19 research outputs found
Review on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (Sars Cov-2) and Covid -19 Different Potential Vaccines with Their Immunological Aspects
Get PDFOn 31 December 2019, the outbreak of novel coronavirus causes cough, fever, and dyspnoea with ARDS on the peoples lived in the Wuhan city of Hubei Province in china. Later it spread across the world and affects not only the livelihood but affect economically, and also socially relentlessly. Scientist from different continents involved in discovering of its vaccine and many vaccines were produced. Therefore the objective of this work is to review the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 and corona virus disease -19’s different potential vaccines with their immunological aspects. A 2019-Novel Corona virus later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. By its nature this virus is positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that contains spiral or circular genome inside of their crown like structure. Among the viruses structural protein, Spike protein play great role for entrance of virus into host cell. Following entry, the virus replicated in the cell, this leads to over-responsiveness of immune system that can caused gradual failures of organs and system. Although first coronavirus outbreak occurred two decades ago, no effective vaccine was developed. But after the outbreak of this virus, great number of scientists, clinicians and researchers were mobilized and develop vaccines in unprecedented timeline. Owing to urgent need, some vaccines licensed with minor side effects. Therefore, vaccine safety and efficacy should be assured prior to approval for the emergency use. Since vaccine development and sustainability have faced virus mutation, regular virus genome sequencing and analysing should be recommended to combat the upcoming viral infection. Keywords: china, COVID-19, SARS CoV-2, mRNA, protein subunit, vaccine DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/73-05 Publication date: January 31st 2023
Epistemological and methodological considerations in peacebuilding research – experiences from the Borana of Ethiopia
No full textBuilding on empirical data from author's fieldwork along the Ethiopia-Kenya border, this chapter provides epistemological and methodological insights to peacebuilding research and calls for a paradigm shift towards culture-sensitive approaches. It argues that researching peacebuilding in Africa should consider local cultural settings and epistemological paradigms by carefully designing appropriate methodological approaches. Drawing on this latter perspective, the author argues that peacebuilding research among societies with intact indigenous cultural practices, values and customs should be grounded within the societies' epistemological and cosmological orientations of their place in nature. First, the author visited Borana land along the Ethiopia-Kenya border in 2015 to conduct research on cross-border conflict funded by the African Peacebuilding Network
Isolation, and Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Recovered from Chicken Meat at Addis Ababa Slaughterhouses
No full textHailehizeb Tegegne,1 Kassahun Filie,1 Tadele Tolosa,2 Motuma Debelo,2 Eyoel Ejigu2 1Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara, Ethiopia; 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Hailehizeb Tegegne, Email [email protected]: It is a growing concern that pathogenic bacteria can be found in poultry meat, and an additional problem is the ongoing rise in food-derived bacteria’s resistance to antibiotics.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to March 2023. This study aimed to isolate, identify and analyze E. coli in poultry meat collected from slaughterhouses in Addis Ababa. A total of 499 samples were collected from fecal content, carcass, hand and knife swab samples by using purposive and systematic random sampling methods.Results: An overall 5.2% Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7) prevalence was found in this study. On average, antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that the sensitivities of (Escherichia coli) E. coli O157:H7 isolates from carcass swabs, fecal content, manuals, knife swabs and water samples were 62.3%, 52.5%, 53%, 60% and 60%, respectively.Discussion: However, few (Escherichia coli) E. coli O157:H7 isolates have developed multidrug resistance to some antibiotics, for an overall rate of 13.8%. Knowledge and attitude assessment of the slaughterhouse workers showed that 44.2% had no wash their hands at all and that 125.6% had washed their hands before slaughter commencement.Conclusion: The detection of (Escherichia coli) E. coli O157:H7 isolates from all sample types had a slight prevalence of serious public health concerns. It is important to monitor antibiotic use for both human and animal health in order to make sure that it is safe and effective.Keywords: Addis Ababa, antibiogram, chicken, Escherichia coli, slaughterhous
Molecular And Serological Detection Of Newcastle Diseasevirus In Backyard Chicken Production System In Woliso District, Ethiopia
Get PDFNewcastle disease is one of the most important respiratory diseases. It is an infectious viral
disease of domestic chicken and other species of birds regardless of variation in sex and age. It
causes economic losses such as low growth rate and production, high expense on prevention and
treatment, and high morbidity and mortality rate. Despite of these facts, no research report is
available on Newcastle disease in the current study area. Therefore, A cross-sectional type of
study was conducted with the objective of detecting Newcastle disease virus, using molecular
and serological methods in Woliso district, South West Shewa zone, Oromia regional State from
December 2018 to November 2019. Out 37 kebeles in the district, six kebeles were randomly
selected. Convenience sampling method was used for swab and blood sample collection. For
rRT-PCR detection, total of 76 pooled (380 individual) swabs and for serology, 348 serum
samples, total of 728 sample collected .Real-time RT-PCR was done targeting matrix (M) gene,
while indirect ELISA test was performed to detect anti-bodies against NDV and to determine its
anti-body titer. Viral RNA extraction was conducted and rRT-PCR amplification was performed
in SDS 7500 fast real time PCR machine (Applied Biosystems, USA), while ELISA test was
performed using (ID.vet innovative version 2, Louis Pasteure-Grabels, France) procedures. In
rRT-PCR test, 86.8% (66/76 pooled=330/380 individual) were positive for NDV, in indirect
ELISA test 37.64 % (131/348) animals were positive and anti-body titer ranging from 998.01 to
11735.9 with mean value of (1761.9088) was scored. Standard deviation of 2592.42160 and
percentage CV of 147% was scored. The mean antibody titer was significantly different (F =
1.993, P=0.0079) (Table 2) among the kebeles where the samples were collected. From the
finding of this research, we conclude that both real-time PCR and indirect ELISA tests detected
presence of the NDV, indicated circulation of the virus and heterogeneousity of anti-body titer
in the study area. Therefore, further molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation
should be carried out to distinguish circulating NDV genotype and associated risk factors
respectively and also vaccine program should be scheduled and vaccination should be provided
in the study area to prevent outbreak and economic loss that would occur
Bovine brucellosis; seroprevalence, associated risk factors andassessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of farm owners in selected districts of east wollega zone, oromia, ethiopia
No full textBrucellosisisahighlycontagiousbacterialdiseaseofmajorsocioeconomicandpublichealthimportancewhichcausedbygramnegativebacteriaofthegenusBruce
lla.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedoncattleinselecteddistrictsofEastWollegazonebetweenNovember2018andSeptember2019toassessbovinebrucellosisseroprev
alence,potentialriskfactors,knowledgeattitudeandpracticeoffarmownersaboutbrucellosis.Thestudyzoneanddistrictswereselectedpu
rposively,
whilepeasantassociation,herdandindividualanimalswereselectedrandomly.Atotalof488bloo
dsampleswerecollectedfrom362localbreedand126crossbreedcattleofabovesixmonthsofage.
TheRBPTscreened11Brucellaseropositiveoutof488(2.25%)(95%CI:0.94-
3.5).TheRBPTpositiveserawerefurtherretestedbyusingC-ELISAand6(1.23%)(95%CI:0.25-
2.2)wereconfirmedtobeseropositive.Outof87herdsincludedinthestudy,6(6.9%)(95%CI:3.2-
14.2)wereseropositiveusingCELISAwithatleastoneseropositiveanimalintheherd.Theoverallseroprevalenceofbrucellosisw
as1.23%and6.9%atanimalandherdlevelrespectively.Moreover,informationwasgatheredonin
dividualanimalandfarmtoassessriskfactorsusingasemistructuredquestionnairepreparedforthispurpose.StatisticalanalysiswasperformedusingSPSS
version20softwareprogram.Theresultofmultivariablelogisticregressionanalysisshowedthath
erdsize(OR:8.5,95%CI:1.217-19.872,P=0.031),age(OR:6.5:95%CI:1.459-
28.967,P=0.014),pregnancystatus(OR:12.78,95%CI:2.35-
45.725,P=0.009)andabortioncase(OR:8.3,95%CI:6.759-
10.389,P=0.001)werethesignificantriskfactorsforBrucellaseropositivity.Theresultsofquesti
onnairesurveyrevealedthatthemajorityofthefarmownersorrespondentsdonothavesufficientk
nowledgeaboutbrucellosisandareatriskofacquiringtheinfection.Althoughtheoverallprevalen
ceofbovinebrucellosiswaslowinstudyarea,itcouldserveassourceofinfectiontodifferentherdsa
stherewerefociofinfectioninherdsandbrucellosisishighlycontagiousdisease.Hencebettercont
rolandpreventionmeasuresshouldbeimplementedtoreduceriskofinfectionandtransmissionoft
hediseaseinlivestockandhumaninthestudyarea
Bovine brucellosis; seroprevalence, associated risk factors andassessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of farm owners in selected districts of east wollega zone, oromia, ethiopia
No full textBrucellosisisahighlycontagiousbacterialdiseaseofmajorsocioeconomicandpublichealthimportancewhichcausedbygramnegativebacteriaofthegenusBruce
lla.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedoncattleinselecteddistrictsofEastWollegazonebetweenNovember2018andSeptember2019toassessbovinebrucellosisseroprev
alence,potentialriskfactors,knowledgeattitudeandpracticeoffarmownersaboutbrucellosis.Thestudyzoneanddistrictswereselectedpu
rposively,
whilepeasantassociation,herdandindividualanimalswereselectedrandomly.Atotalof488bloo
dsampleswerecollectedfrom362localbreedand126crossbreedcattleofabovesixmonthsofage.
TheRBPTscreened11Brucellaseropositiveoutof488(2.25%)(95%CI:0.94-
3.5).TheRBPTpositiveserawerefurtherretestedbyusingC-ELISAand6(1.23%)(95%CI:0.25-
2.2)wereconfirmedtobeseropositive.Outof87herdsincludedinthestudy,6(6.9%)(95%CI:3.2-
14.2)wereseropositiveusingCELISAwithatleastoneseropositiveanimalintheherd.Theoverallseroprevalenceofbrucellosisw
as1.23%and6.9%atanimalandherdlevelrespectively.Moreover,informationwasgatheredonin
dividualanimalandfarmtoassessriskfactorsusingasemistructuredquestionnairepreparedforthispurpose.StatisticalanalysiswasperformedusingSPSS
version20softwareprogram.Theresultofmultivariablelogisticregressionanalysisshowedthath
erdsize(OR:8.5,95%CI:1.217-19.872,P=0.031),age(OR:6.5:95%CI:1.459-
28.967,P=0.014),pregnancystatus(OR:12.78,95%CI:2.35-
45.725,P=0.009)andabortioncase(OR:8.3,95%CI:6.759-
10.389,P=0.001)werethesignificantriskfactorsforBrucellaseropositivity.Theresultsofquesti
onnairesurveyrevealedthatthemajorityofthefarmownersorrespondentsdonothavesufficientk
nowledgeaboutbrucellosisandareatriskofacquiringtheinfection.Althoughtheoverallprevalen
ceofbovinebrucellosiswaslowinstudyarea,itcouldserveassourceofinfectiontodifferentherdsa
stherewerefociofinfectioninherdsandbrucellosisishighlycontagiousdisease.Hencebettercont
rolandpreventionmeasuresshouldbeimplementedtoreduceriskofinfectionandtransmissionoft
hediseaseinlivestockandhumaninthestud
Gut Microbiota—Campylobacter jejuni Crosstalk in Broiler Chickens: A Comprehensive Review
No full textThe interaction between gut microbiota and C. jejuni in the guts of broiler chickens is essential for the bacterium’s growth and potential pathogenicity. Recent findings highlighted the significance of modifying gut microbiota in relation to higher C. jejuni colonization rates and improved immune responses. This study suggested that a varied and balanced microbiota aids in decreasing and preventing C. jejuni proliferation via mechanisms including competitive exclusion, the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, and the modulation of the chicken immune response. C. jejuni demonstrates adaptability in the gut environment by encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting others, improving the way it acquires nutrients, and modifying the transcriptional response of its virulence factors. The dynamic nature of these microbiota communities has caused differences in the results of how gut microbiota and C. jejuni proliferation interact. Understanding the relationships between gut microbiota and C. jejuni is critical for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of C. jejuni in broiler chickens. This review compiles information on the relationships between gut microbiota and C. jejuni proliferation in broiler chickens and offers commentary on how the findings could improve gut health and food safety
<i>In vitro</i> antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of <i>Campylobacter</i> species isolates, Jimma Town.
No full textIn vitro antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Campylobacter species isolates, Jimma Town.</p
Serological detection of Newcastle disease virus in backyard poultry production system in Woliso District South West Shewa, Central Ethiopia
No full textAbstract Background Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important respiratory viral diseases. The disease is endemic in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is no clear record about the introduction of the virus to the country (Ethiopia). Hence, detail about the ND is very important in its (ND) control and prevention. Despite these facts, there is no available research work done on ND in the current research area that would help either as references for researchers or that could help in the control and prevention of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the ND virus (NDV), using serological methods in from December 2018 to November 2019. Methodology A cross‐sectional type of study was conducted to detect the NDV. The convenience sampling method was used for sample data collection. Before data collection, chicken with previous history of vaccination against the NDV was excluded from the sampling animals. Then, a total of 348 blood samples of 2 mL were collected from the brachial vein in 3 mL disposable syringes. The serum was collected in labeled 2 mL cryovial tubes. Indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were performed to detect antibodies against NDV and to determine its antibody titer. The test was performed using (ID.vet innovative version 2) procedure. Result In the indirect ELISA test, 37.64% (131/348) were positive and antibody titer mean value of (1761.9088) was scored. The standard deviation of 2592.42160 and a percentage coefficient of variation of 147% was scored. Conclusion From the finding, we conclude that indirect ELISA test detected the presence of the NDV in the study area and the heterogeneousity of antibody titer in the study area. Therefore, further molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation should be carried and vaccination of animals is critical in the study area
Identification of the three <i>Campylobacter</i> species in different samples in Jimma Town.
No full textIdentification of the three Campylobacter species in different samples in Jimma Town.</p
