1,720,992 research outputs found
Valoración de los Impactos del cambio climático sobre la población (Capítulo 4) - in “Informe de valoración de los impactos de actividades antrópicas y del cambio climático”. Producto C – Doc. 25051-REL-T010.0. World Bank Tender: Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts on the Coastal Wetlands in the Gulf of Mexico.
No full textHoy en día, el cambio climático es uno de los mayores problemas a enfrentar en la zona costera del estado de Tabasco. Sus efectos – tormentas, aumento del nivel del mar, variación de los patrones de temperatura y de precipitación, erosión costera, etc. – serán cada vez más imponentes. El crecimiento poblacional interesa así como la realidad de los municipios alrededor del sistema lagunar Carmen-Pajonal-Machona que durante el periodo 1995-2010 han crecido, según INEGI (2010) el 17.58% (Cárdenas), 18.91% (Comalcalco), y 24.65% (Paraíso). A pesar de la común tendencia de crecimiento, los municipios presentan significativas diferencias en algunas dinámicas sociodemográficas mapeadas por distintos índices (de salud, de educación, de ingreso, de desarrollo humano). La misma afirmación se puede aplicar a la distribución de la población entre las comunidades de cada municipio. Las diferencias, en el caso de las comunidades se traducen en tendencias diametralmente opuestas entre ellas por las que algunas han seguido creciendo mientras otras están declinando debido a distintas causas, como, por ejemplo el movimiento migratorio. Muchos son los factores que pueden afectar la dinámica futura de la población de cada comunidad, y por lo tanto de cada municipio, condicionando los índices demográficos del Estado de Tabasco. Entre otros se puede mencionar el cambio climático, una causa que muy frecuentemente no se considera (y analiza) entre los factores que determinan los movimientos de la población. El objetivo de este capítulo, por lo tanto, es el de trazar una primera evolución de la población del Estado de Tabasco, de los municipios que se encuentran alrededor del sistema lagunar Carmen-Pajonal-Machona y de algunas de sus comunidades, tomando en cuenta la evolución del clima futuro y haciendo especificas asunciones sobre el crecimiento económico de México. Antes de delinear esas tendencias, se ofrecerá una panorámica general del contexto de referencia y de algunas posibles causas de variación de las dinámicas poblacionales en el área geográfica de interés, como resultado del cambio climático futuro. Eso será posible analizando la literatura sobre la dinámica poblacional, además de los resultados del mismo diagnóstico socio-económico y de las proyecciones de cambio climático
RISK-ADJUSTED RETURN ON RISK-ADJUSTED CAPITAL (RARORAC)
No full textIl RARORAC (Risk-adjusted Return on Risk-adjusted Capital) è un indicatore che misura l’efficienza nella creazione di valore in funzione del rischio.
Appartiene alla categoria delle cosiddette Risk-adjusted Performance Metrics (RAPMs) - o misure corrette per il rischio - insieme ad altre altrettanto importanti come, ad esempio, il Return on Risk Adjusted Capital (RORAC) ed il Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC). In questo lavoro verranno analizzate le sue principali caratteristiche
EMISSION TRADING SCHEME (EU-ETS)
No full textDefined in Art. 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Emission Trading Scheme
(EU-ETS) represents the largest active trading program in the world for greenhouse
gases. Formally, it is one of the flexible mechanisms of the Protocol, and was
approved in 2003 although entered into force only in 2005. Under the EU-ETS
Parties which are net emitters can buy emissions credits from other countries to
meet the reduction targets set by the Protocol. The selling countries are those
whose level of total emissions is lower than their target. The first phase of the
mechanism covered the period 2005 to 2007 while the second goes from 2008 to
2012. The third phase will start after 2012
Commercio Equo
No full textIl Commercio Equo (Fair Trade, FT) è un’iniziativa economica in espansione che vede
organizzazioni di importatori europei e statunitensi, stabilire relazioni al fine di elaborare strategie comuni di supporto e promozione del commercio equo a livello internazionale. Questo lavoro ne delinea le principali caratteristiche ed il processo di evoluzione
VALUE AT RISK (VaR)
No full textThe value at risk (VaR) measures the risk of loss associated to financial assets. For a given time period (normally ranging from 1 to 10 days), and with a given prob-ability confidence (generally equal to 95% or 99%); this measure represents the maximum loss the investor can suffer when holding financial assets. The time hori-zon used to calculate the VaR depends on the investment duration; the value at risk is used to compute the minimum capital requirements necessary to compensate losses resulting from market risk, according to the BIS banking regulation
Climate-driven vulnerability and risk perception: implications for climate change adaptation in rural Mexico
No full textClimate change is a major issue for rural communities in developing countries; thus, a better understanding of climate-related vulnerability and risk beliefs to unlock adaptation actions is necessary. By focusing on the rural communities located in the Mexican lagoon system of El Carmen, El Pajonal and La Machona, we first investigate different sources of vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) and derive an aggregated vulnerability index integrating all the information. Hence, we link the different vulnerability sources—on top of additional cognitive and experiential elements—with climate-related individual risk perceptions. On the one hand, results identify the municipalities and communities most endangered and reveal the existence of levels of vulnerability along the lagoon deserving prioritization and action. On the other hand, a relationship between greater vulnerability and higher perception of risk applies. While exposure, sensitivity and cognitive components are found to shape climate-related risk perception, adaptive capacity and experiential factors appear to have no statistically significant influence
Afforestation and timber management compliance strategies in climate policy: A computable general equilibrium analysis
No full textThis paper analyzes the role of afforestation-reforestation and timber management activities, and their major and secondary economic effects in stabilizing climate during the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. In particular, with a Computable General Equilibrium framework, the ICES model, it is inferred how forest carbon sequestration fits within the European domestic portfolio of a 2020-20 and 2020-30 climate stabilization policy. Afforestation and land use are accounted for by introducing their effects in the model. This is done by relying on carbon sequestration curves provided by Sohngen (2005), which describe the average annual cost of sequestration for selected world regions. Results show that afforestation and timber management could lead to substantially lower policy costs if included. By allowing afforestation alone it is possible to achieve the 30% emissions reduction target with an additional European effort of only 0.2% compared with the cost of a 20% emissions reduction without afforestation. The introduction of these alternatives for mitigating climate is expected to reduce carbon price by around 30% in 2020 and the already contained leakage effect (around 1%), coming from an independent European commitment, by 0.2
The effect of fair trade affiliation on child schooling: Evidence from a sample of Chilean honey producers
No full textWe evaluate the impact of fair trade (FT) affiliation on child schooling within a sample of Chilean honey producers with a retrospective panel data approach. From a theoretical point of view we argue that FT should have a positive effect on child schooling since it generates a short run pure income effect together with a medium run productivity effect on both adult and child wages. On the other hand, because of the higher productivity generated by the medium run effect, the opportunity cost of child education increases if they work with their parents. The direction of the impact of FT affiliation on child schooling is therefore uncertain and requires empirical testing. Our econometric findings document a positive and significant impact of affiliation years on child schooling after controlling for endogeneity and heterogeneity between the treatment and control sample
Climate–Human–Land Interactions: A Review of Major Modelling Approaches
Full text linkInternational agreements on climate change have highlighted the role of land in climate and human dynamics, making it an issue of global importance. The modelling of land-related processes, sectors, and activities has recently become a central topic in economic and policy theory, as well as within environmental sciences. Modelling strategies have been improved and new datasets have come into light for land-cover and land-use change analysis. However, unexpected human behavior and natural constraints challenge the modelling of interdependences and feedback mechanisms amongst economies, societies, and the environment, resulting from land-use and cover change. This paper provides a detailed overview of the most representative and advanced methods and models developed to represent climate–human–land interactions. It offers a critical discussion about relevant methodological aspects, missing knowledge, and areas for future research
Climate Change, Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility: the Role of Financial Institutions
No full textClimate change is one of the most critical issues that emerges in the debate on sustainability. Voluntary business initiatives, in the form of corporate social responsibility practices, can play a key role in promoting sustainable development, whose effectiveness depends on the responsible involvement of actors operating in the political, economic and societal sphere. Financial institutions, such as banks, play an important role with respect to sustainable development, since their activity may have relevant direct and indirect impacts on environment and society. This paper analyzes the state-of-the-art of green financial products and services in Europe, addressing some interrelated questions regarding ethical issues: Which is the effective involvement of banks in supporting sustainable development? To what extent is the diffusion of specialized financial services on the climate change issue part of a more comprehensive ethical view? Is there a relationship between the degree of importance and internalization of corporate social responsibility aspects within banks’ corporate governance and the number and quality of green/carbon services and products offered
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