3 research outputs found
Almighty Shahrashub types and the oldest Vocational Shahrashub
No full textAbstractOne type of Persian poetry, which was used as an amusement and rather unknown, is âShahrashubâ. Lexically, âShahrashubâ means a person who excites the people by his/ her beauty and, but in literary terms, it refers to the poems in which the poet praises or criticizes the city, people, and courtiers, or describes the artisans, their jobs and crafts. This kind of poetry divided into two categories, i.e. vocational and urban, has much benefit sociologically, due to including technical words and terms, as well as historically, politically, economically, and socially. Also, the vocational ones have educational features. Those written for describing jobs are stanza and quatrain, and those praising or criticizing a city are often in the form of elegy or couplet. âShahrashubâ can be found in Urdu, Arabic, and Turkish as well as Persian. However, in answering from what nation it is originated, it should be noted that professor Gibb, in his book âTurkish History of Literatureâ named this type of poetry as one of the Osmaniansâ inventions, but Edward Brown, unlike unaware of Masud Saâdâs Shahrashubs in the 5th century, doubted about Gibbâs assumption. Regarding the Urdu poets, the author of âKhorasani Style in Persian Poemâ affected by âArgumentsâ by Seyed Abdollah attributes the first Shahrashub to the Lahuri poet in India; however, providing some earlier documents and reasons, the author of âShahrashub in Persian Poemâ rejected Mahjubâs claim and knows it undoubtedly as one of the Iraniansâ inventions.The literature shows the first Shahrashubs by Masud Saâd in Persian; Muhammad Jaâfar Mahjub published an article titled âShahrashubâ in the book âWeekâ, in 1963, and attributed the oldest Shahrashub to Masud Saâd. After that, Golchin Maâani in his book âShahrashub in Persianâ (1966) introduced Masud Saâd as the inventor of this style. After them, other researchers and writers studying the works by Mahjub and Golchin named Masud Saâd as the oldest poets composing Shahrashub; some of them are mentioned here based on the chronology: (Dehkhoda: Shahrashub), (Masaheb: Shahrashub), âSilent Mountainâ (Nourian, 1985: 6), âLiterary Genresâ (Shamisa, 1990: 229), the article âA Review on Shahrashub by Lesani Shiraziâ (Shahrestani, 1997: 5), âPersian Poem Typesâ (Rastgarfasaee, 2001: 227), the article âThe Value and Significance of Shahrashubâ (Keshavarz Ghasemi, 2007: 37), the article âShahrashubâ (Nosrati Siahmezgi, 2007: 28), âLiterary Fun in Persian Poemâ (Daneshpajuh, 2001: 317), the article âSix Shahrashub Recovered from the 10th Centuryâ (Fazeli, Jahad: 2009: 120), and in the last article seen by the writers, there can be found no change in the previous assumptions (Dadabayov, 2012: 80). Studying the Shahrashubs by Masud Saâd, the writers of this article proved that there existed a background on composing Shahrashub by other poets; in other words, composing 92 stanzas in the form of a novel genre was not â¦â¦ and we could not know Masud Saâd as the inventor of this genre since several years before him, some like Ksaee Maruzi wrote some stanza describing professions: florist, launderer, drawer, and poets (Riyahi, 1996: 79, 87, and 88). Even Rudaki, prior to Kasaee wrote a quatrain describing the businesspeople (Nafisi, 2003: 516). Also, there is a quatrain by Abu Abdollah Muhammad Ibne Musa Faralavi, a contemporary poet to Rudaki, whose one verse is available (Lazar, 1982: 45). Moreover, many research resources studying Shahrashub forms, or Mahasti Ganjeiâs poems mentioned him as the first quatrain-writer in this field, which is rejected in this article due to mentioned evidence.Reference1.     Anvari, M. (1993). Divan, 2 vols., Modarress Razavi (ed.), Tehan: Elmi Farhangi.2.     Brown, E. (1985). Iranian Literary History since Safavi to the Present, 4th vol., Yasemi, R. (Persian), Tehran: Book Foundation 3.     Dadabayov, M. (2012). Seifi Bokharaeiâs Shahrashub and its Characteristics. Persian Letter, no. 60, pp. 79-88.4.     Daneshpajuh, M. (2009). Literary Fun in Persian Poetry, Tehran: Tahuri5.     Dehkhoda, A. A. (1999). Dictionary, 5 vols., Tehran: University Press6.     Fazeli, F., Jahad, L. (2009). Six Recovered Shahrashubs from 10th Century, 14th year. Nos. 48&49, Persian Letter, pp. 114-1267.     Ghasemi, R. (1968). Shahrashub. Instruction, No. 8, pp. 436-4418.     Golchin Maâani, A. (1967). Shahrashub in Persian Poetry, 1st ed., Tehranâ Roâyat9.     Keshavarzghasemi, Z. (2007). Value and Significance of Shahrashub in Iranian Literary History, Vol. 8, No. 4, Development in History Teaching Journal, pp. 35-4010. Khalaf Tabrizi, M.H. (1978). Decisive Logic. Tehran: Amirkabir.11. Lazar, G. (1982). Poems by the Oldest Poets in Persian Language, Tehran: Persian Society of France in Tehran12. Ganjavi, Mahasti (1347). poetical work, Corrected by .Sh. Taheri. Tehran: Ibnsina13. Mahjub, M.J (nd.). Khorasani Style in Persian Poetry, 1st ed., Tehran: Ferdows14. ---------------- (2007). Folk Literarute in Iran, 3rd ed., Tehran: Cheshme Press15. ---------------- (1968. Shahrashub. Week Book, no. 90, pp. 86-10416. Masahab, Gh. H. (1977). Persian Encyclopedia, Tehran: Joint Stock Company of Pocketbooks Cooperated by Franklin Press17. Maud Saâd Salman. (2005). Masud Saâd Salmanâs Divan, Introduction by Yasemi, R. Dedicated by Babaee, P. Tehran: Negah18. Mirsadeqi, M. (1997). Artistic Dictionary, Tehran: Mahnaz19. Moatafa Ibne Abdollah Ghostantatanini Roomi Hanafi known as Haji Roomi. (1992). Kashfo zonun an Asami kotob valfonon, 2nd ed., Lebanon, Beirut: Darolkotob Elmiye20. Nafisi, S. (2003). Rudakiâs Environment, his Life and Poems, Tehran: Amirkabir21. Noorian, M. (1985). Masud saâdâs Divan, Isfahan: Kamal22. Nosrati Siah Mezgi, A. (2007). Shahrashub, No. 1, Letter of Persian Language and Literature Academy. Pp. 28-3323.  Padeshah, M. (1984). Anendraj (Compulsive Persian Dictionary), 6 vols., Tehran: Khayyam24. Rastgarfasaee, M. (2001). Persian Poetry Types, Shiraz: Navid25. Riyahi, M. A. (1996). Kasaee, His Life, Thoughts and Poems, Tehran: Elmi.26. Shahrestani, S. Hassan (1997). A Review on Lesani Shiraziâs âShahrashubâ, Documents Treasures, no. 25-26, summer 1997, pp. 3-6.27. Shamisa, S. (1996). Throat Prisoner, Tehran: Sokhan.28. --------------- (1990). Literary Genres, Tehran: Ferdows.ZarrinKub, A. H. (2002). A Poem with no Lie, a Poem with no Dissension. Tehran: Elmi
Measuring Information Asymmetry in Large Active Firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange
No full textIn financial markets, transparency of financial information is one of the most effective variables of investment strategies. Information asymmetry can seriously affect firm performance on the stock exchange and firms with a poor informational environment can lose the interest of investors. Reducing information asymmetry can have an important effect on firm performance on the stock exchange. Firms may lack a clear informational environment in the market because of the emerging conditions governing the Tehran Stock Exchange. Because larger and more active firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange provide more information, measuring the informational environment of these firms provides an overview of information asymmetry. The present study calculated the information asymmetry in these firms using the PIN and FE indices. The inconsistent results provided by these indices prompted the authors to offer a new index that is a composite of the PIN and FE that can better explain information asymmetry in developing market such as Asian stock markets. The results show that the new composite index, by using the mechanisms of the PIN and FE indices, provides a better outcome. The new composite index shows that the Tosee Melli Inv (TMEL1), Mobarakeh Steel (FOLD1), Iran Mobil Tele (HMRZ1), Saipa (SIPA1) and I.N.C. Ind. (MSMI1) firms have a better informational environment on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Comparison of electronic versus conventional assessment methods in ophthalmology residents; a learner assessment scholarship study
No full textBackground: Assessment is a necessary part of training postgraduate medical residents. The implementation of methods located at the �shows how� level of Miller�s pyramid is believed to be more effective than previous conventional tools. In this study, we quantitatively compared electronic and conventional methods in assessing ophthalmology residents. Methods: In this retrospective study, eight different conventional methods of assessment including residents� attendance, logbook, scholarship and research skills, journal club, outpatient department participation, Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), and professionalism/360-degree (as one complex) were used to assess 24 ophthalmology residents of all grades. Electronic media consisting of an online Patient Management Problem (e-PMP), and modified electronic OSCE (me-OSCE) tests performed 3 weeks later were also evaluated for each of the 24 residents. Quantitative analysis was then performed comparing the conventional and electronic assessment tools, statistically assessing the correlation between the two approaches. Results: Twenty-four ophthalmology residents of different grades were included in this study. In the electronic assessment, average e-PMP scores (48.01 ± 12.40) were much lower than me-OSCE (65.34 ± 17.11). The total average electronic score was 56.67 ± 11.28, while the total average conventional score was 80.74 ± 5.99. Female and male residents� average scores in the electronic and conventional method were (59.15 ± 12.32 versus 83.01 ± 4.95) and (55.19 ± 10.77 versus 79.38 ± 6.29), respectively. The correlation between modified electronic OSCE and all conventional methods was not statistically significant (P-value >0.05). Correlation between e-PMP and six conventional methods, consisting of professionalism/360-degree assessment tool, logbook, research skills, Multiple Choice Questions, Outpatient department participation, and Journal club active participation was statistically significant (P-value < 0.05). The overall correlation between conventional and electronic methods was significant (P-value = 0.017). Conclusion: In this study, we conclude that electronic PMP can be used alongside all conventional tools, and overall, e-assessment methods could replace currently used conventional methods. Combined electronic PMP and me-OSCE can be used as a replacement for currently used gold-standard assessment methods, including 360-degree assessment. © 2021, The Author(s)
