkere kanten van het gebruik van onderzoek, modellen en de MKBA in de besluitvorming
No full textDit paper belicht naast de zonnige kanten ook de donkere kanten van onderzoek, modellen en de maatschappelijke kosten- en batenanalyse (MKBA) als het gaat om het ondersteunen van besluitvorming in de vervoersplanologie. Meer specifiek, onderzoeken wij aan de hand van een bestudering van een aantal onderzoeken uit de vervoersplanologie de donkere kanten van het gebruik van onderzoek in de besluitvorming. Ten tweede bestuderen wij in hoeverre het gebruik van modellen (waaronder de MKBA) de donkere kanten van het gebruik van onderzoek in de moderne tijd zonniger dan wel nog donkerder maakt. We concluderen onder meer dat het gebruik van modellen kan leiden tot een neutralere manier van schatting van effecten van een project. Aan de andere kant kan er sprake zijn van schijnneutraliteit indien de opdrachtgever de aannames aanlevert. Deze vorm van manipulatie is lastig te achterhalen, omdat modellen vaak een black box zijn voor niet-experts. In dit paper zoomen wij in op de MKBA. Een ‘end of pipe’ instrument waarin de uitkomsten van kostenramingen, milieueffectenrapportage en verkeersmodellen samenkomen, dat tevens sterk is geïnstitutionaliseerd in besluitvormingsprocessen in de vervoersplanologie. Een uitvoerder van een MKBA moet de kosten en de baten van een project inschatten op basis van een gestandaardiseerde leidraad (de Leidraad OEI). De manier waarop een uitvoerder van een MKBA de leidraad OEI heeft gevolgd, wordt gecontroleerd in een second opinion. Dit zorgt voor een toename van de neutraliteit van onderzoek naar effecten van een project. Daarbij kan de uitkomst van de MKBA – nu deze sterk is geïnstitutionaliseerd in de Nederlandse besluitvorming – lastig terzijde worden geschoven indien deze slecht uitkomt voor voorstanders van een project. De donkere kanten van onderzoek worden dus zonniger door de introductie van de MKBA. Aan de andere kant kunnen de donkere kanten van onderzoek in potentie ook donkerder worden. De MKBA is in de status quo een black box. Indien je aannames ten voordele weet te manipuleren is dit lastig te ontdekken. Ten slotte proberen wij richtlijnen te geven om ervoor te zorgen dat modellen en de MKBA helpen om het gebruik van onderzoek zonniger te maken in plaats van donkerder. Te weten, het toevoegen van een onafhankelijke commissie ‘grote projecten’, het institutionaliseren van ex-post analyses en het introduceren van de meerlaagse-digitale MKBA om het black box karakter van de MKBA in te perken.Infrastructures, Systems and ServicesTechnology, Policy and Managemen
Dutch politicians’ attitudes towards Cost-Benefit Analysis
No full textIn this study Dutch politicians were interviewed to derive their attitudes towards the use of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) in the appraisal of transport projects. Dutch politicians’ attitudes towards CBA are positive on the condition that CBAs are carried out in an impartial way. According to politicians CBA improves the planning process, serves as a countervailing power and produces a structured list of all the positive and negative effects of a project, amongst other things. Politicians criticize the use of CBA for killing political debates. Politicians were also asked to mention any solutions that they feel would improve their attitude towards CBA. Solutions suggested by politicians predominantly focus on: 1) ensuring that all effects that are covered in the CBA are scrutinized in an impartial way; 2) increasing the awareness and recognition of the elements of the political trade-off that are not covered by a CBA to diminish the probability that politicians will use CBA to kill a political debate.Transport and Logistic
Discussiepaper 'de maatschappelijke waarde van kortere en betrouwbaardere reistijden'
No full textHet rapport ‘de maatschappelijke waarde van kortere en betrouwbaardere reistijden’ van het Kennisinstituut voor Mobiliteitsbeleid (KiM) levert nieuwe kengetallen op voor de waardering van de verandering in de gemiddelde reistijd en betrouwbaarheid van die reistijd. De studie is gebaseerd op een achtergrondstudie, uitgevoerd door een consortium onder leiding van Significance. Het hoofddoel van dit paper is het voeden en scherpstellen van de discussie over het rapport van het KiM en de achtergrondstudie.Infrastructures, Systems and ServicesTechnology, Policy and Managemen
Dutch politicians’ use of cost–benefit analysis
No full text28 Dutch politicians and 10 top-level civil servants were interviewed about the way Dutch politicians use cost–benefit analysis (CBA). Various types of use were identified. Politicians use CBA: (1) When forming their opinion about the desirability of transport projects; (2) As political ammunition (opportunistic use); (3) To make themselves and their decisions look more rational (symbolic use). None of the politicians stated that they solely base their judgment on CBAs. Politicians mention seven barriers that hamper the use of CBA when forming their opinion: (1) The process of forming an opinion is trivial; (2) Politicians prefer to form their opinion based on conversations rather than on reading reports; (3) Politicians don’t trust CBA’s impartiality; (4) Politicians disagree with normative choices made in CBA. An example of such a normative choice is that CBA attaches an equally large weight to everybody’s utility changes. (5) Politicians think that CBA’s explanatory power is limited; (6) Politicians receive CBAs too late; (7) When there is plenty of money, politicians care less about a project’s social profitability. Members of Parliament identified barriers 3 and 6 as the most important barriers. They regard publishing CBAs one or two months before a debate as the most auspicious solution for rectifying these barriers. An interesting observation is that no barriers for the opportunistic and symbolic use of CBA by politicians were identified. Hence, it can be concluded that it is highly likely that when politicians receive CBAs for transport projects, they will use the CBA in an opportunistic and symbolic way, but politicians will not necessarily use CBA when forming their opinion.</p
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