1,720,973 research outputs found
From newcomers to new citizens: the brokering role of social enterprises with migratory background for the development of local communities
Get PDFIl fine della tesi è quello di fornire un contributo di ricerca per il miglioramento del sistema di accoglienza e integrazione sociale italiano. La tesi affronta il tema della integrazione sociale da un punto di vista normativo e psicologico esplorandone anche i costrutti fondamentali dell'identità e del capitale sociale.
Il progetto di ricerca è diviso in due studi, entrambi svolti all'interno delle realtà delle associazioni a background migratorio: associazioni fondate da nuovi cittadini che hanno come fine quello di promuovere l'integrazione sociale dei nuovi arrivati. Il primo studio identifica le risorse relazionali e interne che hanno facilitato l'integrazione sociale dei fondatori delle associazioni. Il secondo studio verifica l'efficacia dell'associazioni a background migratorio. La tesi sostiene che le associazioni a background migratorio costituiscono un interlocutore affidabile per lo sviluppo el sistema di accoglienza italiano in quanto sono fondate sulle esperienze dirette di integrazione dei fondatori e in quanto svolgono una funzione di ponte tra i nuovi arrivati, la comunità di accoglienza e le sue istituzioni
Lo sviluppo della coscienza morale nella prima infanzia: il contributo di Grazyna Kochanska
No full textPremesse teoriche: La psicologia del ‘900 ha descritto i processi di base dello sviluppo morale. La psicoanalisi, la psicologia cognitiva e quella evoluzionista hanno descritto traiettorie diverse dello sviluppo morale, sottolineando il ruolo delle interazioni e rappresentazioni precoci, della cognizione e del bisogno di connessione interindividuale. Obiettivo: È stata condotta una rassegna sul lavoro di Grazyna Kochanska relativo alle determinanti precoci della Coscienza Morale. Definendo la Coscienza Morale come un sistema autonomo di guida del bambino che si compone di tre sistemi interrelati – emotivo, comportamentale e cognitivo –, le ricerche dell’autrice inseriscono in una cornice sovraordinata i diversi aspetti della moralità infantile descritti dalle principali correnti teoriche del secolo scorso. Metodologia: Abbiamo passato in rassegna alcuni dei contributi più significativi dell’autrice, riportando i dati di maggior rilievo e illustrando quei processi che secondo l’autrice definiscono in modo integrato fasi e peculiarità dello sviluppo precoce di una Coscienza Morale. Discussione critica e conclusioni: Muovendosi all’interno di una cornice integrata, l’autrice descrive l’emergere della Coscienza Morale attraverso l’interdipendenza di emozioni, condotte e cognizione morali sia in relazione al temperamento che alla matrice di accudimento del bambino. In questo modo, la Coscienza Morale in Kochanska diviene un sistema sofisticato ad esordio precoce, che evolve progressivamente durante l’infanzia al fine di guidare il bambino nell’adattare il proprio comportamento in maniera appropriata al suo contesto.Theoretical background: 19th century psychology shed light on child morality and its main processes. Psychoanalysis, cognitive and evolutionary psychology described different moral developmental trajectories during childhood, underlining the part played by early relational interactions and representational processes, the crucial role of cognition, and the need for interindividual connectedness. Objective: Our review focuses on Grazyna Kochanska’s work on the early determinants of Moral Conscience. By describing Moral Conscience as an autonomous inner guiding system which encompasses three interrelated systems – emotional, behavioral and cognitive - Kochanska’s body of research makes it possible to consider within a coherent framework the different aspects peculiar to child’s morality described by the main psychological fields during last century. Method: We reviewed some of Kochanska’s most representative articles, summarizing relevant data and illustrating the processes that in the author’s view tie together phases and peculiarities of an early development of Moral Conscience. Critical discussion and conclusions: Within an integrated framework, the author describes the emergence of a Moral Conscience through the interplay of moral emotions, behaviors and cognitions both in relation to child’s temperament and as shaped by his early caregiving matrix. By so doing, Kochanska see Moral Conscience as a sophisticated system with early onset and evolving through infancy in order to guide the child in adjusting his behavior in a context-appropriate way
Moral precursors, temperament and attachment in 12-24 months infants
No full textIntroduction: Infants assess others based on their social behavior toward third parts and prefer those who behave prosocially over those who behave antisocially (Hamlin & Wynn, 2011). The competence of distinguishing and preferring prosocial agents is part of an early inner system referred to as “moral precursors”.
Aims of the study: Our first aim is to verify the preference for individuals who act prosocially toward unrelated third parties over individuals who act antisocially in infants between 12 and 24 months of age. The second aim concerns the influence of temperamental characteristics and of the attachment model on the moral precursors system.
Material and methods: Sample: 25 infants (M=13, F=12) between 12 and 24 months, attending kindergarten.
Measures: prosocial-antisocial choice procedure (Wynn & Hamlin, 2011); Early Child Behavior Questionnaire (Putnam et al., 2006);Attachment Q-Sort (Waters, 1997)
Results: 11 infants (M=5, F=6) prefer prosocial puppet, while 14 (M=8, F=6) prefer the antisocial one. 20 months or less infants prefer the antisocial puppet (N=9) and only one chooses the prosocial one. Older infants prefer the prosocial puppet (N=10) over the antisocial one (N=5) and report higher Attentional focusing (t(23)=1.82, p<0.10) and Cuddliness (t(23)=1.79, p<0.10) temperamental scores, higher scores on the AQS (t(23)=1.21, p<0.10) and less Frustration (t(23)=2.18, p<0.10) and Positive anticipation (t(23)=1.94, p<0.10) temperamental scores compared to younger infants.
Conclusions: Results partially confirm Wynn's hypothesis on the early presence of prosocial preference. Younger infants tend not to prefer the prosocial character. Older infants that tend to prefer the prosocial puppet have a secure attachment and, compared to younger infants, have higher scores in some temperamental characteristics. Results highlight the role of temperament in the shaping up of early moral competence
EARLY CONSCIENCE: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MORAL KNOWLEDGE
No full textDevelopmental psychology has not yet shown how prosocial inborn tendencies and internalized standards of conduct on one side, and actual moral behavior on the other side, work together in early years to develop an integrated, multifaceted conscience. In fact, we expect that, from a certain point in development onward, moral core self’s mental representations will tend to be activated in moral-related behaviors — with these behaviors predicting correspondent moral declarative abilities. Main purpose of the study was to investigate developmental change in preschoolers with respect to declarative and procedural knowledge of early conscience. N=143 children were enrolled in the study (M age=4,2). We measured key elements of children’s conscience — emotion, conduct and cognition —as declared by preschoolers in response to a short played stories procedure (MSPSP), a new measure of declarative knowledge. We then assessed children’s procedural moral activation (prosocial vs. proself outcomes) in response to two dilemmatic situations (“Simulated distress” and “Animal game”). Our data confirm the hypothesis of a mild developmental trend characterized by the prominence of moral conduct over moral emotion and cognition. Of particular relevance is the emergence of a developmental turning point at around age 4, when procedural moral activation in children starts predicting the declarative feature of moral conscience. Our empirical evidence suggests that the acquisition of a “mature” theory of mind around 4 years of age seems to play an integrative role with respect to procedural and declarative sides of morality, actually binding them together
“Moral short played stories procedure”, proposta di un nuovo strumento per la valutazione dello Sviluppo Morale in età prescolare
No full textIntroduzione
Kochanska e Aksan (2006) definiscono la coscienza morale come un sistema integrato di autoregolazione,
costituito da emozioni morali (sentimento di colpa ed empatia), condotta morale (adesione alle regole in
assenza di supervisione) e cognizione morale (interiorizzazione delle regole e comprensione delle
conseguenze di una loro trasgressione). Sulla base di questa definizione in questo studio è stato ideato e
applicato uno strumento inedito per misurare lo sviluppo morale in età prescolare.
Metodo
Partecipanti: 143 bambini frequentanti primo, secondo e terzo anno di una scuola dell’infanzia.
Misure:Lo sviluppo morale è stato indagato attraverso tre storie di marionette, di difficoltà crescente e
ognuna con due protagonisti che compiono rispettivamente un’azione morale e una non morale. Al termine
di ogni storia al bambino viene chiesto quale tra i due protagonisti preferisce e per quale motivo, al fine di
rinvenire quegli elementi di emozioni, condotta e cognizione morale che è stato in grado di rintracciare
nelle tre storie
Risultati
L’anno scolastico frequentato influisce sullo sviluppo morale: F(2.112)=3.22, p= 0.04 con M=10.8 per il
primo anno scolastico, inferiore a quella del secondo anno M=11.28 e a quella del terzo anno M=12.38.
Conclusioni
In linea con quanto presente in letteratura (Kochanska, Koenig, Barry, Kim, Yoon, 2010), lo strumento si è
dimostrato efficace per la valutazione delle tre componenti della coscienza morale in quanto evidenzia la
traiettoria evolutiva dello sviluppo morale: i risultati delineano infatti un aumento progressivo delle
competenze morali dei bambini in funzione dell’età
Declarative and procedural knowledge in early moral conscience: data and implication for development
No full textIntroduction: People consider their moral self as more vital for them than any other psychological process (Strohminger, Nichols, 2014). Having a moral conscience, an integrated system of self-regulation that consists of moral emotions, conduct and cognition (Kochanska, Aksan, 2006), is crucial from early development and is expressed both procedurally and declaratively.
Aim of the study: To investigate the relation between declarative and procedural moral development trajectories in preschoolers.
Material and Methods: An ad hoc instrument (MSPSP) was developed and applied in order to measure moraldevelopment. Three puppet stories, were created, in order to tap into the three moral main categories (emotions, conduct and cognition) children recognized within the stories. Data were also collected on the procedural side through 2 moral dilemmas situations measuring children’s “Internalized Conduct” and “Concern for Others”. N=143 preschoolers (N=76 girls; N = 67 boys; Mean Age=4.2) were enrolled in the study.
Results: A simple slope analysis shows that the effect of “Concern for Other” on the declarative moral conscience indexes increases for high - i.e. children aged 4 or older (b=0.29, p=0.047) - and decreases for low values of Age - i.e. children aged less than 4 y.o. (b =-0.37, p =0.04). The effect of “Internalized Conduct” on the declarative moral conscience indexes is significantly moderated (and increasing) only by High values of Age (b=1.64, p=0.03) but not for Low levels of Age (b =-1.01, p=0.25).
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Conclusions: Only in children older than 4 moral dilemmas’ indexes predict a high score on declarative moral development indexes. Though this procedural-declarative correspondence is quite a long-stated in literature on moral development, our data indicate that this link between the behavioral and the representational levels of moral development. is established and increasing by age 4. Implications of this process for the development of self coherence in infancy are discussed
Rebuilding social capital in conflict zones: community and tecnological challenges
No full textThe role of social capital in the development of community resilience has been widely reported in literature addressing community recovery after natural and man-made disasters. This article specifically addresses its configuration and function in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and report the experience of a training for trainers project aimed at developing community resilience in Central African Republic. Through a training program on trauma management and psychosocial interventions in post-conflict societies, the project presented seeks to construct a solid network characterized by trustful and reciprocal relationships among people that are responsible for the promotion of community resilience in CAR. One of major challenges of this experience deals with the development of a digital infrastructure for supporting students at a distance in between different training sessions. To this aim we are introducing the techniques of Service Design Thinking. These techniques are indeed very useful in ICT4Dev especially since developing trustful digital services in high risks zones is very challenging due to the strong boundaries in actions that are in place at the same time both at the technological and human/community side. The talk will explore the main issues dealing with reconstruction of social capital and support offered by technologies in CHEs by using some example of the project under development in Central African Republic
Connections: the use social associations with migratory background make of ICT to build social capital for newcomers’ social integration
Get PDFPsychological studies in the field of migration attest that social integration is enhanced by social capital. Communities of origin and the ones of resettlement play different role in the promotion of newcomers’ social integration. Nevertheless, researches highlighted that connections between migrants and resettlement communities are the hardest to be established. By reinforcing existing ties and generating new connections among communities, ICT represent a resource for the creation of migrants’ social capital.
The paper presents two case studies addressing the use that a refugee- and a migrant-led association make of ICT in order to develop social capital aimed at fostering newcomers’ social integration. An ethnographic approach was adopted, and qualitative data have been collected. Results show that in the associations ICT are aimed at easing connections within migrants and between migrants and the resettlement community by directly fostering the establishment of social ties and by spreading positive narratives about migration. Through the empowerment of refugees and migrants, ICT emerge as tools that lay the foundations for the promotion of social cohesion
Bridging museum mission to visitors’ experience. Activity, meanings, interactions, technology
Get PDFIn recent years, the contribution of various disciplines and professionals (i.e., from marketing, computer science, psychology, and pedagogy) to museum management has encouraged the development of a new conception of museology. Specifically, psychology has affected the overall conception of museum and the visitors toward a more holistic vision of the museum experience as a complexity of memory, personal drives, group identity, meaning-making process, as well as leisure preferences. In this regard, psychological research contributes to advance the scientific knowledge about psychological and social phenomena related to the visitor experience, as well as to design innovative technologies and future tourism services. The present contribution discusses the Socio-Cultural Activity Theory (AT) as a theoretical framework to conceptualize the museum visit as an activity mediated by the technology, and to better identify the factors shaping the interaction between the visitors and the technologies. To do so, a case study is presented: a qualitative research performed at the Ara Pacis Museum in Rome (Italy) to analyze the visitor experience of a tour that integrates augmented and virtual reality. Information derived from applying AT on visitors’ experience highlight the value of technology as mediating tool between the museum mission and the visitor experience, considering the interaction between visitors’ characteristics, museum environmental dimensions, and technology’s features
Social and Psychological Capital for the Start-Up of Social Enterprises With a Migratory Background
Get PDFThe highest number of forcibly displaced people has been currently recorded due to war, poverty, and climate change. Recently, a process that recognizes refugees as reliable interlocutors for the improvement of reception policies has started. Refugees are therefore encouraged to start up social enterprises aimed at fostering newcomers’ social integration to participate to such a phenomenon. Positive Psychology, with its focus on human strengths, allows to identify the resources that pushed refugees to turn the difficulties they faced during the journey and the resettlement process into resources for themselves and for the resettlement community. The following paper explores in particular the interplay between social and psychological capital that is at the base of a similar social entrepreneurship project through a case study. A qualitative research has been carried out within a social enterprise with a migratory background to analyze the internal and relational resources that brought founders to start up the venture. Results show that while social and psychological capital were independently activated to start from scratch in the resettlement community, they occurred in interrelation in a subsequent phase when participants transformed their direct experiences related to migration into the human capital of their enterprise
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