1,721,159 research outputs found
In vivo evidence of HIV-1 productive infection in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-1 encephalitis
No full textA Greater Prevalence of X4 Viruses in HIV Type 1 Intravenous Drug Users Reflects a "CD4(+) Effect"
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The Revival of an “Old” Marker: CD4/CD8 Ratio
No full textThe effectiveness of modern antiretroviral therapies transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease characterized by a persistent condition of inflammation and immune activation. For this reason, even though AIDS-related mortality has been reduced with an increased life expectancy, patients living with HIV infection are more likely to develop non-AIDS events despite the achievement of complete suppression of HIV replication. Hence, the scientific community feels the need to find new biomarkers, which would be suitable in clinical practice for identifying patients who require close monitoring because of an increased risk of developing comorbidities. A renewed interest has emerged about the usefulness of the CD4/CD8 ratio as a marker of immune activation and immune senescence. Recently, many studies have underlined that the CD4/CD8 ratio might represent a good predictor of AIDS and non-AIDS events. Herein, the potential role of the CD4/CD8 ratio for monitoring of HIV patients in different clinical settings is reviewed. (AIDS Rev. 2017;19:81-8)
Community-acquired pneumonia
No full textPURPOSE OF REVIEW: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and expenditure of resources. When followed, guidelines for CAP management have been demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes; however, several issues are still open. This review summarizes the recent advances in this field and the priority needs for future research.
RECENT FINDINGS: Recently identified clinical and biochemical tools promise to improve the assessment of CAP severity; however, definition of the most accurate and feasible rule(s) for clinical practice is now necessary. Some empirical antimicrobial regimens are still being debated, such as the need for atypical pathogen coverage in home-treated and nonsevere hospitalized patients and the inclusion of respiratory fluoroquinolones among first-choice molecules. New drugs such as tigecycline and cethromycin appear promising. Pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin/clavulanate is highly effective, even for treating CAP caused by multiple-drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other aspects recently clarified include the inappropriateness of rigid time-to-first-antibiotic-dose rules, the advantages of shorter antibiotic treatments for nonsevere patients and the need of special clinical attention for acute myocardial infarction among patients with severe CAP or clinical failure.
SUMMARY: Recent developments have significantly contributed to refine the management of CAP patients. However, various hot topics remain undefined as yet and urgently require ad-hoc research in order to optimize the outcomes and the costs of this highly social-impacting disease
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