30 research outputs found
KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH BELIEFS ABOUT TYPE II DIABETES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS USING HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
No full textBackground: Type II diabetes, which is known as non-insulin dependent diabetes, has become an epidemic worldwide. In the United States, diabetes affects 25.8 million people which represent 8.3% of the population. Out of 25.8 million, 23.22 million people have Type II diabetes. According to the National Statistics Vital Report, Type II diabetes was the number seven cause of death in the USA and it can be prevented. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the overall knowledge and health beliefs about Type II diabetes among a sample of undergraduate students; the second purpose was to assess the relationship between the overall knowledge and health belief subscale. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive survey design was used. An existing knowledge and health belief instruments was adapted. In the 2014 spring semester, a non- random convenience sample of over 200 undergraduate students who enrolled in Foundation of Human Health 101- class were surveyed in order to assess knowledge and health belief about Type II diabetes. The Health Belief Model provided the theoretical framework for this study. Results: Overview of the participants in this study was provided through conducting a descriptive analysis. Majority of the participant were female, aged between eighteen and twenty, and Caucasian. Data analysis revealed that the overall knowledge about Type II diabetes among participants was low. For the individual health beliefs, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barriers to Type II diabetes were low; however, perceived benefits to engaging in healthy behaviors was high. Having other problems more important than worrying about diet and exercise, and not knowing the appropriate exercise to perform to reduce the risk of developing Type II diabetes were the major barriers among participants. A positive, weak, statistically significant correlation was found between overall knowledge and total belief of benefits to engaging in healthy actions. At the same time, a negative, weak, statistically significant correlation was found between overall knowledge and total belief of barriers to engaging in health lifestyles. Results from multiple regression revealed that knowledge was best predicted by race/ethnicity. Family history, stress level, and level of exercise were the best predictors of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers, respectively. Perceived severity was not predicted by any of the independent variables
Trends in incidence, prevalence, and mortality of non-communicable diseases in Iraq (2003–2021)
No full textAbstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a major public health concern in Iraq, playing a significant role in the country’s morbidity and mortality rates. To offer a thorough overview of the patterns and the overall impact of NCDs on public health, this study aims to map the trends in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of NCDs in Iraq between 2003 and 2021. Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 were utilized. The focus was on Iraq from 2003 to 2021, a period marked by significant social and political changes. Using the GBD results tool, age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates (ASPR, ASIR, ASMR) for 12 major NCDs were extracted and expressed per 100,000 population. Descriptive statistics with 95% uncertainty intervals were calculated, and trends were analyzed. Results The analysis revealed a nuanced trajectory of NCDs in Iraq between 2003 and 2021. The ASPR of all NCDs increased slightly (change %: 0.1, 95% UI: -2.2 to 2.4), with a notable decline in chronic respiratory diseases (change %: −14.4, 95% UI: (-30.9 to 6.1) and a significant rise in neoplasms (change %: 32.7, 95% UI: -5.9 to 81.3). The ASIR of diabetes and kidney diseases showed the largest increase (change %: 42.9, 95% UI: 28.4 to 59.3), while chronic respiratory diseases had the greatest decline (change %: −12.1, 95% UI: -36.8 to 22.5). Cardiovascular diseases remained the leading cause of mortality in both sexes, with ASMRs increasing slightly for males and decreasing for females over the period. Skin and subcutaneous diseases showed the highest increase in ASMR (change %: 48.2), while digestive diseases experienced the largest decline (change %: −21.4). Conclusion The GBD 2021 study highlights progress in reducing NCD mortality in Iraq, especially among younger people. However, older males still face high death rates from cardiovascular diseases. Rising cases of cancer, diabetes, and kidney diseases signal the need for targeted interventions. Continued focus on risk factors and healthcare access is essential
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No full textThis thesis investigates the genetic characteristics and determinants linked to smoking behaviours and explores the influence of smoking on gene expression in CAD patients. Studying these health-related behaviours can improve the well-being of the Roma minority population. Additionally, the impact of smoking on the blood transcriptome in Hungarian CAD patients remains understudied. These findings would be valuable in strengthening existing epidemiological evidence, identifying relevant determinants, and informing targeted interventions.
This thesis was based on two observational studies. The first was a comprehensive health survey with 814 participants comprising 412 HG and 402 HR. The study compared risk allele frequencies using GRS and wGRS based on data of ten SNPs. HR individuals exhibited significantly higher smoking frequency (33% higher) and tended to start smoking at a younger age (standardized β = -0.23, p <0.001). However, despite the high prevalence of smoking behaviours and nicotine dependence among HR individuals, the study found no significant genetic influence, as median GRS values did not differ significantly, although wGRS was slightly higher among Roma individuals (5.2 vs 4.9; p = 0.02). Additionally, an inverse relationship between SES and smoking behaviours was observed, with smokers showing lower SES (βHR = -0.039, p = 0.023; βHG = -0.010, p = 0.049). The second analysis was based on 61 CAD patients with a median age of 67 years, and only 44 subjects were included for further analyses. Between SM and NSM, 120 DEGs (15 upregulated and 105 downregulated) were identified with a fold change (FC) ≥1.5 and a p-value <0.05. GO analyses revealed that the upregulated genes were related to immune response pathways (FDR≤0.03). In contrast, downregulated genes exhibited significant annotations with pathways involving oxygen and haem binding or activity (FDR≤0.03).
Our first analysis provides evidence of higher smoking frequency and early initiation among HR individuals, but these behaviours are not genetically influenced. The inverse relationship between SES and smoking behaviours highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic factors when studying and addressing smoking habits. On the other hand, the second study offers valuable insights into the potential effects of smoking on gene expression in whole blood and their connection to smoking-related CAD. The previously unexplored overexpression of RCAN3, TRAV4, and JCHAIN genes indicates a possible involvement in CAD among individuals who smoke
Correction: Trends in incidence, prevalence, and mortality of non-communicable diseases in Iraq (2003–2021)
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Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of the Mesocorticolimbic System Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
No full textThe mesocorticolimbic (MCL) system is crucial in developing risky health behaviors which lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although there is some knowledge of the MCL system genes linked to CVDs and T2D, a comprehensive list is lacking, underscoring the significance of this review. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched intensively for articles related to the MCL system, single nucleotide variants (SNVs, formerly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs), CVDs, T2D, and associated risk factors. Included studies had to involve a genotype with at least one MCL system gene (with an identified SNV) for all participants and the analysis of its link to CVDs, T2D, or associated risk factors. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Q-Genie tool. The VEP and DAVID tools were used to annotate and interpret genetic variants and identify enriched pathways and gene ontology terms associated with the gene list. The review identified 77 articles that met the inclusion criteria. These articles provided information on 174 SNVs related to the MCL system that were linked to CVDs, T2D, or associated risk factors. The COMT gene was found to be significantly related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and drug abuse, with rs4680 being the most commonly reported variant. This systematic review found a strong association between the MCL system and the risk of developing CVDs and T2D, suggesting that identifying genetic variations related to this system could help with disease prevention and treatment strategies
Corrosion control of Buried Low Carbon Steel Structure by Using Alteration Medias method
No full textThe aim of the present work is to control of metal buried corrosion by alteration the media method. This method depended on the characteristics of each media. The corrosion rates in different media (soil, sand, porcelanite stone and gravel) for specimens of low carbon steel were measured by two methods weight loss method and polarization method, weight loss measured by buried specimens in these medias separately for 90 days. The polarization method includes preparing of specimen and salt solutions have electrical resistivity equivalent electrical resistivity of these media. The corrosion rate of two method results in (soil > sand> porcelainte stone> gravel). The lower corrosion rate happened in gravel media because of characteristics of high electrical resistivity and lower porosity for gravel while the higher corrosion rate occurred in the soil
Smoking-Associated Changes in Gene Expression in Coronary Artery Disease Patients Using Matched Samples
No full textSmoking is a well known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the effects of smoking on gene expression in the blood of CAD subjects in Hungary have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with smoking in CAD subjects. Eleven matched samples based on age and gender were selected for analysis in this study. All subjects were non-obese, non-alcoholic, non-diabetic, and non-hypertensive and had moderate to severe stenosis of one or more coronary arteries, confirmed by coronary angiography. Whole blood samples were collected using PAXgene tubes. Next-generation sequencing was employed using the NextSeq 500 system to generate high-throughput sequencing data for transcriptome profiling. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed using the R programming language. Results: The study revealed that smokers exhibited non-significant higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides compared to non-smokers (p > 0.05), although high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was also elevated. Despite this, the overall lipid profile of smokers remained less favorable. Non-smokers had a higher BMI (p = 0.02). Differential gene expression analysis identified 58 DEGs, with 38 upregulated in smokers. The key upregulated genes included LILRB5 (log2FC = 2.88, p = 1.05 × 10−5) and RELN (log2FC = 3.31, p = 0.024), while RNF5_2 (log2FC = −5.29, p = 0.028) and IGHV7-4-1_1 (log2FC = −2.86, p = 0.020) were notably downregulated. Heatmap analysis showed a distinct clustering of gene expression profiles between smokers and non-smokers. However, GO analysis did not identify significant biological pathways associated with the DEGs. Conclusions: This research illuminates smoking’s biological effects, aiding personalized medicine for predicting and treating smoking-related diseases
Scoping review of anticancer drug utilization in lung cancer patients at the end of life
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