86,843 research outputs found
The effect of Surface Heterogeneity on the Temperature-Humidity Correlation and the Relative Transport Efficiency
No full textWe derive a conceptual model of the flow over heterogeneous terrain consisting of patches with contrasting Bowen ratios. Upward moving eddies are assumed to carry heterogeneous properties, whereas downward moving eddies carry homogeneous properties. This results in a decorrelation of temperature and humidity as the contrast between the patches increases. We show that this model is able to reproduce the relationship developed by Lamaud and Irvine (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 120:87¿109, 2006). Some details differ from their expression but are in accordance with data obtained over African savannah. We extend the conceptual model to a combination of any scalars, not necessarily linked through the surface energy balance (as is the case for temperature and humidity). To this end we introduce a new parameter that describes the surface heterogeneity in surface fluxes. The results of the current model can be used to predict the discrepancy between similarity relationships for different scalars over heterogeneous terrai
Sensitivity analysis of a source partitioning method for H2O and CO2 fluxes based on high frequency eddy covariance data : Findings from field data and large eddy simulations
No full textScanlon and Sahu (2008) and Scanlon and Kustas (2010) proposed a source partitioning method (SK10 in the following) to estimate contributions of transpiration, evaporation, photosynthesis, and respiration to H2O and CO2 fluxes obtained by the eddy covariance method. High frequency eddy covariance raw data time series are needed, and the source partitioning is estimated based on separate application of the flux-variance similarity theory to stomatal and non-stomatal components of the regarded fluxes, as well as on additional assumptions on leaf-level water use efficiency (WUE). We applied SK10 to data from two test sites (forest and cropland) and analyzed partitioning results depending on various ways to estimate WUE from available data. Also, we conducted large eddy simulations (LES), simulating the turbulent transport of H2O and CO2 for contrasting vertical distributions of the canopy sinks/sources, as well as for varying relative magnitudes of soil sources and canopy sinks/sources. SK10 was applied to the synthetic high frequency data generated by LES and the effects of canopy type, measurement height, given sink-source-distributions, and input of varying WUEs were tested regarding the partitioning performance. SK10 requires that the correlation coefficient between stomatal and non-stomatal scalar fluctuations is determined by the ratio of the transfer efficiencies of these scalar components, an assumption (transfer assumption in the following) that could be tested with the generated LES data. The partitioning results of the field sites yielded satisfactory flux fractions, when fair-weather conditions (no precipitation) and a high productive state of the vegetation were present. Further, partitioning performance with regard to soil fluxes increased with crop maturity. Results also showed relatively large dependencies on WUE, where the partitioning factors (median) changed by around -57% and +36%. Measurements of outgoing longwave radiation used for the estimation of foliage temperature and WUE could slightly increase the plausibility of the partitioning results in comparison to soil respiration measurements by decreasing the partitioning factor by up to 42%. The LES-based analysis revealed that for a satisfying performance of SK10, a certain degree of decorrelation of the H2O and CO2 fluctuations (here, |ρq'c’| < 0.975) was needed. This decorrelation is enhanced by a clear separation between soil sources and canopy sinks/sources, and for observations within the roughness sublayer. The expected dependence of the partitioning results on the WUE input could be observed. However, due to violation of the abovementioned transfer assumption, the known true input WUE did not yield the known true input partitioning. This could only be achieved after introducing correction factors for the transfer assumption, which were known however only in the special case of the LES experiments
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
[Newspaper Clipping: Author Claims Evidence of Second JFK Assassin #1]
No full textNewspaper article titled "Author Claims Evidence of Second JFK Assassin." The article states that author Richard J. Whalen concluded "that there is circumstantial evidence to support the theory of a second assassin in the shooting of President John F. Kennedy.
Also By The Same Author: AKTiveAuthor, a Citation Graph Approach to Name Disambiguation
No full textThe desire for definitive data and the semantic web drive for inference over heterogeneous data sources requires co-reference resolution to be performed on those data. In particular, name disambiguation is required to allow accurate publication lists, citation counts and impact measures to be determined. This paper describes a graph-based approach to author disambiguation on large-scale citation networks. Using self-citation, co-authorship and document source analyses, AKTiveAuthor clusters papers, achieving precision of 0.997 and recall of 0.818 over a test group of eight surname clusters
John F. Kennedy telegram to Roosevelt
No full textJersey Homesteads (later the Borough of Roosevelt) was established in the 1930s as an agro-industrial cooperative community. It was established specifically for urban Jewish garment workers, many of whom had emigrated from Europe. President John F. Kennedy sent a telegram to the citizens of Roosevelt, New Jersey, apologizing for not being able to attend the memorial dedication in honor of former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. (Jersey Homesteads became Roosevelt in 1945 in honor of the president.) President Kennedy expressed his gratitude to the people of Roosevelt for constructing the memorial, and commented that it will serve as a constant reminder of Roosevelt's good works
Logarithmic variance profiles and the corresponding f-1 spectra of temperature fluctuations in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection
No full textWe report experimental results for the temperature variance 2(z) and the corresponding frequency spectra P(f) in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) in a cylindrical sample of aspect ratioT= D/L = 1:00 (D = 1:12 m is the diameter and L = 1:12 m the height). The measurements were conducted in the Rayleigh-number range 1011 < Ra < 1:35 1014 and Pr ' 0:8. For Ra = 1:35x1014, 2(z) could be described well by a logarithmic dependence on the vertical position z in a range of z 1 < z < z 2 with z 1 ' 70 and z 2 = 0:1L. Here L=(2Nu) is the thickness of a thin thermal sublayer adjacent to the horizontal plate where the heat flux (denoted by the Nusselt number Nu) is carried mostly by thermal diffusion. In the log layer, we found that the temperature spectra had a significant frequency range over which P(f) f with close to 1. As Ra decreased, increased so that the log layer became thinner. At Ra = 2:05 1011, z 2 < z 1 and therefore there was no range for a log layer. Correspondingly, the temperature spectrum near the horizontal plate did not have the f1 scaling form either
Maine author Franklin F. Gould recalls his first glimpse of the outside world
No full textMaine author Franklin F. Gould recalls his first glimpse of the outside world as he relates how, as a young farm boy in the late 1800\u27s, he drove his father\u27s horses on an errand to an icebound river
Mapping the Discipline of the Olympic Games An Author-Cocitation Analysis
No full textThe authors conducted an author cocitation analysis on prominent authors writing about the Olympics during the 1990s. Author cocitation is an established bibliometric technique that can be used to measure the relative similarities of topics written about by the cited authors. This enables a visual representation of the “intellectual space” of the discipline, in this case the Olympics, to be created for the period under review. So core and peripheral research areas are identified, along with their major contributors. The representation appears as a two-dimensional cluster-enhanced map. Subject expertise was then applied to the results to place labels on the generated clusters of authors and their topics
Aspects of atmospheric turbulence related to scintillometry
No full textAspects of atmospheric turbulence related to scintillometry Atmospheric turbulence is the main vertical transport mechanism in the atmospheric boundary layer. The surface fluxes related to this turbulent transport are the sensible () and latent heat fluxes (). The area-averaged values of and are of interest to evaluate mesoscale numerical weather models and in water budget studies. Natural landscapes are often heterogeneous, i.e. and differ among fields. The fluxes can be obtained with a scintillometer system, which consists of an electromagnetic beam transmitter at one end of a propagation path and a receiver at the other end. The intensity of the electromagnetic signal at the receiver varies due to fluctuations in the refractive index of air () caused by turbulence along the path. From the magnitude of these fluctuations the structure parameter of temperature () and of humidity () can be derived. Finally, and are used to determine path-averaged and via Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). The advantage of scintillometry is that the obtained fluxes are path-averaged, which makes scintillometry a more suitable method for obtaining area-averaged fluxes over natural landscapes than traditional point measurements. However, the disadvantage is that the fluxes are not directly measured. Therefore in this thesis four questions are answered related to the applicability of MOST and to the behaviour of structure parameters over heterogeneous surfaces. The latter is important because MOST assumes homogeneous surface conditions. For our studies we used meteorological data measured at three sites (Cabauw; the Netherlands, CASES-99 experiment; Leon; Kansas; USA, LITFASS-2009 and LITFASS-2010 experiments; Lindenberg; Germany) under unstable conditions (day-time). MOST is restricted to the part of the atmosphere close to the surface: the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). The depth of the ASL is not constant during the day, and is relatively shallow during the morning. At those moments, the scintillometer observation level can be located outside the ASL, which can question the validity of MOST. Therefore, we proposed and compared two variations in MOST (MOST using local fluxes and MOST using surface fluxes). We found that during the afternoon when both concepts have to be valid, the values of are comparable. During the morning, the data do not unequivocally support one of the two concepts: MOSTl shows the correct temporal behaviour in, but underestimates by a factor of ten. The universal function that links the surface fluxes with the structure parameter in MOST needs to be determined empirically. In literature a great variety of these function can be found. Therefore, we investigate to what extent the expression for this function depends on the specific regression approaches, stability range and observation level. First, we found that applying various regression approaches has an impact on the expression. This means that studies always should specify their regression approach, when presenting new functions. We advise to use an orthogonal distance regression method, applied to the logarithmic transformation of both dimensionless groups, and weighted such that unreliable data points have a smaller influence on the fit. Second, we found that the observation height and the stability range have an impact on the coefficients too. This implies that variations found in literature may result from variations in the height and stability ranges among the datasets. Furthermore, application of a given expression on a dataset measured at a different height or within a different stability range has to be done with care. In order to investigate whether variations in and along a scintillometer path or aircraft flight leg are within the range of local variability, or could be attributed to surface heterogeneity, we analysed the amount of local variability in the structure parameters at different heights and under different stability regimes. We found that the variability is determined by stability and by the size of the averaging window over which the structure parameters are calculated. If instability increases, differences in structure parameters between upward motions and downward motions increase. If the averaging window size increases, the variance of the logarithmic structure parameters decreases. A rough estimation of this decrease is made by fitting a simple linear regression between this variances and the averaging window size. From this we found that for various stability classes both the offset and slope (in absolute sense) decrease with increasing instability. The offset and slope can be used to quantify the local variability, which in turn can give an indication if variations in the structure parameters along a scintillometer or flight path might be attributed to surface heterogeneity. Finally, our last study is an elaboration of the study of Beyrich et al. (2012). They compared obtained with the unmanned meteorological mini aerial vehicle (M2AV) with obtained with the large-aperture scintillometer (LAS) for five flights on one single day during LITFASS-2009 experiment. We investigated if the systematically larger values of the M2AV as observed by them, can be found for other days, and if these differences could be reduced or explained through a more elaborate processing of the data of both instruments. We concluded that the difference can be found for other days during LITFASS-2009 and LITFASS-2010 as well. obtained from the M2AV data is larger, which is not improved by the more elaborate data analysis. Moreover, an exact synchronization of the LAS data with the time intervals of the M2AV data does not eliminate the discrepancy between both datasets. All in all, this thesis defines better the borders of MOST and shows the behaviour of the structure parameters in the atmospheric surface layer. Beyrich F, Bange J, Hartogensis OK, Raasch S, Braam M, van Dinther D, Gräf D, van Kesteren B, van den Kroonenberg AC, Maronga B, Martin S, Moene AF (2012) Towards a validation of scintillometer measurements: The LITFASS-2009 experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 144:83-11
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