1,721,072 research outputs found
The Influence of the Leipzig Institutes on the School of Turin
No full textThe current essay aims at reconstructing the history of the School of Turin, which became one of the most important Italian centres of psychological research starting from the last decades of the 19th century thanks to its founding fathers, Angelo Mosso, Friedrich Kiesow, and Mario Ponzo, and to their close relationship with the German scientific world. Indeed, as Mosso worked in the Laboratory of Physiology directed by Carl Ludwig at Leipzig University, and Kiesow was one of Wilhelm Wundt’s assistants at his Leipzig Laboratory of Psychology, both brought to their Institute of Physiology and of Psychology at the University of Turin not only the German experimental practices, which were in the forefront of the scientific research of that time, but also the particular German organization of the laboratory work, in which there was a connection between research and teaching and which involved the division of work among research teams.
This model was adopted by Ponzo, one of Kiesow’s assistants, and then transferred to the Institute of Psychology at the University of Rome, where Ponzo worked after Turin
The role of reasoning processes and identity formation in decision making styles
No full textFollowing Berzonsky’s socio-constructivist model, literature on identity formation has focused on its psychosocial correlates in terms of reasoning processes and decision styles in late adolescence and youth. For instance, Berzonsky and Ferrari (1996) analyzed the relationships between identity styles and decision processes styles: informational-oriented individuals relied on a vigilant decisional strategy, normative-oriented individuals adopted an automatic strategy in problem solving, and diffuseavoidant-oriented individuals were characterized by a pre-decisional panic, low cognitive confidence, procrastination, and maladaptive decisional strategies such as avoidance or excuse making. Recently, Ber- zonsky et al. (2013) investigated the association between identity formation and cognitive processes, i.e., intuitive and rational, according to Epstein et al.’s dual model (1996), showing that the informational style was positively associated with rational and intuitive reasoning; the normative style was positively correlated with intuitive reasoning processes; and the diffuse-avoidant style was associated negatively with intuition. In the light of these results and given the limited inves- tigations exploring simultaneously these constructs, the main goal of the present study was to assess the interrelationships between identity formation, reasoning processes and decision-making styles. 405 school and university students (Mage = 19.82, F = 366) completed a questionnaire including socio-demographic section, Identity Style Inventory 5, Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory, and Gen-eral Decision Making Style Inventory. Findings from structural equation modeling showed that the hypothesized model fit data well, χ2 = 549.85 gdl = 281, p < .05, SRMR = .06, CFI = .92, RMSEA = .05. In other words, informational and diffuse- avoidant styles played a mediational role on the relationship between reasoning processes and decision-making styles
Tratti di personalità e sistemi regolatori nei processi decisionali
No full textDi solito utilizzato come sinonimo di “decisione”, il termine “scelta” sta ad indicare la selezione di un’opzione tra possibili alternative (Del Missier, Bonini, & Rumiati, 2008), un’operazione, questa, che richiede all’individuo la rappresentazione mentale del problema. A partire dagli anni ’40 del Novecento si cercò di chiarire i processi sottostanti il decision-making con il presupposto che la scelta migliore venga fatta sulla base dei valori o dell’utilità al fine di massimizzare le preferenze (Teoria della scelta razionale). Al contrario, Simon (1955) propose che la massimizzazione era un processo non adattivo giacché gli individui nella scelta tendono a valutare le soluzioni soddisfacentiste piuttosto che quelle ottimali. Schwartz (2000) ne dedusse che la tendenza sia alla soddisfazione sia alla massimizzazione è una disposizione globale o un tratto che caratterizza gli individui nella scelta dell’alternativa ottimale.
Alla luce dell’attenzione rivolta dalle ricerche precedenti all’individuazione delle differenze individuali nelle tendenze decisionali alla massimizzazione, minimizzazione e soddisfazione, il presente contributo ha approfondito l’influenza esercitata dai tratti di personalità e dalla motivazione autoregolata sulle suddette tendenze attraverso due studi. Il primo studio ha indagato in che misura i tratti di personalità del modello del Big Five predicono la minimizzazione, la massimizzazione e la soddisfazione. Il secondo studio ha verificato il ruolo di mediazione svolto dai sistemi regolatori della locomotion e dell’assessment nella relazione tra tratti di personalità e tendenze decisionali. Le analisi causali hanno evidenziato l’apertura mentale come predittore positivo più forte della massimizzazione e la coscienziosità come predittore positivo più forte della soddisfazione e negativo più forte della minimizzazione. Inoltre, i sistemi regolatori sono risultati associati alle tendenze decisionali, sebbene l’assessment sia emerso più esplicativo della locomotion. Malgrado i limiti della ricerca dovuti all’utilizzo di questionari self-report e alla modalità di campionamento, i risultati della ricerca forniscono interessanti spunti di riflessione nei riguardi delle motivazioni e delle strategie sottostanti le scelte decisionali
Orientations to happiness between the dark triad traits and subjective well-being
No full textPrevious research investigated the linkage between the Dark Triad traits and subjective well-being, but the factors explaining individual differences in terms of cognitive strategies for achieving happiness remained poorly understood. This study (N = 460) examined the indirect effects of orientations to happiness in the link between dark personality traits and subjective well-being in terms of life satisfaction and positive emotion. Participants completed a questionnaire comprising the Dark Triad Questionnaire, the Orientations to Happiness scale, the Satisfaction with Life scale, and the PANAS. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and partial correlations, and structural equation model were applied to the data. Zero-order and partial correlations showed no significant associations of Machiavellianism and psychopathy with subjective well-being measures, and positive associations of narcissism with the three orientations to happiness and the two dimensions of subjective well-being. Indirect effects indicated that the bright side of narcissism sought the pursuit of the emotional component of SWB by adopting engaging activities. Further studies should replicate our findings
Factores motivaciónales relacionados con la agresividad en las artes marciales
No full textThis study aimed at testing a meditational model in which goal orientation, self-determined motivation and sportspersonship were predictive
factors of aggressiveness. Italian martial artists (N = 366; Mage = 29.53, SD = 9.107; Men = 325, Female = 41) were asked to fulfil a questionnaire
assessing sport orientation, sport motivation, sportspersonship, and aggressiveness. The path analysis supported for the hypothesized model: selfdetermined
motivation mediates the relationship between motivational orientations and sportspersonhip, which in turn mediates the relationship between
motivation and aggressiveness. The results suggest to consider these motivational factors in order to plan interventions to prevent aggressiveness among
athletes
Fattori motivazionali e correttezza sportiva nelle arti marziali
No full textNella ricerca psicologica sulle arti marziali emergono due principali filoni. Il primo riguarda l’influenza di tale sport sui profili di personalità (Kuan & Roy, 2007) e il secondo analizza la relazione tra le arti marziali e i comportamenti aggressivi (Wargo et al, 2007; Endresen & Olweus, 2005). Alla luce dei risultati contraddittori emersi (Vertonghen & Theeboom, 2010), il presente studio ha due obiettivi: analizzare i fattori predittivi dell’aggressività nelle arti marziali considerando i costrutti motivazionali secondo l’Achievement Goal Theory e la Self-determination Theory e i comportamenti sportivi (sportspersonship) e, inoltre, testare il modello che include tale relazione (Chantal et al., 2005). Il campione è composto da 281 atleti di arti marziali (età media = 29.41 anni, DS = 9.02, M = 250, F = 31). I partecipanti hanno completato il seguente questionario formato da: la versione ridotta dell’Aggression Questionnaire (Byant & Smith, 2001); la Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1995); la Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale (Vallerand et al., 1997); la versione italiana della Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire (Duda & Nicholls, 1992; Bortoli & Robazza, 2005). I dati sono stati sottoposti ad analisi causale per valutare le relazioni tra le variabili di interesse. I risultati preliminari della correlazione mostrano che l’aggressività correla positivamente con l’orientamento all’ego (r = .320, p < .000) e negativamente con la motivazione allo sport (r = -.277, p < .000), la sportspersonship (r = -.154, p < .01) e l’orientamento al compito (r = .448, p < .000). La sportspersonship correla positivamente con l’orientamento al compito (r = .528, p < .000). La Path Analysis fornisce la prova della validità del modello ipotizzato. Le convinzioni circa i comportamenti di sportspersonship, se incrementate dal livello di autodeterminazione e dirette dall’orientamento al compito e all’ego, potrebbero ridurre i comportamenti antisociali
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