49 research outputs found
Writing and the rights of reality: usurpation and potentiality in Derrida, Plato, Nietzsche, and Beckett
No full textThe thesis critically evaluates Jacques Derrida's conferral of the rights of reality on writing, focussing on his theory of an arche-text in light of the speculative nature of this theory. The theory is initially considered in the context of Derrida's elucidation of the usurpatory status of writing within the Platonic and Nietzschean texts. This consideration reveals an admission of writing's usurpatory status by both writers while at the same time demonstrating their awareness of the intrinsically speculative nature of this view, the significance of writing lying in its ability to exteriorise the radically indeterminate status of consciousness m relation to reality rather than its ability to displace consciousness or reality The analyses, therefore, not only bring the Derridean hypothesis of a repressive or phonocentric metaphysical episteme into question but also exhibit the historical and philosophical role of potentiality in relation to writing, writing's ultimate significance lying in its capacity to exteriorise our existence as a mode of potentiality. Accordingly, in the second half of the thesis the Derridean theory of writing is countered with a specifically Aristotelian theory of the text as it is exhibited in the prose of Samuel Beckett, an author whose significance lies in his close alignment with Derridean theory within contemporary criticism. It is demonstrated that this identification has obviated an awareness of the significance of potentiality within the Beckettian text, his work consequently being appraised in the previously neglected context of Aristotelian metaphysics
Reutilización de las tumbas en Oaxaca, México. Dimensión Antropológica Vol. 7 Año 3 (1996) mayo-agosto
No full textAcosta, J. R. y J. Romero, Exploraciones en Monte Negro, Oaxaca, México, INAH, serie arqueología (antologías), 1992.Agrinier, R., "The Archaeological Burials at Chiapa de Corzo and their Furniture", en Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, vol. 16, New World Archaeological Foundation Provo, 1964.Agrinier, P., "Mound 20, Mirador, Chiapas, México", en Papers of the New World archaeological foundation, vol. 28, New world archaeological foundation, Provo,1970.Arroyo, B., "Enterramientos de Balberta: un sitio en la costa sur de Guatemala", en BAR International series, vol. 559, Oxford, BAR, 1990.Autry, W., Pos Formative burial practices: Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, MA, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chape Hill, 1973.Blanton, R.E., Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at Ancient Zapotec Capital, Nueva York, Academic Press, 1978.Blanton R.E., S. Kowalewski, G.M. Feinman y J. Appel,"Monte Albán's Hinterland, Part 1: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico", en Prehistoric and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, núm. 7, Ann Arbor, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1982.Borbolla de la, Rubén, “La osamenta humana encontrada en la tumba 7", en Caso (ed.), El tesoro de Monte Albán, Memorias del INAH, vol. III, México, INAH, 1969, pp. 275-324.Caso, Alfonso, El tesoro de Monte Albán; Memorias del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, III, México, INAH, 1969.Coggins, C., "Comment on Engendering tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an old Yarn", en Current Anthropology 35(2),1994, p. 153.Drennan, R.D., “Fábrica San José and Middle Formative Society in the Valley of Oaxaca", en Prehistory and Human Ecology of Valley of Oaxaca, vol. 4, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1976.Estrada, B. E., “Funeraria en Chupícuaro, Guanajuato", en Anales del INAH, época 6(3), 1949, pp. 79-84.Feinman, G. M. y L. M. Nicholas, “At The Margins of the Monte Albán state: Settlement Patterns in the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico", en Latin American Antiquity, 1(2), 1990, pp. 16-24.Feinman, G.M. y L.M. Nicholas, "Shell-Ornament Production in Ejutla: Implications for High1and-Coastal Interaction in Ancient Oaxaca", en Ancient Mesoamerica 4(1), 1993, pp. 103-120.Feinman, G. M., L. M. Nicholas y S. Fedick, "Shell Working in Prehispanic Ejutla: Implications for High1and-Coastal Interaction in Ancient Oaxaca", en Mexicon 13,1991, pp. 69-77.Feinman, G. M., L. M. Nicholas y WD. Middleton, "Craft Activities at the Prehispanic Ejutla Site, Oaxaca, Mexico", en Mexicon 15(2),1993, pp. 33-41.Finstein, L.M., "Comment on Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an old Yárn", en Current Anthropology 35(2),1994, p. 155.Flannery, K.V., "Zapotec Warfare: Archaeological Evidence for the Battles of Huitzo and Guiengola", en Flannery (ed.), The Cloud People, Nueva York, Academic Press, 1983, pp. 318-322.Flarnnery, KV y J. Marcus, “An Editorial Opinion on the Mixtec Impact", en Flannery (ed.), The Cloud People, Nueva York, Academic Press, 1983, pp. 277-279.____________, "On the Perils of Political Correct Archaeology", en Current Anthropology 34(4), 1994, pp. 441-442.Gero, J.M., "Comment on Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an old Yarn", en Current Anthropology 35(2), 1994, p. 156.Hammond, N., A. Clark y C. Robin, "Middle Preclassic Buildings and Burials at Cuello, Belize: 1990 Investigations", en Latin American Antiquity 2(4), 1991, pp. 352-363.Joyce, R.A., "On Engendering Monte Albán Tomb 7", en CurrentAnthropology 35(2),1994, p. 157.Klein, C.E, "Comment on Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: an old Yarn", en Current Anthropology 35(2), 1994, p. 157.Kirchhoff, Paul, "Mesoamérica. Sus límites geográficos, composición étnica y caracteres culturales", en Suplemento de la revista Tlatoani, México, ENAH (original 1943), 1960.Kowalewski, S., "The Archaeological Evidence for Sa'a Yucu', en Flannery (ed.), The Cloud People, Nueva York, Academic Press, 1983, p. 289.Krogman, WM. y Y. M. Iscan, The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine, C.C. Thomas, 1986.López, A. S., Zaid Lagunas R. y Carlos Serrano S., Enterramientos humanos de la zona arqueológica de Cholula, Puebla, México, INAH (col. Científica, Antropología Física, vol. 44), 1976.Lovejoy, C.O., R.S. Meindl, TR. Pryzbeck y R.P Mensforth, "Cronological Metamorphosis of the Auricular Surface of the Ilhum: a New Method for Determination of Adult Skeletal Age at Death", en AJPA, 68, 1985, pp. 15-28.Lowe, G.W y R Agrinier, "Mound 1, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico", en Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, vol. 8, Provo, New World Archaeological Foundation, 1960.Mason, J.A., "Mound 12, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico", en Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, vol. 9, Provo, New Worid Archaeological Foundation, 1960.McCafferty S.D. y G.G. McCafferty Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an old Yárn", en Current Anthropology 35(2),1994, pp. 143-166.McKeever-Furts, J.L., "Comment on Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an old Yárn", en Current Anthropology 35(2), 1994, p. 158.Meindl, S.R., C.O. Lovejoy, R.P Mensforth y R.A. Walker, “A Revised Method of Age Determination Using the Os Pubis, with a Review and Tests of Accuracy of Other Current Methods of Pubic Symphyseal Aging", en AJPa, 68, 1985, pp. 29-45.Middlenton, WD., "Patterns of faunal exploitation at the Ejutla site, Oaxaca, Mexico", en Paper Presented at the Midwest Mesoamericanists Meeting, Loyola University, 1994.Monzón, M., Casas prehispánicas en Teotihuacan, México, UNAM, 1989.Morales de, M. M., "The Chalcatzingo burials", en Grove (ed.), Ancient Chalcatzingo, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1987.Müller, E, "Entierro radial de Tulancingo, Hidalgo", en Cuaderno de Trabajo, Departamento de Salvamento Arqueológico, vol. 1, INAH, 1986.Robin, C., "Preclassic Maya burials at Cuelo, Belize", en BAR International Series, vol. 480, Oxford, BAR, 1989.Romano, A., “Sistemas de enterramientos", en Romero (coord.), Bernal (ed.), Antropología física: época prehispánica, Panorama histórico y cultural, III, México, SEP-INAH, 1974.Ruz L., A., "Tombs and Funerary Practices in the Maya Lowlands", en Willy (ed.), Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica: Part one, pp. 441-461.Séjourné, L., "El simbolismo de los rituales funerarios en Monte Albán", en Paper Presented at the VII Mesa Redonda de la SMA, 1957, México, 1960.Sempowski, M.L. y M.W Spence, Mortuary Practices and Skeletal Reinains at Teotihuacan, Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1994.Serrano, C. y Z. Lagunas, "Sistema de enterramientos y notas sobre el material osteológico de la Ventilla, Teotihuacan, México", en Anales del INAH, época 7a, IV, 1974, pp. 105-144.Suárez, C. S., "Un entierro del Clásico superior en Cholula, Puebla", en Cuaderno de Trabajo 6, México, Centro Regional de Puebla INAH, 1985.Welsh, W. B. M., “Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials", en BAR International Series, vol. 409, Oxford, BAR International, 1988.Whalen, M.E., "Exacavations at Santo Domingo Tomaltepec: Evolution of a Formative Community in the Valley of Oaxaca", en Museum of Anthropology 6, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1981.White, T. D. y P. A. Folkens, Human Osteology, San DiegoAcademic Press, 1991.Wilkinson, R.G. y R.J. Norelli, “A Biocultural Analysis of Social Organization at Monte Albán", en American Antiquity 46(4),1981, pp. 743-758.Winter, M. y C. M. López, "On Engendering Monte Albán Tomb 7”, en Current Anthropology 35(3), 1994, p. 286.Winter, C.M., "Rescate arqueológico en Loma del Mesquite, San Pablo, Huitzo, Etla, Oaxaca", en Estudios de Antropología e Historia 39, Oaxaca, CRO, INAH, 1984.El presente artículo describe una tumba excavada recientemente en Ejutla, Oaxaca. En el uso de la tumba aparecen al menos cinco entierros secuenciales, reflejando lo que llamamos “reutilización continua” de las tumbas. Basados en este término nosotros sugerimos que: la práctica de la reutilización fue más común en Mesoamérica de lo que se ha sospechado hasta ahora. La consideración de esta tercera alternativa de la dicotomía entierro primario/secundario proporciona una nueva perspectiva para evaluar el ensamble esquelético de la tumba 7
The paradigm of field inversion applied to a wall bounded jet using PIV measurements as reference data
No full textTo this date, simulating the dynamics of a fluid remain extremely expensive for most practical design prob- lems. The large range of length and time scales to be resolved makes it especially computationally heavy. In engineering applications, the standard is still the RANS approach for CFD modelling. Most commonly the so- called two-equation models are used. The use of CFD in the aerospace design process is still severely limited by the inability to accurately and reliably predict turbulent flows with significant regions of separation. More accurate modelling approaches including LES are often not practical to use in engineering applications.In the recent work of Deltares, such problems also arise. Research has been performed on water flow be- hind an underflow gate. The flow phenomenon that occurs closely resembles that of a wall-bounded jet. The reason such research has been performed is to better predict the turbulent behaviour of the jet downstream to predict possible damage to sediment. Seven weirs on the Meuse are planned to be renovated or replaced. Currently, bed protection is designed using physical scale models. Ultimately numerical models are to be the new standard for designing bed protection behind an underflow weir.In their work experiments have been performed to acquire PIV data of the velocity field. This has been compared to their results of multiple CFD simulations which have been performed with different levels of fidelity. Several gate openings, changing the effective Reynolds number, have been used to compare the experimental results with the simulations. They concluded that although the velocity field solution of the simulations is good enough for engineering practices, all simulations show a mismatch in the area of the shear layer between the jet and the main flow.In recent years more and more research has been done in the applications of machine learning. The capabilities of ML have increased rapidly and are now also used in closure modelling. Alongside this are the continuously improving experimental capabilities which allow for much higher resolution information. The combination can be used for data-driven techniques to improve upon current RANS models.In recent work, the paradigm of field inversion has been proposed. Here instead of calibrating the mod- elling coefficients, a corrective field is used to effectively address the modelling deficiency. The correction field has been applied to the production term of the specific turbulent dissipation rate transport equation. To infer the values of the highest probability for the corrective field inverse methods are proposed. The method proposed uses Bayesian inversion, which includes an optimisation process. As the problem consists of a large number of variables normal optimisation processes are too expensive. Therefore, the adjoint method is proposed to compute gradients efficiently.In this work, the goal is to extend upon the recent work on field inversion. The paradigm will be applied to the underflow weir case of Deltares. The experimental data will be used to infer a spatially varying corrective field used to correct the simulations to improve their predictive capabilities. As the density of data points is often far smaller than the density of simulation cells, and often data sets do not cover the whole simulation domain the paradigm is extended to accept imperfect data.It was found that with these extensions a correction field could be found that can lower the cost function by a factor of two. The prediction of flow features behind the weir were predicted more accurately using the newly found corrected model.Aerospace Engineerin
Aristophanes and Euripides: A Palimpsestuous Relationship
No full textAristophanes allows Euripides to interrupt constantly. In Athenian comedy of the fifth century they are on stage together, both literally and figuratively. Despite Aristophanes’ comedies having a meaning of their own, Euripides’ lines are so clearly visible underneath them that they can only be described as the verbal equivalent of a palimpsest. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a palimpsest as a manuscript or piece of writing on which later writing has superimposed or effaced earlier writing, or something reused or altered but still bearing visible traces of its earlier form. It is clear that a palimpsest is the product of layering that results in something as new, whilst still bearing traces of the original. Dillon describes the palimpsest as “...an involuted phenomenon where otherwise unrelated texts are involved and entangled, intricately interwoven, interrupting and inhabiting each other”. Aristophanes takes texts, particularly those of Euripides, which may otherwise have been unrelated, and weaves them together to form something new.
I will show that in a number of cases Aristophanes offers scenes that have already been performed in Euripides’ plays but lays his own plot over the tragedian’s, whilst at the same time drawing the audiences’ attention to the original. The nature of this borrowing overwrites Kristeva’s theory of ‘intertextuality’ and provides a new and more apposite name for the permutation of texts in which the geno-text corresponds to infinite possibilities of palimpsestuous textuality (and the pheno-text to a singular text, which contains echoes of what it could have been). The plurality of Euripides’ texts, whilst engendering those of Aristophanes, constantly interrupts them. Through the consideration of ancient and modern literary theory and by a close analysis of Aristophanes’ and Euripides’ plays, this thesis sets out to offer a new reading of the relationship between these two poets. It shows that they were engaged in a dialogue of reciprocal influence that came to a head at the end of the Peloponnesian War
Author Correction: A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery
No full textIn the version of this article initially published, the ATLAS Collaboration
author names, affiliations and acknowledgements were omitted and
have now been included in the HTML and PDF versions of the article
Beamforming in sparse, random, 3D array antennas with fluctuating element locations
No full textThe impact of the fluctuations in the locations of elementary radiators on the radiation properties of three dimensional(3D) array antennas is studied. The principal radiation features (sidelobes level, beam squint) are examined based on illustrative examples. Some atypical behaviours, that are specific to 3D arrays, are highlighted. The effect of fluctuations is also demonstrated via examples. This study is important, among others, for designing beamforming strategies in case of constellations of (nano) satellites for space-bound remote sensing of the Earth and the Universe
Chronic Unilateral Uveitis with Macular Edema Secondary to Dabrafenib for Pilocytic Astrocytoma
No full textThis report describes a unique case of chronic unilateral anterior uveitis associated with macular edema while on oral dabrafenib treatment for chronic recurrent pilocytic astrocytoma. After gradual taper of prednisolone acetate OS, the patient developed recurrent mild low-grade anterior uveitis and macular edema OS that required low dose of prednisolone acetate OS to prevent recurrences while on oral dabrafenib. When oral dabrafenib was temporarily discontinued for 3 months due to her ocular inflammation, she had no flares of her uveitis; however, her tumor increased significantly in size. The collaborative decision was made to continue her oral dabrafenib while on topical anti-inflammatory therapy for her uveitis. Clinicians should be aware of this potential unilateral sequela of uveitis secondary to dabrafenib. Further investigation should be conducted to identify factors that may place certain patients at higher risk for this complication. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
The Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Locus and White Matter Lesions: A Role for the Clock Gene REV-ERB?
No full textBackground: Thyroid disorders are associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Both small vessel disease and neurodegeneration have a role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TR?) is the predominant TR in brain. The circadian clock gene REV-ERB? overlaps with the TR? gene and interferes with TR? expression. Limited data are available on the role of the TR?/REV-ERB? locus in small vessel disease and neurodegeneration. We therefore studied genetic variation in the TR?/REV-ERB? locus in relation to brain imaging data, as early markers for small vessel disease and neurodegeneration. Methods: Fifteen polymorphisms, covering the TR?/REV-ERB? locus, were studied in relation to white matter lesion (WML), total brain, and hippocampal volumes in the Rotterdam Study I (RS-I, n=454). Associations that remained significant after multiple testing correction were subsequently studied in an independent population for replication (RS-II, n=607). Results: No associations with total brain or hippocampal volumes were detected. A haplotype block in REV-ERB? was associated with WML volumes in RS-I. Absence of this haplotype was associated with larger WML volumes in women (0.38%±0.18% [?±SE], p=0.007), but not in men (0.04%±0.11%, p=0.24), which was replicated in RS-II (women: 0.15%±0.05%, p=0.04; men: 0.05%±0.07%, p=0.80). Meta-analysis of the two populations showed that women lacking this haplotype have a 1.9 times larger WML volume (p=0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest a role for REV-ERB? in the pathogenesis of WMLs.IST/Imaging Science and TechnologyApplied Science
Empowering Ni-Vanuatu women: Amplifying Wantok authority and achieving fair market access
No full textThe Republic of Vanuatu (2004) report on Vanuatu’s implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) notes that many urban disenfranchised Ni-Vanuatu women live in poverty and have little access to paid employment. The women who do gain paid employment in formal jobs rarely gain access to positions of authority. The United Nations (UN) offered two strategies to improve the position of Ni-Vanuatu women in Vanuatu. The first is informed by CEDAW in Article Eleven on Employment. The “Equity Desk of the Vanuatu Department of Strategic Management” and the “Vanuatu Department of Women’s Affairs Gender Planner” (The Republic of Vanuatu, 2004, pp. 12-13) have been charged with the responsibility of implementing Article Eleven and developing Equal Employment Opportunities (EEO) programmes for the public sector. This strategy aims to increase women’s access to paid employment in the formal employment sector and encourage women to achieve positions of authority. The second strategy offered by the UN is the establishment of microfinance projects aimed at providing disenfranchised urban women unable to find employment with a means to own and run microfinance businesses to earn a living. Both these strategies have the overarching aim of improving the well-being of Ni-Vanuatu women.
This study has investigated the extent to which access to formal sector jobs and the implementation of microfinance businesses in the informal sector addresses the well-being of Ni-Vanuatu women. These programmes are being implemented within a complex historical, socio-political cultural and economic environment (Van Trease, 1995). This complexity includes the continuance of Wantok systems of governance in the form of matrilineality (predominant in Vanuatu) and patrilineality (adopted from Christian influences in 1800s and colonial legacy in 1906) (Van Trease, 1987; Facey, 1981; Allen, 1981 & Macdonald-Milne & Thomas, 1981). Matrilineal cultural values bequeath patrimony and legacy of lineage and land inheritance from mothers to daughters. Matrilineal women share power with men in community affairs (Maltali, Sandy & Tamashiro, 2009). In patrilineal communities, patrimony and legacy of lineage and land inheritance is passed from fathers to sons (Van Trease, 1987). Patrilineal mothers and daughters have no lineage, land inheritance, or power-sharing rights (Stege, Maetala, Naupa & Simo 2008). Both Wantok systems are based on communal values practised primarily in the rural sector. Urban centres are organised around a modern-cash and market-economy and a governance framework based on the British Westminster model and the French Head of State model (ILO, 2006). This European generated governance system is underpinned by values informed by liberal competitive individualism and an assumed commitment to meritocracy. It is, however, a system of governance steeped in patriarchal nuances as a direct legacy of the colonial regime now adapted and administered by the Vanuatu’s ruling elite, referred as Vanuatu’s urban patriarchy throughout this thesis.
The theoretical frameworks used in this research draw on both liberal feminist studies and on an adaptation of subaltern scholarship (Thomas & Humphries, 2010 & 2011). The focus is on the legacy of imperialism and colonisation, the politics of power and hegemony, and the expressions of equal rights, emancipation and empowerment as these pertain to the well-being of women in Vanuatu.
Three sets of qualitative empirical observations were collected: i) a focus group discussion with 20 employer and employee representatives; ii) 36 conversations with women employed in the formal employment sector who held positions of authority within their respective organisations; and iii) 39 conversations with women who owned a microfinance business. My field notes were analysed thematically using a point and counterpoint framework crafted from my interest in the work of Huxley (cf Baker & James, 2000a & 2000b & Dawson, 2009). The point is informed by a liberal feminist lens (Gamble, 1999 & Heywood, 2000). A counterpoint to this liberal feminist interpretation is generated from a post-colonial feminist perspective through an adaptation of subaltern studies (Thomas & Humphries 2010 & 2011; Gamble, 1999 & Spivak, 1988). I draw on my Matrilineal Wantok Feminist Voice (MWFV) to form a standpoint in the discussion and to frame insights drawn from the ideas associated with the solidarity economy (Allard, Davidson & Matthaei, 2009; Harvey, 2006 & Harding, 2004).
Point/counterpoint/standpoint for the research as a whole
Point: Liberal feminist strategies for the emancipation of women (and the intended improvement and well-being of their families associated with this perspective) encourage women to pursue better living standards, achieve empowerment in the home, and seek formal jobs or other market-based income opportunities. If in formal jobs, women are encouraged to seek positions of authority. For these women, the major transition in orientation is the move from Wantok-related patterns of responsibilities and opportunities to those made available in the formal Western-generated economy. These Western ways, with emphasis on individualized opportunity, appear to offer financial gain and familial influences, particularly to women born into patrilineal lineage descent groups.
Counterpoint: Viewed through the adaptation of subaltern perspectives that I have applied to the liberal feminist remedies for the enhancement of well-being for the women of Vanuatu, it appears that the women of Vanuatu are involved in multiple and simultaneous complex master/slave relationships (Kohn, 2005 & Honderich, 1995). These relationships are exemplified in salaried/professional occupations held by women, between the women and their employers and work-place cultures, between women and rural and urban patriarchal hegemonies, and between women and the cash and market economy. While EEO activities can be seen to make a difference in the lives of some women, taken together, these interventions are reducing the overall well-being for Ni-Vanuatu women more generally. For the Vanwods microfinance women entrepreneurs, master/slave relationships could be discerned between the Vanwods MFI’s social control of the Mamas, the Vanuatu Government’s imposition of high business licence fees to the Mamas, the Mamas and their greater dependence on the cash and market economy, and the Mamas and their relationship with rural and urban patriarchal hegemonies (Thomas & Humphries, 2010 & 2011). These forms of systemic subservience interpreted from the women’s narratives provide a caution against the uncritical adoption of Western liberal feminist ideals (DeVault, 1990). It is matrilineal women; however, who appear to suffer the most from their move into the urban centres as there they must contend with an urban patriarchal hegemony, an impediment which they had not encountered in their former rural communities governed in accordance with matrilineal Wantok values.
Standpoint: The research findings suggest that all women in this study worked long hours, experiencing discrimination and oppression, received low pay, and experienced increased financial obligations as a result of their engagement in formal and informal jobs. As well as being increasingly dependent on inadequate and unsustainable livelihoods in the urban areas, family and Wantok social relations were challenged and diminished as a consequence of their necessary commitment to their jobs and the demands of urban living. Access to traditional forms of authority and sustenance was undermined.
I conclude that, overall, the implementation of CEDAW-EEO programmes along with the establishment of microfinance projects devised for the emancipation of the disenfranchised women of Vanuatu, while apparently proving beneficial from a liberal feminist interpretation in granting urban women with access to incomes, property and power-sharing, may provide an element of liberation for women of patrilineal descent groups but add new dimensions of patriarchal inhibitors for women of matrilineal descent groups who take up employment under the Westminster rules of governance. The remedies taken as a whole, while promising improved well-being through market-based income generation, remove women from the Wantok kinship social support networks embedded in their indigenous Wantok governance frameworks causing complex problems and hardships for them. Drawing on my Matrilineal Wantok Feminist standpoint position, I suggest that the Solidarity Economy, which combines aspects of market access while still engaging in the traditional systems of social organization, offers an alternative organisational and economic framework for developing and enhancing community well-being in both the rural and urban areas of Vanuatu
Electrocardiogram recordings in free-ranging gannets reveal minimum difference in heart rate during flapping versus gliding flight
No full textGliding flight is one of the major features that allows flying animals to cover extensive distances while minimising their energy expenditures. This has been supported by studies recording heart rate as a proxy for energy expended, but the exact amount of flapping and gliding during flight is often not taken into account, making a genuine assessment of the heart rate evolution with flight modes problematic. We used miniature accelerometers and electrocardiogram recorders attached externally to free-ranging Cape gannets Morus capensis to examine how heart rate varies when birds use gliding or flapping flight. Flapping phases (in beats per minute; 255.5 bpm) showed consistently higher heart rates than gliding phases (217.2 bpm), with the changes in heart rate at the onset of a new phase (flapping or gliding) being almost instantaneous, irrespective of the duration of the subsequent phase. Surprisingly though, the difference between the heart rates measured during flapping and gliding flights only amounted to about 20%. Such a small difference does not accord with the fact that gannets are known to have elevated flight costs. This discrepancy suggests that heart rate and metabolic rate are not correlated linearly in M. capensis. Cardio-vascular adjustments, such as a variable stroke volume (following Fick’s law), might have evolved because local wind conditions and gannet foraging strategies are not always compatible with gliding flight
