990 research outputs found
Splendrillia bahamasensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i>, new species <p>(Plates 144, 145)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 16.2 x 6.2 mm (USNM 1291354); 24 paratypes, all from the type locality: 12 spec., 20.4 x 7.8, 16.1 x 6.2, 11.7 x 5.3 & 12.6 x 5.0 mm (USNM 1291355), 14.2 x 5.6, 16.6 x 6.5, 14.0 x 6.0 & 15.1 x 6.0 mm (ANSP 464994), 15.6 x 6.2, 14.2 x 5.6, 14.4 x 5.7 & 15.9 x 6.3 mm (UF 496645), NW side of N Elbow Cay; 2 spec., 15.6 x 5.9 mm (BMSM 14994) & 15.5 x 6.1 mm (BMSM 14992), NW side of N Elbow Cay; 3 spec., 12.3 x 4.9 & 12.5 x 4.9 mm (BMSM 14993) & 14.9 x 5.6 mm (BMSM 14995), NW side of Elbow Cays; 7 spec., 6.9 x 3.2, 7.6 x 3.4 & 7.8 x 3.4 mm (DMNH 240358), 9.8 x 4.1, 12.0 x 5.0, 12.0 x 5.2 & 14.8 x 5.7 mm (MZSP 122071), NW side of Elbow Cay. All types G. Mackintosh! Jan–Feb 1996.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Elbow Cays, Cay Sal Bank, Bahama Is., at 9– 12 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional 84 specimens were examined, all from the Bahama Is.: <i>Grand Bahama I.:</i> 1 spec., 8.6 x 4.4 mm, in 3.7–5 m, S end, Wood Cay, P. Fallon!, 13 Jul 2000 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 10.5 x 4.6 mm, off E side of Freeport Harbor inlet, 26°31'00"N, 078°46'30"W, Worsfold! (ANSP 374479); 7 spec., 2 largest: 11.5 x 4.3 & 11.9 x 5.1 mm, on algae covered rocks Freeport Dist., West End, 26°41'N, 078°58'W, J. Worsfold!, 1981 (ANSP 355569); 1 spec., 6.6 x 2.9 mm, in beach drift, West End, Bob Quigley! 1985 (H.G. Lee coll.); 8 spec., 6 largest: 11.8 x 5.1, 12.0 x 4.6, 9.4 x 3.6, 8.5 x 3.2, 9.4 x 4.0 & 14.2 x 5.3 mm, in 0–0.3 m, Settlement Pt., 26°42'15"N, 078°59'50"W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 368585); 1 spec., 9.4 x 4.0 mm, in 24 m, Indian Cay, 26°42'45"N, 078°39'15"W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 366925); 14 very young specimens, 2 measured: 7.0 x 3.0 & 8.5 x 3.5 mm, in 24 m, Gold Rock, 26°30'00''N, 078°22'00''W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 369705); 5 spec., 4.3 x 2.5, 7.5 x 3.2, 8.1 x 3.5, 8.5 x 3.8 & 9.1 x 4.0 mm, in 24 m, Gold Rock, 20 mi E of Freeport, 26°35'N, 078°22'W, J. Worsfold! 1981 (ANSP 355563); 5 spec., 6.4 x 2.6, 9.4 x 4.0, 3.8 x 2.9, 8.7 x 3.7, & 4.3 mm, in 18–38 m, Lucaya, 26°29'45"N, 078°37'15"W, Worsfold! (ANSP 368081, 368082). <i>Bimini Is.:</i> 1 spec., 12.8 x 4.8 mm, in 1.8 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, G. Mackintosh! 26 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.1 x 5.4 (author’s coll.) & 12.8 x 4.9 (USNM 900130) mm, in 4 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, G. Mackintosh! 7 Apr 1994; 7 spec., 6 measured: 14.4 x 5.4, 13.9 x 5.4, 13.0 x 5.0, 10.1 x 4.1, 11.8 x 4.9 & 11.4 x 4.3 mm, Gun Cay, Bimini Is., McGinty! 21 May 1947 (UF 155958). <i>Berry Is.:</i> 1 spec., 10.0 x 4.2 mm, in 0.9 m, Hoffmans Cay, Pat Bingham! 20 Jun 1998 (H.G. Lee coll.). <i>Exuma Cays:</i> 4 spec., 10.4 x 4.6, 10.2 x 3.9, 11.3 x 4.5 & 11.6 x 5.0 mm, Ship Channel Cay, H. Dodge! (USNM 598737). <i>Cay Sal Bank:</i> 2 spec. 11.7 x 4.9 and 14.6 x 6.2 mm, in 9.8–11 m, E side of Dog Rocks, G. Mackintosh!, 15, 22 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 17 spec., 11.8 x 5.1, 12.9 x 5.3, 13.7 x 5.6, 13.5 x 5.5, 12.8 x 5.4, 13.5 x 5.4, 14.4 x 5.6, 14.4 x 5.7, 15.1 x 5.8, 14.8 x 6.0, 15.7 x 5.8, 15.5 x 6.1, 15.6 x 6.4, 16.4 x 6.4, 16.5 x 6.3, 16.2 x 6.2 & 13.7 x 5.5 mm, in 10 m, W side of Dog Rocks, G. Mackintosh! 24 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.5 mm, in 11 m, Cay Sal, G. Mackintosh!, 21 Apr 1994 (author’s coll.); 6 spec., 9.5 x 4.4, 10.2 x 5.5, 14.5 x 5.9 (all decollate) & 16.6 x 6.6 (author’s coll.), 9.2 x 4.2 & 9.2 x 4.3 (USNM 900111) mm, in 9 m, NW side of Elbow Cay, G. Mackintosh! 11 Jan 1966.</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Bahama Is. (Grand Bahama I.; Bimini Is.; Berry Is.; Exuma Cays, and Cay Sal Bank). Reported from shallow sandy bottoms and on hard surfaces in approximately 2– 24 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 20.4 mm); fusiform, truncated anteriorly; glossy, whorls appressed, with sloping shoulders, convex below; body whorl large compared to the spire, 62.0% of total length. <i>Protoconch</i> paucispiral, of approximately 2 smooth round whorls, the tip of the first partially submerged; the second larger than the first. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of broad low ribs, crests of most ribs rounded anteriorly, becoming narrower near the sulcus then terminating at sulcus; evanesce on shell base. Ribs slightly oblique on early whorls, but progressively less so to body whorl; absent between the varix and edge of outer lip; about as wide as their interspaces. Ribs 8 on penultimate (6–10), 6 to varix on body whorl (4–8 on specimens with a varix). Heavy, compact growth striae cover shell surface. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of microscopic spiral lines overall, mostly obscured by dense striae; with weak spiral ridges on the anterior fasciole. <i>Sulcus</i> broad, slightly concave, about ¼ spire whorl height, with trace swellings of reduced ribs. <i>Varix</i> broader and higher than preceding ribs, positioned about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Outer lip</i> smooth, thick, juts out somewhat and flexed inward at its edge; a slight indentation present anteriorly suggests a stromboid notch. <i>Anal sinus</i> moderately deep in mature individuals, adjoins suture near back of sinus, behind parietal callus. <i>Inner lip</i> very thin, not margined, except in old shells; erect anteriorly near tip of canal, thin on parietal wall, ends in a low callus at suture line. <i>Anterior canal</i> short but distinct, open, notched. <i>Columella</i> slightly twisted to the left anteriorly viewed ventrally; anterior fasciole slightly swollen. <i>Color</i> white with light pink to rose-colored bands mid-whorl and anteriorly; dark rose-colored streaks between ribs, and on apertural side of varix. Other forms are patterned similarly with brownish orange, or a combination of brownishorange and rose; all white forms also occur.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy</i>.</b> <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> has all the important characteristics of <i>Splendrillia</i>: a smooth sulcus, axial ribs that terminate at the sulcus, a hump-like varix located about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip, and an anal sinus that adjoins the suture at its rear. It is unique among <i>Splendrillia</i> in possessing heavy growth striae. <b> <i>Variability</i>.</b> The average length of 85 specimens is 12.24 mm (3.8–20.4 mm); the average W/ L ratio of 54 measured specimens is 0.413. Although color varies, no geographic pattern in the occurrence of pink or brownish orange forms could be discerned. All-white (dingy white) forms are rare. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is commonly misidentified as <i>S. coccinata</i> (Reeve, 1845) by collectors and in museum collections; perhaps hampered by the absence of a published photograph of a <i>S. coccinata</i> type. Authors including the Bahama Is. in the range of <i>S. coccinata</i> have probably misidentified this species; the occurrence of verified specimens of <i>S. coccinata</i> is limited to the lower Lesser Antilles (see description of <i>S. coccinata</i>). <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is most easily distinguished from its congeners by its heavy growth striae. It also differs from <i>S. coccinata</i> by its larger maximum total length (20.4 versus 10.0 mm), straighter and fewer ribs. <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is also larger than <i>S. interpunctata</i> (largest 20.4 versus 16.5 mm). The ribs of <i>S. interpunctata</i> are narrower, more oblique, and sharper at their crests. While growth striae are noticeably present in <i>S. interpunctata</i>, they are not as dense so the shell still appears translucent, which is not the case for <i>S. bahamasensis</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Bahamas <i>Splendrillia</i>. Named for the country of the type locality and where all specimens reported here have been found.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 283-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Douglassia antillensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Douglassia antillensis</i>, new species <p>(Plate 58)</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia thea</i> auct. non (Dall, 1884), is a misidentification by Pointier & Lamy (1998: 159, text photos [Guadeloupe specimen]) and by Massemin <i>et al.</i> (2009: 204, right text photo [Martinique specimen]).</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> auct. non <i>perryae</i> (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939): Williams (2005; 2009: species 1524, second photo from right only); Jong & Coomans (1988: 112 [Not pictured but may be this species on the basis of their description.]).</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> aff. <i>perryi</i> [sic] Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: Altena (1975: 62, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4, [off Suriname]) may be this species.</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> aff. <i>perryae</i> Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: Rios (1975: 132, pl. 40, fig. 593, [off Amapá, Brazil]) may be this species.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 12.1 x 5.1 mm (USNM 1291338); 19 paratypes, all from the type locality: 3 spec., 11.8 x 5.0, 11.4 x 5.1 & 11.2 x 4.6 mm (ANSP 464988); 3 spec., 11.4 x 4.7, 10.5 x 4.7 & 9.9 x 4.4 mm (USNM 129339); 3 spec., 11.5 x 4.9, 12.7 x 5.3 & 11.4 x 4.9 mm (UF 496637); 3 spec., 11.8 x 5.0, 11.4 x 4.9 & 11.4 x 5.0 mm (MZSP 122064); 3 spec., 11.2 x 4.7 & 12.1 x 4.9 & 11.6 x 4.8 mm (MNRJ 34636); 3 spec., 12.0 x 5.0, 12.3 x 5.2 & 12.1 x 4.9 (BMSM 14988); 1 spec. 11.5 x 4.8 mm (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). All G. Mackintosh! 17, 22 May 1998.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Dragon’s Bay, Grenada, in 24– 26 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional 188 specimens were examined: <i>E Florida:</i> 1 spec., 17.7 x 7.0 mm, off Bath & Tennis Club, Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., McGinty! 22 May 1951 (UF 228880); 1 spec., 16.1 x 6.9 mm, in 55 m, off Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co, McGinty! 14 Mar 1950 (UF 155623). <i>Bahama Is:</i> 1 spec. 10.3 x 4.5 mm, in 27 m, Gold Rock, Grand Bahama I. (USNM 900127); 1 spec., 9.8 x 4.2 mm, Tamarind, Grand Bahama I. (26°30'45''N, 078°36'00''W) J. Worsfold! (ANSP 368904); 5 spec., 4.8 x 2.3, 5.7 x 2.9, 6.7 x 3.3, 7.0 x 3.6 & 9.5 x 4.5 mm, Grand Bahama I., 26°31'00''N, 078°46'30''W, J Worsfold! (ANSP 374454); 1 spec., 8.7 x 4.3 mm, Indian Cay, Grand Bahama I., 26°43'N, 079°01'W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 355578); 1 spec., 12.7 x 5.4 mm, Indian Cay, Grand Bahama I., 26°42'45”N, 078°39'15”W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 366924); 2 spec., 12.7 x 5.7 & 12.7 x 5.5 mm, in 20–21 m, off Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera I., P. Fallon! 11 Aug 1999 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.6 x 6.1 & 14.7 x 6.0 mm, in 18 m, 2.4 km S of Cape Eleuthera Harbor, Eleuthera I., R. Masino! 5 Jun 2002 (author’s coll.). <i>Turks & Caicos Is:</i> 1 spec., 14.7 x 5.8 mm, in 14 m, off West Caicos I. (USNM 900125); 1 spec., 15.8 x 6.2 mm, in 14 m, off West Caicos I. (UF 355565); 2 spec., 12.7 x 5.4 (proto missing) & 12.8 x 5.4 mm, in 14 m, Turks I., W. Harland! Jun 1989 (UF 470274). <i>Cuba.</i> 2 spec., 13.8 x 5.8 & 12.3 x 5.0 mm, in 18 m, Chorrera Sands, Havana, J. Finlay! (UF 156037). <i>Dominican Republic:</i> 1 spec., 14.1 x 6.5 mm, Las Salinas (USNM 900128). <i>Puerto Rico:</i> 4 spec., 15.0 x 5.9, 13.2 x 5.5, 13.2 x 5.7 & 11.8 x 5.0 mm, in 30 m, Tourmaline Reef, Mayaguez, G. Mackintosh! (author’s coll.). <i>Honduras:</i> 2 spec., 13.6 x 5.9 mm (author’s coll.) & 12.2 x 4.7 mm (USNM 900132), in 12 m, Vivorillo Cays, Bay Is., G. Mackintosh! 12 Aug 1992. <i>Antigua:</i> 2 spec., 14.5 x 6.1 & 13.9 x 5.8 mm, in 9 m, Pelican Bay, Barbuda I. (USNM 900123). <i>Guadeloupe:</i> 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.6 mm, in 15 m, Vieux-Fort (USNM 900124); 1 spec., 11.3 x 5.0 mm, in 14 m, Deshaies, G. Duffy! 12 Oct 1982 (UF 470273); 77 spec., 2.8–14.0 mm (avge. = 6.22 mm), in 5–60 m, at 31 KARUBENTHOS stations, May 2012 (cataloged between MNHN IM-2012-28027 and -28063), and in addition, the following 5 live-taken spec., tabularized below, listing barcode accession numbers for sequenced specimens (others preserved in alcohol):</p> <p> <i>Martinique:</i> 4 spec., 9.6 x 4.4, 10.0 x 4.4, 10.6 x 4.8 & 12.3 x 5.1 mm, in 14–18 m, Grande Anse d'Arlet, G. Mackintosh! 13–14 May, 2002 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 11.1 x 5.3 & 9.0 x 4.1 mm, in 5 m, Anse d’Arlet (MNHN ex J. Colomb coll.); 2 spec.; 9.8 x 4.0 & 10.3 x 4.5 mm, Pointe Baleine (MNHN ex J. Colomb coll.); 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.6 mm, in 9 m, Ramiers I., G. Mackintosh! 26 Jun 1996 (author’s coll.); 2 spec. <i>St. Vincent & the Grenadines:</i> 1 spec., 12.5 x 5.0 mm, in 14 m, Petit Nevis I., (USNM 900131); 1 spec., 12.7 x 5.6 mm, in 12 m, Petit Nevis I., G.</p> <p> Mackintosh! 13 May 1993 (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 12.2 x 5.0, 11.9 x 4.7, 12.1 x 5.2, 13.2 x 5.7 & 13.0 x 5.5 mm, in 9 m, N Point, Chatham Bay, Union I., SVG, G. Mackintosh! 16 Apr 2007; 2 spec., 10.7 x 4.4 & 10.8 x 4.6, in 32 m, SW Point, Union I., G. Mackintosh! 13 Apr 2007 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.7 x 5.8 & 11.1 x 4.8 mm, in 21 m, Chatham Bay, Union I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.). <i>Grenada:</i> 11 spec., 13.4 x 5.4, 10.8 x 4.4, 10.9 x 4.6, 10.3 x 4.3, 9.4 x 4.2, 11.1 x 4.7, 11.2 x 5.0, 11.1 x 4.8, 12.8 x 5.4, 12.2 x 5.3 & 12.4 x 5.1 mm, in 12–14 m, N end of Flamingo Bay, G. Mackintosh! 15 Apr 2004 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.6 x 4.8 mm, in 20 m, Flamingo Bay, G. Mackintosh!, 7 Apr 2004 (author’s coll.); 4 spec., 12.1 x 4.9, 11.5 x 5.0, 12.1 x 5.0 & 10.8 x 4.6 mm, in 12 m, Flamand Bay (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 12.7 x 5.7, 11.5 x 4.9, 10.9 x 4.9, 11.8 x 4.9 & 9.6 x 4.1 mm, in 7 m, S side Moliniere Pt., G. Mackintosh! 25 Jan 2007 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 10.6 x 4.5 & 10.6 x 4.6 mm, in 18 m, Hillsborough Bay, Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 15 May 2005 (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 16.0 x 6.8, 12.5 x 5.3, 14.0 x 5.8, 13.6 x 5.3, 13.1 x 5.4 & 11.5 x 5.1 mm, in 8 m, Hillsborough Bay, Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 14 May 2005 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 5.1 mm, in 9 m, NW coast of Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 19 Dec 2006 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 14.6 x 5.7 mm, in 15 m, Ronde I., G. Mackintosh! 17 Jun 1998 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 13.6 x 5.6 mm, in 7 m, Ronde I., G. Mackintosh! 7 May 2005 (UF 470275); 1 spec., 14.0 x 5.8 mm, in 11 m, Saline I., G. Mackintosh! 1 Feb 1997 (author’s coll.). <i>Barbados:</i> 1 spec., 9.5 x 4.2 mm, in 139 m, offshore, Blake expedition (MCZ 7072); 1 spec., 16.0 x 6.9 mm, in 183 m, off St. James, F. Sander! 1978. (UF 470276); 2 spec., 11.5 x 5.2 & 11.5 x 4.9 mm, in ca. 180 m, off Holetown, St. James Par., 13°10'52''N, 059°38'30''W, F. Sander! Oct 1978 (ANSP 353510). <i>Netherlands Antilles:</i> 1 spec., 10.9 x 4.9 mm, from old bottle at 130–168 m, Sta. 1 off Sea Aquarium, SW Curaçao, 12°04.87'N, 68°53.75'W, M. Harasewych! aboard <i>Curasub</i>, 23 May 2012 (USNM 1199822 [to be split from <i>D.enae</i>]); 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.9 mm, in 244–274 m, Sta. 13-04 off Sea Aquarium, Bapor Kibra, Willemstad, Curaçao, C. Baldwin! aboard <i>Curasub</i>, Feb 2013 (USNM 1231396). <i>Trinidad & Tobago:</i> 2 spec., 12.9 x 5.3 & 10.2 x 4.4 mm, in 24 m, 0.4 km off Lambeau Beach, Tobago I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.); 3 spec., 14.9 x 6.1, 12.8 x 5.3 & 11.4 x 4.9 mm, in 21 m, 0.4 km ENE of beach, Speyside, Tobago I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.7 mm, in 17 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., P. Fallon! 11 Nov 1999 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 12.5 x 5.4 mm, in 30 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., G. Mackintosh! 20 Oct 1997 (author’s coll.). <i>Venezuela:</i> 1 spec., 15.0 x 6.5 mm, in 12 m, Tortuga I., G. Mackintosh! 27 Sep 1993 (author’s coll.); 1 spec. 12.8 x 5.3 mm, in 12 m, Tortuga I. (USNM 900129). <i>French Guiana:</i> 3 spec., 15.1 x 5.6, 2.4 x 1.4 & 2.7 x 1.5 mm, in 57 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4408, 05°36.3'N, 52°09.2'W, 10 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 4 spec., 3.3 x 1.6, 3.8 x 2.0, 4.8 x 2.3 & 5.0 x 2.5 mm, in 102–103 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4390, 05°49'N, 51°28'W, 6 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 1 spec., 11.6 x 4.8 mm, in 83–85 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4383, 06°25.6' N, 52°25.3'W, 4 Aug 2014 (MNHN IM-2012- 43469); 1 spec., 5.6 x 2.6 mm, in 95 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. DW4359, 06°52.2'N, 53°02.6'W, 30 Jul 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 4 spec., 2.3 x 1.2, 3.5 x 1.9, 4.2 x 2.0 & 4.7 x 2.2 mm, in 95–97 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4402, 06°18'N, 52°13.3'W, 8 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> E Florida (off Palm Beach Co.); Bahama Is. (Grand Bahama I.; Eleuthera I.); Turks & Caicos Is.; Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; Honduras (Vivorillo Cays); Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent & the Grenadines; Granada; Barbados; Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago I.); Venezuela (Tortuga I.); Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao I.); and French Guiana. Specimens reported as <i>Cerodrillia perryae</i> in Jong & Coomans (1988: 112) are believed to be this species on the basis of a photograph of a specimen from Curaçao I. provided by M. Faber (pers. comm. 22 Apr 2011). <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> is associated with coral reefs and has been reported from 7–32 m depths on carbonate sand or carbonate sand and coral rubble in reef swales or pockets. Only dead-collected specimens occur at greater depths from off Palm Beach Co. (55 m), from off Barbados (128– 183 m), off Curaçao (244–274 m), and off French Guiana (57–103 m), perhaps transported there from shallower depths by currents.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 17.7 mm), stoutly fusiform, glossy, truncated anteriorly, whorls up to 11, but more commonly around 9; last whorl approximately 63% of total length; whorls convex with bulging ribs; shell apex acutely pointed. <i>Protoconch</i> conical, of approximately 2½–2¾ glassy, smooth whorls, the exact number difficult to determine because the tip of the first is partially immersed in the second; color golden brown. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of prominent convex ribs, obsolete or absent in sulcus, most prominent and widest on whorl periphery a little below mid-whorl, and evanescent on the shell base below periphery. Rib crests round at whorl periphery but ridged in the sulcal region where ribs are narrower and slightly hooked to the left reflecting outline of anal sinus. Ribs number 8–9 on penultimate and 5–7 on the body whorl to the varix. Axial growth striae present on shell surface, curved in the region of the anal sulcus. <i>Varix</i> located just behind the anal sinus and resembles a cup handle when viewed ventrally. <i>Anal sinus</i> on shoulder adjacent to suture, deep, U-shaped, offset from the shell axis by parietal callus; edge of inner lip of sinus flared. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of fine threads or ridges, barely visible below the periphery of last whorl, becoming stronger anteriorly on base and anterior fasciole. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, projecting out from the varix; with an irregular axial fold or thin axial rib; edge flexed out at anal sinus, waved below; with a shallow stromboid notch. <i>Inner lip</i> wide, margined, thick anteriorly, thinner on parietal wall, with a thick callus that forms one side of the anal sinus. Lip and callus edge raised by visible layers of successive deposition, especially in more mature specimens. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, open, unnotched, slightly curved to the right viewed ventrally, canal tip with a slightly flared marginal lip. Anterior fasciole not swollen; with about 6 faint spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> shell base dingy white, with a light to dark golden brown band just below body whorl periphery, visible as a narrow band at spire sutures; rib crests dingy white; band’s posterior edge fades to the shell’s base color; the anterior edge is more distinct.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy</i>.</b> <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> has all the key characteristics of the genus: a concave sulcus with obsolete or absent ribs, a 2½- to 2¾-whorl protoconch, spiral microsculpture confined to the base, and a cuphandle-like varix positioned immediately behind the anal sinus. It is the commonest <i>Douglassia</i> in the Antilles, often misidentified as <i>Cerodrillia perryae</i> (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939) in museum collections. Many of the published reports of <i>C. perryae</i> from outside of Florida are also likely this species but cannot be confirmed without accompanying photographs. A list of reports of <i>C. perryae</i> that are likely this species is given in the synonymy list under that species. <b> <i>Variability</i>.</b> The average total length of 210 measured specimens is 9.72 mm (2.8–17.7 mm); the average W/ L ratio of 0.449. Given its relatively wide dispersal, it is fairly uniform in its morphology and color pattern, although there are some regional differences in color—those from the northern limit of its distribution, e. g. Grand Bahama I., appear to be lighter in color, and those from the southern limit (French Guiana) a mostly solid orange-brown color with white rib crests. Specimens are shown from various localities in Plate 58. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Douglassia antillensis</i> most closely resembles <i>D. enae</i> Bartsch, 1934 but differs principally in possessing less angular shoulders, most conspicuously on the last whorl. It also differs in coloration; the central band in <i>D. antillensis</i> tends to be less distinct on its adapical (posterior) margin, and its protoconch is dark, similar to the color of the band. <i>Douglassia enae</i> has a more distinct adapical margin on its central band, and a light colored protoconch. Although their ranges overlap, <i>D. antillensis</i> is reported from shallower water. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> is often misidentified as <i>C. perryae</i> but is stouter, has 2½–2¾ protoconch whorls, not 1¾–2, and a slightly different color pattern. Because it is stouter, its W/ L ratio is greater (Average W/L = 0.449 for 210 specimens of <i>D. antillensis</i> versus 0.392 for the 17 specimens of <i>C. perryae</i>). The color pattern of <i>D. antillensis</i> is consistent among specimens, even across its much larger range than <i>C. perryae</i>. The latter varies in pattern; i.e., the central band is more variable in width, or even absent. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> differs from <i>D. moratensis</i>, new species in having less convex body whorl, less prominent ribs on the shoulder, and a different color pattern. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> has also been confused with <i>C. thea</i> (Dall, 1884), but that species’ spire is taller, color a uniform brown, and ribs shorter and more oblique.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Antillean <i>Douglassia</i>. Although not strictly confined to the Antilles, <i>D. antillensis</i> appears to be quite common and widespread in this region, especially in the Windward Is.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 130-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Fenimorea mackintoshi Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Fenimorea mackintoshi</i>, new species <p>(Plate 85)</p> <p> <b>Types.</b> Holotype 13.0 x 4.6 mm, G. Mackintosh!, 15 Mar 1996 (USNM 1291349); 15 paratypes: 1 spec., 12.5 x 4.6 mm, from type locality, G. Mackintosh!, 15 Mar 1996 (USNM 1291350); 13 spec: 13.7 x 5.1, 12.8 x 4.7, 13.9 x 5.1, 13.2 x 5.0 & 13.7 x 5.0 mm (ANSP 464990), 12.5 x 5.0, 13.4 x 4.8, 12.6 x 4.6, 13.4 x 5.2 mm (UF 496642), 12.3 x 4.6, 12.3 x 4.5, 12.3 x 4.4 & 15.3 x 5.5 mm (author’s coll.), in 6.4 m, S end of Highborne Cay, Exuma, Bahama Is., G. Mackintosh!, 17 Mar 1996; 1 spec., 14.9 x 5.9 mm, at 12 m, Start Bay, Mayaguana I., Bahama Is., G. Mackintosh!, 18 Feb 1993 (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> W side of Allen’s Cay, Exuma, Bahama Is., in 6.4 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> 1 spec., 13.1 x 5.0 mm, at 3 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, Bimini Is., G. Mackintosh! 8 Apr 1994 (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Bahama Is. (Gun Cay, Bimini Is.; Allan’s and Highborne Cays, Exuma; Mayaguana I.) in 3– 12 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 15.3 mm), fusiform, truncated anteriorly, to approximately 9 whorls; body whorl large compared to spire whorls, approximately 58% of total shell height. <i>Protoconch</i> of 2 smooth round whorls, the first only slightly smaller in diameter than second. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of weak, narrow ribs on first, strong on second and succeeding whorls, extending from suture-to-suture, abruptly narrowed, arcuate, and reduced in the sulcus, forming a distinct shoulder at the edge of the sulcus. Ribs about as wide or less than their interspaces; most slightly opisthocline overall, 12–13 on the penultimate whorl, 7–11 to the varix on the body whorl. Microscopic growth striae are present throughout, but finer compared with other members of the genus. <i>Varix</i> broad, hump-like, ⅓-turn back from edge of outer lip. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> consisting of a microsculpture of fine parallel jagged lines closely spaced in sulcus, more widely spaced anterior to the shoulder (approximately 4/mm on body whorl), together with fine axial striae that form shallow pits on shell surface. <i>Sulcus</i> wide, about ¼- to ⅓-whorl height; slightly convex with rib traces curved in an arc reflecting the outline of the anal sinus. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, smooth-edged, forming a gentle continuous curve from the anal sinus to the canal tip; strengthened by up to four irregular axial folds between the varix and edge of outer lip; not toothed but with small crenulations along its inside edge; stromboid notch shallow. <i>Anal sinus</i> deep, sinus angled away from the suture by a parietal callus. <i>Inner lip</i> margined; thickest on the anterior canal, thin in the parietal area, and forming a thick parietal callus near the junction with the outer lip. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, deeply channeled and notched; twisted to the left viewed ventrally; anterior fasciole slightly swollen, its surface marked by spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> an uneven brown with lighter and darker areas, except apex (protoconch and first teleoconch whorl), anterior fasciole, and distal end of anterior canal, which are white. Darker brown in a band on the top of the shoulder and between the ribs; rib crests and anterior halves of the whorls lighter brown. Some specimens have irregular patches of white or broken white bands.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Fenimorea mackintoshi exhibits all of the critical characteristics of <i>Fenimorea</i>: numerous ribs from suture-to-suture but transformed in the sulcus, surface microsculpture typical for the genus, and varix hump-like about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. It is unique for the genus in its coloration and in possessing a relatively narrow shell. <i>Variability.</i> The specimens vary little in color; some exhibit faint white bands on whorl shoulder or irregular patches, but otherwise quite uniform. The average length of 17 measured specimens is 13.23 mm (12.3–15.3 mm), their average W/ L ratio is 0.372. The specimens vary by only 3 mm in length, and are relatively slim for the genus. <i>Identification.</i> Specimens of <i>F. mackintoshi</i> first appear to be small or oddlycolored <i>F. f u ca t a</i> because of its similarity in shell sculpture and color; however, it differs in a number of ways. The protoconch whorls are more evenly sized, not tapering; the teleoconch is slenderer; the microscopic spiral lines are not as numerous and variable as in <i>F. f u c at a</i>; the axial growth lines are not as prominent; and the outer lip lacks projecting teeth. From <i>F. jongreenlawi</i>, new species and <i>F. caysalensis</i>, new species it differs in size, shell shape, shell microsculpture, and in coloration.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Gary Mackintosh’s <i>Fenimorea</i>. Named for Gary Mackintosh who collected all of the specimens studied here, and for the contribution to science his efforts have yielded.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
The rise of securities markets : what can government do?
No full textUsing U.S. securities markets as a case history, the author explores the role securities markets play in economic development, how they emerge, and how regulation can make them more effective. Why the United States? Two centuries ago, it was a small undeveloped country with serious financial problems. It confronted those problems and, guided by Alexander Hamilton, creatively reformed its financial system, which then became a foundation of the U.S. economic infrastructure and a bulwark for long-term growth. When Hamilton's program established public credit and securitiesmarkets in the 1790s, U.S. citizens were immediately able to borrow from older, richer countries. U.S. wealth then increased until, by the end of the nineteenth century, U.S. residents began to lend and invest more abroad than they borrowed. During the 1820s and 1830s, the United States (usually state governments) borrowed large sums from foreign investors to build roads, canals, and early railroads, to make other transportation improvements, and to capitalize state banks. From the 1830s to the end of the century, still larger sums from overseas went into private U.S. railway companies that provided cheap transcontinental transportation. Most of this borrowing took the form of state and corporate bond sales to overseas investors. The pristine U.S. government credit established by Hamilton thus rubbed off on U.S. state and corporate debt. The British stock market did better than the U.S. market until the United States adopted security-market regulation (including disclosuire rules) under the SEC. Then the U.S. market became a world leader. The U.S. stock market developed more slowly than the bond market, but it both aided and benefited from foreign investment in U.S. bonds. Foreign investors preferred debt securities to equities, yet equities create a safety margin for bondholders who, because of this margin, are more willing to purchase and hold bonds. Foreign investors preferred bonds; U.S. investors, after exporting bonds, held more stocks than bonds at home. Why? Because good stock markets permit the conversion of equity securities into cash.Environmental Economics&Policies,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Financial Intermediation,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Economic Theory&Research,Housing Finance,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Financial Intermediation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research
Money, politics and a future for the international financial system
No full textIn developing the architecture for a financial system, the challenge is to combine deregulation and safety nets against systemic failure with effective prudential regulation and oversight. The author analyzes three approaches to choosing an adequate regulatory framework for a financial system. a) Those most worried about panic and herd behavior tend to favor relatively extensive controls on financial institutions'activities, including controls on interest rates and on the volume and direction of lending. b) Those most concerned about moral hazard advocate abolishing controls and safety nets, seeing the solution is stronger market discipline and reduced powers and discretion for regulators. c) Mainstream opinion advocates a mix of measures, to both strengthen market discipline and improve regulatory oversight. The approach a county opts for depends on 1) which monetary and exchange rate regime it chooses, 2) whether it is more concerned about moral hazard or about panic and herd behavior, and 3) how the politics of reform shape its solutions. The author suggests a scenario for development of the global financial system over the next two or three decades that assumes that the final outcome will resemble the market solution - not because that is the optimal policy choice but because of how political weakness will interact with advances in settlement technology. In the author's scenario, the world moves toward a monetary system in which fixed exchange rate systems or de facto currency competition limit the power of central banks. This limits options for discretionary and open-ended liquidity support to help deal with systemic financial crises. The costs of inflexible exchange rates are moderated by new types of wage contracts, using units of account that are correlated with the shocks a particular industry or kind of contract faces -- thus maintaining the positive aspects of monetary systems with flexible nominal exchange rates. Mistrust in monetary authorities and the emergence of private settlements lead to a return of asset-backed money as the means of payment. The disciplines on financial systems come to resemble somewhat those of historical"free banking"systems, with financial institutions requiring high levels of equity and payments systems protected only by limited, fully funded safety nets.Banks&Banking Reform,Fiscal&Monetary Policy,Financial Intermediation,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Macroeconomic Management,Financial Intermediation,Financial Economics
Cerodrillia brasiliensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Cerodrillia brasiliensis</i>, new species <p>(Plate 23)</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia clappi</i> auct. non Bartsch & Rehder, 1939, a misidentification by Absalão <i>et al.</i> (2005: 22, fig. 4) that may be this species.</p> <p> <i>Syntomodrillia espyra</i> auct. non Woodring, 1928: is a misidentification by Rios (2009: 314, sp. 799) that may be this species. <i>S. espyra</i> is a fossil species from the Bowden beds of Jamaica.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 8.0 x 3.3 mm (MZSP 122058); 31 paratypes: 18 spec., 7.2 x 3.0 mm (UF 470277), 7.9 x 2.9 & 9.2 x 3.4 mm (P. Stahlschmidt coll.), 6.9 x 2.8, 6.8 x 2.6, 6.9 x 2.7, 7.1 x 2.7, 6.6 x 2.5, 7.5 x 2.8 mm (MNRJ 34633), 6.7 x 2.6, 6.6 x 2.8, 6.5 x 2.4, 6.5 x 2.5, 6.8 x 2.6, 7.0 x 2.8 mm (ANSP 464968), 6.8 x 2.6, 6.8 x 2.5, 6.5 x 2.5 & 6.6 x 2.5 mm (UF 496634), in 100–150 m, off Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; 12 spec., 5.9 x 2.6, 6.8 x 2.6, 5.9 x 2.6, 6.0 x 2.5, 5.8 x 2.5, 6.4 x 2.6 mm (BMSM 14987), 6.1 x 2.7, 6.8 x 2.8, 5.6 x 2.3, 6.3 x 2.5 mm (MZSP 122059), 6.7 x 2.7 & 6.0 x 2.4 mm, in 100 m, off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Off Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in 70– 100 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional three specimens were examined: 1 spec., 7.5 x 3.0 mm, in 100–150 m, off Santana I., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, shrimpers! May 1997 (USNM 900154); 1 spec., 6.9 x 2.7 mm, in 29 m, off Cabo frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (24°51'S, 042°03'W) <i>Saldanha</i> ! (ANSP 353333); 1 spec., 8.7 x 3.2 mm, in 20–25 m, off Guarapari, Espirito Santo State, Brazil (P. Stahlschmidt coll.).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Southern Brazil (Espirito Santo State; Rio de Janeiro State; São Paulo State). Absalão <i>et al.</i> (2005) report <i>C. clappi</i> Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 in samples from off Rio de Janeiro, 22°48′43″S, 41°09′19″W, and from a station off the Espirito Santo/Bahia boundary area, 18°20′28″S, 38°55′34″W, that may be <i>C. brasiliensis</i> on the basis of their description. Rios (2009: 314) reports what may be this species from off São Tome, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Examined specimens were reported from 20– 150 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> very small (to 9.2 mm in total length), glossy, fusiform with a truncated anterior; whorls convex, peripheries below mid-whorl, last whorl large, approximately 58% of total length, asymmetrical, right side (viewed ventrally) swollen by varix; sculpture of low sigmoid ribs. <i>Protoconch</i> of 1¾–2 smooth whorls, the first mostly immersed in the second such that the shell’s apex appears roundly blunt. Edge of protoconch lip distinct. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of opisthocline to sigmoid (on last whorl) ribs that extend from suture-to-suture on early but mostly obsolete in sulcus of later whorls; widest and highest on the whorl periphery, lower, thinner, and cordlike in sulcus; lower and narrower below whorl periphery, with traces to anterior fasciole. Light growth striae present, heaviest on last whorl. <i>Sulcus</i> marked by reduced or entirely absent ribs (in later whorls); ribs and growth striae curved reflecting outline of anal sinus. <i>Varix</i> is cup-handle-like just behind the anal sinus, about ¼-turn from the outer lip, 2–3 times larger than preceding ribs and straight, not oblique. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> absent except for weak spiral threads on the anterior fasciole. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, edge bent inward posteriorly. A narrow strengthening axial fold lies between the varix and edge of outer lip. <i>Anal sinus</i> on whorl’s shoulder, deeply notched, apex round, angled away from shell’s axis with by a large parietal lobe on one side and the slight outward inflection of the outer lip on the other. Sides of anal sinus divergent. <i>Inner lip</i> narrow; thickest on canal, thin, unemarginate on parietal wall, ending in a tubercle at anal sinus. <i>Anterior canal</i> straight, short and open; without a notch. Anterior fasciole not swollen, bearing 5–8 weak spiral threads. <i>Color</i> a uniform light golden brown, ribs lighter, almost white on some.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Cerodrillia brasiliensis has all of the diagnostic characteristics of <i>Cerodrillia</i>: a cuphandle-like varix just behind the anal sinus, spiral sculpture limited to the shell base and anterior fasciole; and ribs from suture-to-suture, which may be obsolete in sulcus of later whorls. <i>Variability.</i> Most of the 35 examined shells are fairly uniform; their average total length is 6.81 mm (5.6–9.2 mm) and average W/ L ratio 0.397. The single specimen from off Guarapari, Espirito Santo, departs from the norm; it has very low, almost obsolete ribs that are represented by whitish nodes on the whorl shoulder. The nodes are connected by a faint white spiral line with a faint brown shadow line. This specimen is tentatively assigned here but may represent a separate species. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Cerodrillia brasiliensis</i> is not easily confused with known congeners. It is one of two other similar species, both in different genera, found offshore of southern Brazil: <i>Bellaspira rosea</i>, new species, and <i>Lissodrillia cabofrioensis</i>, new species. All three are similarly colored, small, and with weak axial sculpture. <i>Cerodrillia brasiliensis</i> differs from the other two in possessing a cup-handle-like varix typical of <i>Cerodrillia</i>, and axial ribs that run from suture-to-suture. Axials of <i>B. rosea</i> are very short, appearing on little more than the whorl periphery but axials of <i>L. cabofrioensis</i> end abruptly at the sulcus, do not extend to the suture as in <i>C. brasiliensis</i> and <i>B. rosea</i>. Shell surface microsculpture also differs. <i>Cerodrillia brasiliensis</i> has spiral lines and grooves restricted to the shell base, <i>L. cabofrioensis</i> has none; <i>B. rosea</i> has spiral lines over most of the shell’s surface.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Brazilian <i>Cerodrillia</i>. Named after the country where it is known to occur.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
The All Whites are alright with us: An analysis of New Zealand national media coverage surrounding the 2010 All Whites World Cup finals campaign
No full textIn June of 2010, the New Zealand men’s representative football team, the All Whites, contested the FIFA World Cup finals in South Africa for only the second time. Due to their credible on-field performances and unprecedented exposure in the national media, their campaign captured the attention of the New Zealand public like never before; surpassing even the national interest in the previous 1982 All Whites and their own storied World Cup finals campaign. Mainstream New Zealand’s sudden resurgence of interest and the accompanying rise in the All Whites’ media profile provided a rare opportunity to undertake a substantial survey of the media discourses surrounding the team in the hopes of better understanding the ways in which national audiences were likely to have (re)configured their understandings regarding the team and, in the broader sense, football’s place in the contemporary New Zealand socio-cultural landscape. Via an integration of poststructuralist textual analysis and content analysis, this thesis examined a sampling of national media coverage related to the All Whites’ 2010 World Cup campaign. Overarching themes relating to masculinity, nationalism and celebrity were identified, and I argue that audiences engaging with the media discourses surrounding these themes would likely have been encouraged to ascribe to the All Whites (a) an acceptably masculine status, (b) an authentic affiliation to New Zealand national identity, and (c) to ascribe to All Whites captain Ryan Nelsen a legitimated celebrity status. Furthermore, I suggest that these likely interpretations are indicative of an incremental but ongoing shift for football and the All Whites away from New Zealand’s socio-cultural periphery and towards its centre
Erratum to: TDP-43 gains function due to perturbed autoregulation in a Tardbp knock-in mouse model of ALS-FTD (Nature Neuroscience, (2018), 21, 4, (552-563), 10.1038/s41593-018-0113-5)
No full textIn the version of this article initially published, the footnote number 17 was missing from the author list for the two authors who contributed equally. Also, the authors have added a middle initial for author Justin R. Fallon and an acknowledgement to the Babraham Institute Imaging Facility and Sequencing Core Facility. The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article
Recommended from our members
Archaeological Curved Throwing Sticks from Fish Cave, near Fallon, Nevada
No full textWhile attending the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for California Archaeologists, April 8-11, 1998, I became acquainted with Dr. Henry C. Koerper who gave a paper with two co-authors, Henry Pinkston and Michael Wilken, and the paper's title was "Nonreturn Boomerangs in Baja California Norte." I asked for a copy of that paper and one other (Koerper 1997) he had previously written, "A Game String and Rabbit Stick Cache from Borrego Valley, San Diego Country, (Koerper 1998: 252-270). I told him about two wooden "Rabbit Clubs" which had been found in Lovelock Cave, (Loud and Harrington 1929:Plate 16a and b) (Figure 1) and the nine so-called "rabbit clubs" found in Fish Cave near Fallon, Nevada by S.M. Wheeler and his wife Georgia [Wheeler S.M. and Wheeler G.N. 1969:68-70; see also Winslow (1996) and Winslow and Wedding (1997:140-150.)] I told Dr. Koerper that I would date four of the nine so-called "rabbit clubs" from Fish Cave by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. I sent samples off to Dr. "Erv" Taylor at the University of California, Riverside and the results came back a few weeks later. However, before I relate the dates to you, let us look at the site. Fish Cave in which the seven "rabbit clubs" and two "boomerangs" were found by the Wheelers
The combined incidence of taxes and public expenditures in the Philippines
No full textIncidence studies of fiscal policy in developing countries typically examine either the distribution of tax burdens or the incidence of public expenditures. But the central issue for policymakers is the combined or net incidence of fiscal activities. One reason that combined incidence studies are so rare is that they require detailed data on both taxation and public spending. The authors show that the net incidence of fiscal policy in a country with average data - the Philippines - can be estimated using a variety of data sources and tools, using simplifying assumptions. For 20 years, the Philippine economy has experienced a series of balance of payments crises triggered by fiscal crises. It has had an unsatisfactory record of poverty alleviation. The authors examine net fiscal incidence to find out how poverty will be affected by the rise in taxes and the cut in spending. They found that: 1) the incidence pattern of taxes is basically neutral. Contrary to expectations, indirect taxes are only slightly regressive; and 2) it is the pattern of expenditures that drives the combined incidence, which is progressive.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Systems Development&Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform
- …
