196,667 research outputs found
The improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania)
No full textTanzania has created, since the mid-90s, an original institutional framework for water and sanitation management made of a mix of decentralized initiative and public control. This article presents this framework and its functioning on sanitation issues in the town of Moshi, a medium-sized town located on the south slopes of the Kilimanjaro Mountain. Findings are coming from a pluridisciplinary franco-tanzanian research program dedicated to these issues in 2002 and 2003. The objective of this work was to identify - through a regulation analysis of the sector and an analysis of households' needs and demand - the stakeholders of the sector and to study their behaviours and their interactions. Using the output of this program first trends of policies were elaborated during a workshop held in November 2003 with all the main stakeholders who could exchange their different perceptions of the problems and their ideas to solve them.Sanitation, public policy, willingness to pay, demand, household survey
The improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania). Demand Analysis and Sector Regulation
No full textFollowing an invitation to tender of the French Foreign Office on research on management of urban waste-water in developing countries, a consortium of institutions from France and Tanzania has been created in 2000. The proposition of the consortium has been accepted; it included a research project on the improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania). This research, presented in this document, was divided into two parts: the first one was the analysis of the households' demand; the second one was about the sector regulation.Sanitation, Regulation, Tanzania, Willingness to pay, Demand,
Calculation of incidence of acute leptospirosis, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.
No full textCalculation of incidence of acute leptospirosis, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.</p
Sensitivity analysis of leptospirosis incidence, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.
No full textSensitivity analysis of leptospirosis incidence, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.</p
Sociodemographic features of household survey respondents, Moshi Urban, Moshi Rural, and Hai Districts, 2018 (N = 718).
No full textSociodemographic features of household survey respondents, Moshi Urban, Moshi Rural, and Hai Districts, 2018 (N = 718).</p
Calculation of blood-draw multipliers, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.
No full textCalculation of blood-draw multipliers, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.</p
Biochemical basis of permethrin resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Lower Moshi, north-eastern Tanzania.
No full textBACKGROUND: Development of resistance to different classes of insecticides is a potential threat to malaria control. With the increasing coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets in Tanzania, the continued monitoring of resistance in vector populations is crucial. It may facilitate the development of novel strategies to prevent or minimize the spread of resistance. In this study, metabolic-based mechanisms conferring permethrin (pyrethroid) resistance were investigated in Anopheles arabiensis of Lower Moshi, Kilimanjaro region of north-eastern Tanzania. METHODS: WHO susceptibility test kits were used to detect resistance to permethrin in An. arabiensis. The levels and mechanisms of permethrin resistance were determined using CDC bottle bioassays and microplate (biochemical) assays. In bottle bioassays, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and s,s,s-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) were used as synergists to inhibit mixed function oxidases and non-specific esterases respectively. Biochemical assays were carried out in individual mosquitoes to detect any increase in the activity of enzymes typically involved in insecticide metabolism (mixed function oxidases, alpha- and beta-esterases). RESULTS: Anopheles arabiensis from the study area was found to be partially resistant to permethrin, giving only 87% mortality in WHO test kits. Resistance ratios at KT50 and KT95 were 4.0 and 4.3 respectively. The permethrin resistance was partially synergized by DEF and by PBO when these were mixed with permethrin in bottle bioassays and was fully synergized when DEF and PBO were used together. The levels of oxidase and beta-esterase activity were significantly higher in An. arabiensis from Lower Moshi than in the laboratory susceptible strain. There was no difference in alpha-esterase activity between the two strains. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of mixed function oxidases and beta-esterases play a role in detoxification of permethrin in the resistant An. arabiensis population of Lower Moshi
Incidence of acute leptospirosis in six months intervals, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.
No full textIncidence of acute leptospirosis in six months intervals, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2012–14.</p
Multipliers based on responses to relevant questions in healthcare utilisation survey, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2011.
No full textMultipliers based on responses to relevant questions in healthcare utilisation survey, Moshi Rural and Moshi Urban Districts, Tanzania, 2011.</p
Comparative Evaluation of Four Mosquitoes Sampling Methods in Rice Irrigation Schemes of Lower Moshi, Northern Tanzania.
No full textAdult malaria vector sampling is the most important parameter for setting up an intervention and understanding disease dynamics in malaria endemic areas. The intervention will ideally be species-specific according to sampling output. It was the objective of this study to evaluate four sampling techniques, namely human landing catch, pit shelter, indoor resting collection and odour-baited entry trap. These four sampling methods were evaluated simultaneously for thirty days during October 2008, a season of low mosquitoes density and malaria transmission. These trapping methods were performed in one village for maximizing homogeneity in mosquito density. The cattle and man used in odour-baited entry trap were rotated between the chambers to avoid bias. A total of 3,074 mosquitoes were collected. Among these 1,780 (57.9%) were Anopheles arabiensis and 1,294 (42.1%) were Culex quinquefasciatus. Each trap sampled different number of mosquitoes, Indoor resting collection collected 335 (10.9%), Odour-baited entry trap-cow 1,404 (45.7%), Odour-baited entry trap-human 378 (12.3%), Pit shelter 562 (18.3%) and HLC 395 (12.8%). General linear model univariate analysis method was used, position of the trapping method had no effect on mosquito density catch (DF = 4, F = 35.596, P = 0.78). Days variation had no effect on the collected density too (DF = 29, F = 4.789, P = 0.09). The sampling techniques had significant impact on the caught mosquito densities (DF = 4, F = 34.636, P < 0.0001). The Wilcoxon pair-wise comparison between mosquitoes collected in human landing catch and pit shelter was significant (Z = -3.849, P < 0.0001), human landing catch versus Indoor resting collection was not significant (Z = -0.502, P = 0.615), human landing catch versus odour-baited entry trap-man was significant (Z = -2.687, P = 0.007), human landing catch versus odour-baited entry trap-cow was significant (Z = -3.127, P = 0.002). Odour-baited traps with different baits and pit shelter have shown high productivity in collecting higher densities of mosquitoes than human landing catch. These abilities are the possibilities of replacing the human landing catch practices for sampling malaria vectors in areas with An. arabiensis as malaria vectors. Further evaluations of these sampling methods need to be investigated is other areas with different species
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