228 research outputs found
Barilius pakistanicus Mirza & Sadiq 1978
No full text<i>Barilius pakistanicus</i> Mirza & Sadiq, 1978 [N]—Baril <p> <b>Taxonomy.</b> Original description: <i>Barilius vagra pakistanicus</i> Mirza & Sadiq, 1978: 1, fig. [Reservoir in Fort Monro, elevation 1909 metres, Khan District, Pakistan; holotype: GCM F 9].— Afghanistan synonyms: None.— Revisions: None.—Illustration: Mirza & Sadiq (1978: 1, fig.) as <i>Barilius vagra pakistanicus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Status in Afghanistan.</b> First record from Afghanistan by Banarescu and Nalbant (1975) then subsequently Moravec and Amin (1978); confirmed by Coad (1981: 9; 2014: 129; 2015: 227).—Afghanistan materials: None.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> Distribution in Afghanistan: Matun River, Chamkani River, Kabul River.—General distribution: South Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir.—Habitat: This species occurs in both fast-running and standing streams in mainly shallow but also deep areas. It is an omnivore and is thought to have a moderate tolerance for habitat degradation. Freshwater.</p> <p> <b>Economic importance.</b> Has potential to be used as aquarium fish.</p> <p> <b>Conservation.</b> Conservation status in Afghanistan: Unknown.—IUCN: LC (Daniels 2021e).—Threats: CLI, CON, ABS, HAB, EUT.—Low sensitivity to human activities.—Keystone species.—Decline status: Stable.—Low priority for conservation action.</p>Published as part of <i>Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W & Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid, 2023, Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist, pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 5305 (1)</i> on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8048564">http://zenodo.org/record/8048564</a>
Textology of Shahed Sadiq (Introduction and Codicology of Shahed Sadiq by Mirza Mohammad Sadiq Esfahani)
No full textShahed Sadiq book by Mirza Mohammad Sadiq Esfahani is one of the valuable prose works of the eleventh century AH and one of the successful examples of multi-knowledge books (encyclopedias) compiled in the Indian subcontinent. the plurality of its manuscripts in libraries shows its scientific value and popularity.Yet, it has not been revisioned or introduced for unknown reasons. Considering the importance of this book in terms of inclusion of various and diverse topics, like anthropology, social history, geograhyl, popular culture, religion, proverbs, etc. It can be considered as one of the reliable sources in understanding the social, historical, scientific and literary conditions of the author's era. The book contains deep information of various topics, which is now presented in public encyclopedias. This article, tries to investigate the writing style of the work and explain its valuable place to some extent
Mirza Athar Baig’s novel “Ghulam Bhag” and Post Colonialism Discourse : Mirza Athar Baig’s novel “Ghulam Bhag” and Post Colonialism Discourse
No full textGhulam Bagh is an important novel created in the Post-Colonial period in which Mirza Athar Baig has presented the intellectual and mental attitudes of this era.We can say that Post-Colonial literature refers to the literary texts that are created in the former colonies of Europe. In these writings, the background of Post-Colonialism and the background of Colonialism are presented in a literary Perspective. Post-Colonial literature shows an attempt to understand, examine and describe the feelings and experiences of those belonging to the former colonies. Mirza Athar Baig\u27s novel Ghulam Bagh was published in 2006 and six editions have been published so far. Ghulam Bagh is a masterpiece novel of fictional literature created in the former British colonial Pakistan, There are also characters living in the Post-Colonial era. Each character shows change, evolution and conflict. Ghulam Bagh is an imaginary place in terms of archeology. If we examine the title of the novel in a broader context, Ghulam Bagh is a metaphor for the desire of western nations to dominate the inferior, weak and noble races of the world. Is based on desire. In this paper, the novel will be studied in the Post-Colonial context to find out how far the author has succeeded in recovering the Colonial discourse.
 
Reviewing the Concepts of "Sharia" and "Law" according to Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini
No full text ∴ Introduction ∴
The complex interplay between Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and law in Iranian society, particularly since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, has sparked intense debates among intellectuals. In navigating legislative impasses within the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, understanding the historical evolution and essence of concepts related to Sharia and law becomes paramount. The historical study of the relationship between these two institutions is integral to comprehending the trajectory of Iranian law and the evolution of Imamia jurisprudence. The focus of this study revolves around the perspectives of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri (1843-1909) and Mirza-ye Naini (Muhammad Hussain Naini) (1860-1936), two pivotal jurists during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution [Asr-e-Mashrooteh] in Iran. Positioned on opposite ends of the Sharia-oriented intellectual spectrum, Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri represents those who question the legitimacy of law, while Mirza-ye Naini embodies those who acknowledge the necessity of law within the framework of Sharia. The uniqueness of this exploration lies in dissecting the assumptions these jurists held regarding Sharia and law, shedding light on the mental constructions that shaped their perspectives.
∴ Research Question ∴
This research aims to delve into the theories of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Allameh Naini, unraveling their assumptions regarding the concepts of "Sharia" and "Law." The central questions guiding this study include: What are the nuanced readings of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Allameh Naini concerning the institutions of 'Sharia' and 'Law'? How do these readings contribute to conceptualizing the relationship between these two institutions in their views?
∴ Research Hypothesis ∴
Formulating a comprehensive understanding of the assumptions held by Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini regarding Sharia and law requires a nuanced exploration of their respective intellectual frameworks. The hypothesis posited is that Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri, as a representative of the spectrum questioning the legitimacy of law, might emphasize the precedence and superiority of Sharia over legal constructs. On the other hand, Mirza-ye Naini, as a proponent of acknowledging the role of law, is likely to present a perspective that harmonizes the two institutions.
∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴
To address the research questions and test the hypothesis, a componential approach will be employed. Unlike the traditional flow analysis approach, which tends to be reductionist, the componential approach allows for the identification of distinct thoughts and their conflicts within the intellectual frameworks of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini. This method acknowledges the possibility of individuals belonging to multiple thought components rather than being confined to a single flow. The study will critically examine existing literature, focusing on the methodologies adopted by previous researchers who have explored the opinions of Constitutional Sharia-oriented individuals. This research distinguishes itself by proposing a new framework that offers a deeper understanding of the relationships between Sharia and law based on the intellectual contributions of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini. In the subsequent sections, the article will scrutinize the scope of Sharia as perceived by these jurists, addressing the ongoing debate regarding whether the differences among Sharia-oriented individuals are fundamental or minor. Additionally, a positive exploration of the concept of law for Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini will be presented, shedding light on the divergent yet interconnected perspectives of these two influential figures during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
∴ Results & Discussion ∴
Interpretation of the Scope of Sharia: An in-depth analysis of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini's perspectives on the scope of Sharia reveals a nuanced understanding that challenges conventional interpretations. While initial comparisons suggest conflicts, the shared foundations of Imamia jurisprudence among these jurists blur the lines of contention. The assertion that Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri holds a maximalist view of Sharia, contrasting with Mirza-ye Naini's minimalist stance due to the separation of customary and Sharia jurisdictions, lacks substantial evidence. The semantic differences between these two jurists regarding the scope of Sharia appear to be minimal, indicating a convergence in their interpretation of Sharia's principles. Conceptualization of Law as the Locus of Conflict: The crux of the divergence between Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini lies in their conceptualization of law (Codified Law). Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri perceives law as a substantial, comprehensive entity that contradicts Sharia, leading him to reject the law as a modern concept. His viewpoint aligns with the broader understanding of the "incompatibility between Sharia and law" ideology. In stark contrast, Mirza-ye Naini integrates the law into traditional societal structures, viewing it as consistent with Sharia and not a separate, non-religious entity. His perspective positions the law as a formal interpretation reflecting religious rulings in the legal domain, highlighting a compatibility between Sharia and law.
∴ Conclusion ∴
This research sought to reevaluate the theories of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini regarding Sharia and law during the Constitutional Era in Iran. The examination focused on two crucial aspects: the interpretation of the scope of Sharia and the conceptualization of the law. Within the ideological backdrop of the era, the study positioned the opinions of these two jurists under the overarching ideologies of "incompatibility between jurisprudence and law," "Sharia-oriented thinking," and "collectivism." Regarding the interpretation of the scope of Sharia, the research found that semantic differences between Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini were minimal, challenging the commonly held belief of maximalist and minimalist views. Both jurists, rooted in Imamia jurisprudence, shared foundational principles of Sharia, mitigating potential conflicts in their interpretations. The conceptualization of law emerged as the focal point of disagreement between the two jurists. Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri rejected the law as a modern, comprehensive entity incompatible with Sharia, aligning with the broader narrative of incompatibility. In contrast, Mirza-ye Naini perceived the law as an integral part of traditional societies, deeming it consistent with Sharia and serving as an expression of religious rulings in the legal domain. In essence, while Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and Mirza-ye Naini both identified as Sharia-oriented thinkers, their divergence lay in their understanding of the law. Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri's rejection of the law paralleled the incompatibility ideology, while Mirza-ye Naini's integration of the law within religious frameworks resonated with the collectivist perspective. This nuanced exploration contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the intellectual landscape during the Constitutional Era in Iran, shedding light on the intricate relationship between Sharia and law as perceived by these influential jurists
Forman Christian College Magazine
No full textJain, M. P.-Editorial. pp. 1-3; Harmandar Singh-Glimpses at Life's Shadows. pp. 3-5; Patrick, B. N.-Poetry-Never Knew. pp. 5; Mohd. Yamin Qureshi-Vociferation of the Formonium Oracle. pp. 6-7; Another Fish Story. pp. 7-11; Eric A. Sadiq-Metamorphosis. pp. 11-12; Lall, A. S.-Lamps and Lamps. pp. 12-13; Jaggan Nath Dhamija-Poetry-Sonnet to Milton. pp. 14; Parmanand, A.-My Week Days. pp. 14-16; Essay-The Life of an Actor. pp. 16-18; Mirza, M. A.-Essay-The Science of Boxing. pp. 18-20; Ishar Singh Grover-An Appeal to College Students. pp. 21; Parmanand, A.-News and Notes. pp. 22-24; Mohd. Yamin Qureshi-Hostel News. pp. 24-26; Obituary. pp. 27; New Books in the Library. pp. 27-30; [Hindi]. 10 p.; Punjabi-da-Khisa [Punjabi]. 4 p.; Khisa-e-Urdu [Urdu]. 16 p
The legal framework for private sector development in a transitional economy : the case of Poland
No full textThe economies of Central and Eastern Europe are in the midst of a historic transition from central planning and state ownership to development of a market-driven private sector. This transition requires comprehensive changes in"rules of the game"- including the legal framework for economic activity. A market economy presupposes a set of property rights and a system of laws or customs that allow the exchange of those rights. The legal framework in a market economy has at least three basic functions: defining the universe of property rights; setting the rules for entry into and exit from productive activities; and setting the rules of market exchange. These legal tasks are accomplished by areas of law such as: company, foreign investment, bankruptcy, contract and competition law. Poland has a rich legal tradition dating from pre-socialist times, which was suppressed but not eliminated during its forty years of socialism. This tradition is being revised as the country moves toward a private market economy. The current legal framework in Poland closely follows other continental jurisdictions and has a clear and reasonable internal logic. Many of the laws are old, but most are flexible enough to permit a wide range of modern, market-oriented activity. Property law, however, remains a"jungle". The wide discretion and general lack of precedent create tremendous legal uncertainty that is sure to hamper private sector development.Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Housing and Land,Legal Products,Land and Real Estate Development
متنِ کلیاتِ فریدمرتبہ شفقت تنویر مرزا:اردو حصے کا جائزہ
No full textThe last portion of Kuliyat e Fareed edited by Shafqat Tanveer Mirza is captioned as "Urdu Ghazal ". It contains his Urdu poetry, consisting mostly of Ghazals. Khawja Fareed is a great mystic of 20th Century. Urdu Language is lucky to have its share from mystic treasures of the saint. It is sad to note that these Ghazals contain a lot of errors. Shafqat Tanveer Mirza rightly observed that to understand Khawja Fareed's poetry and personality , we should have access to all of his writings .The editor tried his bit to minimize the errors but still there is a long way to go. This article is a sincere effort to check the errors and make the Urdu portion more useful amp; more readable. Similar tries can lead us to an error free version of Khawja Fareed's Urdu poetry
Antennas re-clustering and target handoff for multiple radars system
No full textWidely distributed multiple radar systems have been shown to offer enhanced localization performance. With smaller radar footprint, the ability to employ larger number of transmit and receive antennas opens new opportunities. In previous research, a subset selection scheme has been proposed for antenna clustering that minimizes the number of transmit and receive antennas required to achieve a preset accuracy performance. The study indicated that some transmit and receive antenna pairs contribute more than others to the localization performance. This thesis concentrates on handoff techniques that enable the transition of target tracking from one antenna cluster to another. As a target moves in an area covered by a grid of multiple radars, its relative position with respect to an existing tracking antenna cluster (or antenna subset) is changing, affecting the accuracy capabilities of the existing antenna cluster. Thus, at some point, there is a need to update the antenna cluster, keeping a useful antenna subset while replacing other antennas with ones that will keep localization accuracy within a given range. Re-clustering methods are proposed to address target handoff within antennas belonging to a larger grid. Low complexity re-clustering algorithms are proposed for handoff purposes which enable a constrained replacement of antennas. These fast approximation algorithms are based on the optimization of the Cramer Rao bound (CRB) and constrained by the number of antennas that may be replaced at any given time. It is shown that this method performs close to optimal and can be implemented in a decentralized fashion.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Sadiq Jabba
How Indonesia's monetary policy affects key variables
No full textThe objective of this paper is to examine the determination of interest rates, inflation and nominal exchange rates in Indonesia, and investigate the role of monetary policy in affecting these variables. In the short term, monetary policy can be used to protect domestic interest rates from the destabilizing influence of speculative capital flight. In the long run, monetary policy can help lower domestic nominal interest rates by maintaining low inflation and dampening expectation about depreciation. The potential for reducing interest rates through monetary expansion is limited. Domestic inflation is partly a monetary phenomenon but structural factors also affect it. The effects of international inflation are immediate and strong; the effects of wage pushes are smaller and less immediate. Inflation can be reduced to some extent by slowing the growth of money - which strengthens the secondary influence of a slower crawling exchange rate. A managed float is appropriate for maintaining a competitive exchange rate, given the gap between world and domestic inflation caused by structural and monetary factors. Real depreciation of the exchange rate will be necessary to compensate for unanticipated decline in oil income (from lower than expected oil prices).Economic Theory&Research,Economic Stabilization,Environmental Economics&Policies,Macroeconomic Management,Banks&Banking Reform
International transfer pricing : the Australian approach and lessons for Canada
No full textIn response to developments in international trade and an increased focus on international transfer-pricing issues, Canada’s minister of finance announced in the 1997 budget that the Department of Finance would undertake a review of the transfer-pricing provisions in the Income Tax Act. On September 11, 1997, the Department of Finance released draft transfer-pricing legislation and Revenue Canada released revised draft Information Circular 87-2R. The legislation was subsequently amended and included in Bill C-28, which received first reading on December 10, 1997. The new rules are intended to update Canada’s international transfer-pricing practices. In particular, they attempt to harmonize the standards in the Income Tax Act with the arm’s-length principle established in the OECD’s transfer pricing guidelines. The new rules also set out contemporaneous documentation requirements in respect of cross-border related-party transactions, facilitate administration of the law by Revenue Canada, and provide for a penalty where transfer prices do not comply with the arm’s-length principle. The Australian tax authorities have similarly reviewed and updated their transfer-pricing practices. Since 1992, the Australian commissioner of taxation has issued three rulings and seven draft rulings directly relating to international transfer pricing. These rulings outline the selection and application of transfer pricing methodologies, documentation requirements, and penalties for non-compliance. The Australian Taxation Office supports the use of advance pricing agreements (APAs) and has expanded its audit strategy by conducting transfer-pricing risk assessment reviews. This article presents a detailed review of Australia’s transfer-pricing policy and practices, which address essentially the same concerns as those at which the new Canadian rules are directed. This review provides a framework for comparison of the approaches adopted in the two jurisdictions. The author concludes that although these approaches differ in some respects, ultimately they produce a similar result. Both regimes set a clear standard to be met by multinational enterprises in establishing transfer prices. Both provide for audits and penalties in the event of noncompliance. And both offer the alternative of an APA as a means of avoiding transfer-pricing disputes with Australian and Canadian tax authorities
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