1,721,063 research outputs found
EFFECTS OF ACUSTIC STRESS ON BIOCHEMICAL AND MOBILITY PARAMETERS AND BEHAVIOUR IN THE CRAYFISH, CHERAX DESTRUCTOR
No full textRevision on the effects of an entomopathogen bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis on the immune response of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), is it a question of gender?
Full text link1 Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italia; 2 Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italia
Il punteruolo rosso, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) fitofago infestante delle palme e Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) parassita delle arnie, sono stati utilizzati come modelli per approfondire le conoscenze della relazione ospite-nematode entomopatogeno.
Gli effetti del nematode entomopatogeno Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) sull'immuno attività delle larve di R. ferrugineus e di G. mellonella, sono stati messi a confronto. E’ stata anche valutata la capacità di completare il ciclo vitale di S. carpocapsae nei due insetti.
Sebbene S. carpocapsae sia efficace nel controllo biologico del punteruolo rosso, non è tuttavia in grado di completare il suo ciclo all’interno dell’ospite, mentre lo stesso nematode si riproduce con successo in G. mellonella.
Sulla base di precedenti dati di laboratorio e sulla revisione sistematica della letteratura, gli effetti indotti dal nematode sulla risposta immunitaria del Coleottero e del Lepidottero, sono stati comparati. In particolare sono stati analizzati: la popolazione emocitaria immunocompetente (numero e tipi cellulari), l’attività del sistema profenolossidasi-fenolossidasi (proPO) e infine è stata valutata l’inibizione e proliferazione del batterio simbionte Gram negativo Xenorhabdus nematophila (Enterobacteraceae).Since their discovery, bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have demonstrated targeted insect control with minimal environmental impact. Understanding the biology of insect pests, as well as interac- tions with pathogens and immune systems, can help to enhance their effect within these interactions.
On the basis of previous laboratory data and a systematic literature review we analyzed the effects induced by the entomopathogen bacteria Bt, on red palm weevil (RPW), an highly invasive pest of palms that had a significant economic, environmental and social impact when introduced into Italy. The bacteria-induced effects on physiology, immune response and stress answers in the RPW. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were considered. Previously a Bt strain, commercialized against another family of Coleopters, was found to be a potential pathogen of RPW. Data showed that Bt interacts negatively with the growth and the vitality of RPW moreover with hemocytes of R. ferrugineus whose numbers decreased drastically in the hemolymph both in total number and in type. In particular, we focused on the Bt stress- induced infections considering the genders and the instars. The interaction between Bt and RPW hemocytes was analyzed by evaluating the expression heat shock proteins (HSPs) particularly HSP70 in the supernatant of the hemocyte lysate obtained from larvae and adults. HSPs are rapidly synthesized in the cells after stress exposition including infection by pathogens. The western blot analysis, showed that the HSP70 expression was modulated in the time (3h, 6h, 12h, 19, 24h) in the response to Bt treatment, highlighting that Bt is a stress factor for the larvae but also for adults. The protein expression was increased approximately seven times after 3 hours from treatment and after 6 hours it returning to control value. Data show difference in how males and females invest in Bt infection answer. Our data on immunity support the theory that males choose investment in reproduction over investment in immunity. In fact, B. thuringiensis-induced mortality data show the effect that females mount a stronger immune response and they also suffer lower mortality
Behavioural and biochemical stress responses of Cherax quadricarinatus after exposure to acoustic signal in tank
No full textAnthropogenic sound is recognized as a major environmental stressor that, in the long term, can have negative consequences on species. In recent years, there has been growing attention to the potential negative impact of noise pollution on species, with great concern about the significance of impacts on aquatic animal life. This study examined the effects of acoustic stress on the behavior and biochemical parameters of the freshwater shrimp Cherax quadricarinatus.
The experiment was conducted in a tank equipped with an audio and video recording system using ten groups (five control and five test) of three adult shrimp (30 animals in total). Animals in the test group were exposed to acoustic signals [a linear sweep from 1 to 20 kHz lasting 1 s, with a sound pressure level between 138 and 157 dBrms (re 1lParms)] for 45 minutes. Behavioral parameters such as, total acoustic signals emitted, movement velocity, angular velocity, distance moved, no. of fights, encounters, tail flip and biochemical parameters such as pH, osmolarity, protein concentration and enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, esterase and peroxidase) were evaluated. Exposure to the acoustic signal produced significant changes on the specie's total acoustic signals emitted and no. of fights. Enzyme activities show significant changes, with significantly lower values in stressed animals. These results suggest that high-frequency stimuli induce both a behavioural and physiological response, thus suggesting that acoustic stress may have an effect on the species
Does the immune answer to Bacillus thuringiensis infection is the same in larvae, females and males of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus?
No full textBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) è considerato un potenziale batterio entomopatogeno per la lotta al
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, coleottero da quarantena infestante le palme. In questo lavoro si considerano gli effetti dell’infezione di Bt in larve, maschi e femmine del punteruolo rosso. La patogenicità è stata valutata stimando la LD50 (Lethal Median Dose) e la LT50 (Lethal Median Time), il numero totale di emociti ed il tipo di emociti (Differential Haemocytes counts) ed inoltre l’espressione delle proteine Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) negli emociti e nel cerebro. La mortalità di entrambi i sessi e delle larve aumentava all’aumentare della dose e del tempo di esposizione. Tuttavia le larve hanno mostrato una maggiore mortalità, quasi doppia di quella degli adulti, mentre i valori di LT50 erano superiori nelle femmine rispetto ai maschi e alle larve. Trattamenti con dosi sub letali di Bt inducevano un decremento nel numero di emociti sia per larve che per gli adulti. Nelle larve, tuttavia, vi era un incremento dei plasmatociti e un decremento di enociti e sferulociti. Nelle femmine invece diminuivano tutti i tipi di emociti mentre nei maschi diminuiva il numero di plasmatociti ed incrementava quello dei granulociti. La risposta fisiologica alla infezione da Bt è stata valutata anche mediante la modulazione delle HSP70 negli emociti, mostrando che già dopo 3 ore
dall’ingestione di Bt, si poteva notare un incremento delle stesse. Nel cerebro il massimo picco di
modulazione delle HSP70 si è registrato a 6 ore dall’ingestione. I risultati confermano che il Bt induce uno stato di patogenesi nel punteruolo rosso sia negli adulti che nelle larve già a poche ore dall’ingestione tuttavia gli effetti sono diversi come livello e tipo di risposta.Bacillus thuringiensisis considered a potential useful entomopathogen of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(RPW), a quarantine pest that attacks the palm trees. We compare the effects of Bt in mature larvae, females and males. The pathogenicity activity of Bt was evaluated estimating: Median Lethal Dose (LD50), Median Lethal Time (LT50), and Total Haemocytes Count (THC) and Differential Haemocytes count (DHC), and finally the expression of the stress protein Heat Shock Protein 70 in the haemocytes and in the brains. RPW mortality exhibited a positive trend with the dosage and duration of exposure to Bt. The larvae were more susceptible than adults and the LD50 of females was even the double value of the one of larvae. Similarly, the LT50 value was higher for females than males and larvae. Treatment with sub-lethal dose of Bt induces a decrement in THC in larvae, females, and males. In treated larvae plasmatocytes decrease while oenocytes and spherulocytes increase. In treated females all type of haemocytes decrease, while in males the number of plasmatocytes decreases and the granulocytes increase. We also registered the stress answer directly on hemocytes, showing that already at 3, hours after eating Bt, it modulates the expression of the stress protein Hsp 70. This effect was also observed in the brain tissue at 6 hours after treatment.
The results confirm that the Bt treatment induces a pathogenic state in RPW larvae and adult of both genders, that answer only after few hours from ingestion, however, the effects are different in magnitude and in type of target. The highlights can be useful to understand better the relationship pathogen-host and to implement the integrated control of phytophagous
Collective locomotion of human cells, woundh healing and their control by extracts and isolated compounds from marine ivertebrates
Full text linkThe collective migration of cells is a complex integrated process that represents a common theme joining morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and tumor biology. It is known that a remarkable amount of secondary metabolites produced by aquatic invertebrates displays active pharmacological properties against a variety of diseases. The aim of this review is to pick up selected studies that report the extraction and identification of crude extracts or isolated
compounds that exert a modulatory effect on collective cell locomotion and/or skin tissue reconstitution and recapitulate the molecular, biochemical, and/or physiological aspects, where available, which are associated to the substances under examination, grouping the producing species according to their taxonomic hierarchy. Taken all of the collected data into account, marine invertebrates emerge as a still poorly-exploited valuable resource of natural products that may significantly improve the process of skin regeneration and restrain tumor cell migration, as documented by in vitro and in vivo studies. Therefore, the identification of the most promising invertebrate-derived extracts/molecules for the utilization as new targets for biomedical translation merits further and more detailed investigations
Biological responses to high-frequency sound in a freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus
No full textAnthropogenic noise is recognised as an important environmental stressor that can have longterm negative consequences on species. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to the potential negative impact of noise pollution on species, with great concern for the importance of impacts on aquatic animal life.
This study examined the effects of acoustic stress on the biochemical parameters of the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. The experiment was conducted in a tank equipped with an audio and video recording system using ten groups (five control and five test) of three adult crayfish (30 animals in total). The
animals in the test group were exposed to acoustic signals [a linear sweep from 10 to 200 kHz lasting 1 s, with a sound pressure level between 138 and 157 dBrms (re 1lParms)] for 45 minutes. Biochemical parameters such as pH, osmolarity, protein concentration and enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, esterase and peroxidase) were evaluated. Enzyme activities show significant changes, with significantly lower values in stressed animals. These results suggest that high-frequency stimuli induce a physiological stress response, thus suggesting
that acoustic stress may have physiological effects on the species
AQUATIC SHRIMPS AS A RESOURCES OF BIOACTIVE MOLECULES
No full textTo date, aquatic crayfish play a very important role both environmentally then economically. Depending on the species they can be invasive, bioindicators or used in human nutrition. Among these species today appear to be important one marine and one of freshwater species: respectively Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Procambarus clarkii. The first is an economically important species highly appreciated by consumers, while the second is an invasive species responsible of the disappearance of the autochthonous species and of serious impacts on aquatic ecosystems (SOUTY-GROSSET et al., 2016). In the case of A. foliacea, the production of waste to date is considerable due to the large quantity of exoskeletons that are which constitute both environmental and economic damage for disposal companies. In the case of P. clarkii being that it is a very dangerous species for freshwater ecosystems, to date it is very important carrying out eradication or control of its distribution. Using the exoskeleton of these species is possible to obtain bioactive molecules such as chitosan. All these aspects are part of the purpose of our study which is part of two project: the PO FEAMP 2014-2020 project entitled "Census, characterization, control and valorization of the Louisiana red shrimp (Procambarus clarkii) in Sicily" and Interreg Italia-Malta entitled "Bythos Extend". In particular, the preparations of the flours and the extractions of chitosan and astaxanthin from the exoskeletons have already been developed in the Bythos I project (MAURO et al., 2022). These protocols were used to extract chitosan and astaxanthin from P. clarkii exoskeletons of different Sicilian lakes: the Rosamarina Lake and the Gorghi Tondi Lake. The obtained chitosans were analyzed using a Jasco FT/IR 420 spectrometer. On flours, were evaluated total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu reaction), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and radical scavenging activity assays (ABTS and DPPH). The reducing power and radical scavenger activity of flour of A. foliacea was significantly higher than P. clarkii. Flours of the two species of P. clarkii, as expected, showed comparable reducing power. ABTS, DPPH and FRAP radical scavenger activity assays were conducted on astaxanthin and chitosan showing no significant differences. These results are important to evaluate a possible use of these bioactive products in cosmetic, nutraceutical, and/or medical application
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS FROM Posidonia oceanica SEAGRASS ON MOUSE MACROPHAGES AND HUMAN BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
Full text linkANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY OF A PEPTIDE IDENTIFIED IN THE SEAGRASS POSIDONIA OCEANICA
No full textA MESOCOSM STUDY: BEHAVIOURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES OF CHERAX QUADRICARINATUS AFTER EXPOSURE TO ACOUSTIC SIGNAL
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