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Knock in s.i. engines: a comparison between different techniques for detection and control
No full textUn banco prova per la caratterizzazione sperimentale di motori Otto 2T di piccola cilindrata
No full textInternal combustion Engine (ICE) Fundamentals
No full textEngines are machines designed to provide mechanical
energy to a wide variety of systems by converting the
chemical energy of a fuel (devices that are capable of
producing a mechanical output starting from different types
of energy, such as electric or hydraulic energy, are usually
called motors).
Internal combustion engines (ICEs) exploit the conversion
of the chemical energy contained in suitable fuels—typically
hydrocarbons (HCs)—into mechanical energy, owing to a
combustion process. The heat generated by oxidation reactions
of elements such as carbon or hydrogen produces a
temperature increase in the fluid that acts as the working fluid
in the power plant. The enthalpy increase is then exploited to
generate mechanical work in suitable machines, thanks to the
fluid expansion.
If the combustion takes place within the working fluid
itself, the machine is then called ICE; on the contrary, if
the working fluid receives the heat from the combustion
products remaining separated from them by a solid surface
(for instance, in a heat exchanger), the machine is referred to
as external combustion engine.
Typical examples of external combustion engines are
steam turbine plants or Stirling engines, whereas the ICEs
category includes gas turbines and reciprocating and rotary
ICEs. External combustion engines operate according to a
thermodynamic closed cycle, as the working fluid undergoes
thermodynamic transformations in a closed loop without any
Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, Edited by Jinyue Yan.
C2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-118-38858-7.
need of being replaced. On the contrary, the fluid operating
in an ICE undergoes chemical transformations that require
its periodical replacement with fresh fluid, thus performing a
thermodynamic open cycle.
Even though gas turbine plants can also be designed to
operate through a closed cycle, they are typically operating
in open cycle: consequently, strictly speaking, they should
be included in the ICEs category. Nevertheless, only reciprocating
and rotary engines are commonly designated as ICEs
and will therefore be discussed in this chapter
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