560 research outputs found
Question XXIX (posée par M. A.-E. C.), Pharmaciens artistes
No full textMerck Augustin. Question XXIX (posée par M. A.-E. C.), Pharmaciens artistes. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 48ᵉ année, n°165, 1960. p. 352
Question XXIX (posée par M. A.-E. C.), Pharmaciens artistes
No full textMerck Augustin. Question XXIX (posée par M. A.-E. C.), Pharmaciens artistes. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 48ᵉ année, n°165, 1960. p. 352
Augustin Kažotić and Thomas Aquinas
No full textProučavanje prve generacije učenika Tome Akvinskoga ostalo je još uvijek dosta neistraženo. Studije o prvim Tominim učenicima osobito su značajne za poznavanje načina kako se prenosila i u kojim sve područjima misao Zajedničkog naučitelja (Doctor communis). Stoga i ovaj prilog ulazi u to područje istraživanja. Članak najprije prikazuje kako se stoljećima u raznim izvorima isticalo da je Augustin Kažotić bio izravni učenik Tome Akvinskoga te da je pohađao njegova predavanja za vrijeme studija na sveučilištu u Parizu. Zatim doktrinarno analizira kontekst Augustinova boravka na studiju u Parizu pokazujući da je Tomin nauk još uvijek bio živo prisutan u akademskim krugovima. Autor nadalje potvrđuje kako je dominikanski red imao važnu ulogu u porastu doktrinarnog utjecaja Tome Akvinskog te pokazuje da je u tome i Augustin Kažotić dao svoj doprinos. Stoga autor argumentirano analizira Kažotićevu povezanost s Tomom Akvinskim na nekoliko doktrinarnih područja. Na kraju prosuđuje i doprinos Augustina Kažotića kanonizaciji Tome Akvinskog. Članak potvrđuje kako je život i djelo Augustina Kažotića značajno svjedočanstvo za poznavanje prenošenja misli sv. Tome Akvinskoga, posebice u razdoblju prije same njegove kanonizacije.The study of the first generation of students of Thomas Aquinas has remained quite unexplored. Studies of Thomas’s first students are particularly important for knowing how the thought of the Doctor communis was transmitted and in what areas. Therefore, this paper also enters this area of research. The article first shows how for centuries it has been pointed out in various sources that Augustin Kažotić was a direct student of Thomas Aquinas and that he attended his lectures while studying at the University of Paris. The author then doctrinally analyse the context of Augustin’s stay in Paris to study, showing that Thomas’s teaching was still vividly present in academic circles. The author further confirms that the Dominican Order played an important role in the growth of the doctrinal influence of Thomas Aquinas and shows that Augustin Kažotić also contributed to this. Therefore, the author analyzes Kažotić’s connection with Thomas Aquinas in several doctrinal areas. Finally, he judges the contribution of Augustin Kažotić to the canonization of Thomas Aquinas. The article confirms that the life and work of Augustin Kažotić is a significant testimony to the knowledge of the transmission of the thoughts of St. Thomas Aquinas, especially in the period before his canonization
Famous optician: Augustin Fresnel and the wave theory of light
No full textAugustin Fresnel was born in 1788, in the Normandy village of Broglie where his father was employed as an architect by the duc de Broglie. The author of the wave theory of light was thus born on lands that would later belong to Louis de Broglie, the author of the wave theory of matter, whose birth came a century later. Fresnel’s work was accomplished in less than a decade
Le Saint Augustin d’Étienne Gilson : une lecture de l’Introduction à l’étude de Saint Augustin d’Étienne Gilson
No full textLe présent article propose une lecture critique de l’Introduction à l’étude de saint Augustin d’Étienne Gilson, afin de montrer dans quelle mesure les présupposés idéologiques et méthodologiques de l’auteur ont pu obérer l’objet de son étude. Dans un premier temps, l’ouvrage est resitué dans le cadre des travaux de son auteur et de son contexte épistémologique. Une attention particulière est accordée au débat qui opposa Étienne Gilson à Fulbert Cayré. Dans un second temps, les limites de la lecture gilsonienne sont abordées à travers trois exemples : la référence au néo-platonisme, la question de l’illumination, la question de l’augustinisme. Au final, l’article aboutit à s’interroger sur les conditions épistémologiques d’une lecture critique de l’œuvre d’un auteur comme Augustin d’Hippone.This paper offers a critical reading of Étienne Gilson’s Introduction to the Study of St. Augustine in order to show how the author’s ideological and methodological presuppositions may have had an impact on the object of his study. First, the Introduction will be situated in the context of the author’s work and its epistemological framework. Particular attention will be given to the debate between Étienne Gilson and Fulbert Cayré. Then, the limits of Étienne Gilson’s reading will be addressed through three examples : the reference to Neo-Platonism, the question of illumination and the issue of Augustinianism. Finally, the paper will interrogate the epistemological conditions in which a critical reading of the work of an author such as Augustine of Hippo becomes possible
augustin
No full textGreen tea catechins (GTC) have been shown to inhibit the activities of enzymes involved in folate uptake. Hence, regular green tea drinkers may be at risk of impaired folate status. The present experiments aimed at studying the impact of dietary GTC on folate concentrations and metabolism. In a human pilot study (parallel design) healthy men consumed for 3 weeks 6 capsules (~670 mg GTC) per day (2 capsules with each principal meal) containing aqueous extracts of the leaves of Camellia sinensis (n=17) or placebo (n=16). No differences in plasma folate concentrations were observed between treatments. We further fed groups of 10 male rats diets fortified with 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, or 5 g GTC/kg for 6 weeks. Only at the highest intake, GTC significantly decreased serum 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate concentrations in rats, while mRNA concentrations of reduced folate carrier, proton-coupled folate transporter/heme carrier protein 1, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) remained unchanged in intestinal mucosa. Using an in vitro enzyme activity assay, we observed a time-and dose-dependent inhibition of DHFR activity by epigallocatechin gallate and a green tea extract. Our data suggest that regular green tea consumption is unlikely to impair folate status in healthy males, despite the DHFR inhibitory activity of GTC. K e y w o r d s : folates, catechins, bioavailability, human, rat MATERIAL AND METHODS Dihydrofolate reductase activity The inhibition of human dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity by (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and a standardized green tea extract (Polyphenon 60 (P60); Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA) was measured using a commercial dihydrofolate reductase assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Methotrexate, a well-known competitive DHFR inhibitor was used as a positive control. EGCG and P60 were dissolved in ultra pure-water (containing 1% ascorbic acid (w/v) (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) to stabilize the catechins) on the day of the experiments. DHFR was used at a final activity of 1.5 x 10 -3 units per reaction. Final concentrations of EGCG and methotrexate were 1000, 100 and 10 nmol/L per reaction. P60 was used at final concentrations of 1428 .57, 142.86, and 14.29 µg/L and, thus, contained 1060 , 106, and 10.6 nmol/L EGCG and 1427.3 nmol/L of the gallated catechins (EGCG, ECG and gallocatechin gallate), respectively. Rat study Fifty male Wistar rats (Harlan Winkelmann GmbH, Borchen, Germany) with an initial body weight of 99.8 ± 2.0 g (mean ± SEM) were randomized into 5 groups of 10 animals each and housed pair-wise with sawdust bedding under controlled environmental conditions (23 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h dark-light cycle). The rats were kept for 5 days on a folate-adjusted rat diet for growing animals containing 2 mg of folic acid/kg (C1027; Altromin GmbH, Lage, Germany) and thereafter received their respective experimental diets consisting of the standard diet supplemented with 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, or 5 g green tea catechins per kg diet using P60 as the source of catechins (see The animal experiment was conducted in accordance with the German Guidelines and Regulations on Animal Care (Deutsches Tierschutzgesetz, 2006) and was approved by the University of Kiel Ethics Committee on Animal Care. Human pilot study Healthy males were recruited by advertisement at the University and local community of Reading (United Kingdom) and amongst volunteers who previously participated in nutritional trials at the Hugh Sinclair Human Nutrition Unit. Inclusion criteria were: male gender, 18-55 y of age, and a BMI in the range of 22-32 kg/m 2 . Subjects were excluded from the trial if they were diagnosed with any illness or on long-term medication, used dietary supplements, participated in >5 h of aerobic exercise activity per week, or were involved in a clinical trial within 3 months prior to the study. The study protocol was approved by the University of Reading ethics committee and all subjects gave written informed consent before participation. A standardized aqueous green tea extract prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis L. (a kind gift of Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Monheim am Rhein, Germany) was used to make the green tea extract (GTE) capsules. The composition of the GTE is given in The trial was designed as a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel study. Thirty-one volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (GTE, n=16 or placebo, n=15) with similar BMI and age (data not shown). Subjects took 6 capsules per day, two with each principal meal, for 3 weeks and were instructed to limit their daily tea and coffee consumption to ≤ 3 cups, but to otherwise maintain their normal diet and exercise patterns. Compliance was determined by counting of the returned capsules at the end of the trial and was high (>98%). Blood samples (20 ml) were drawn into tubes containing 0.05 mL 15% K 3 EDTA (Vacutainer; Becton Dickinson UK Ltd., Oxford, UK) after an overnight fast on the first and last day of the intervention period. Plasma was immediately obtained by centrifugation (1,000 x g, 10 min) and 3 ml aliquots were stored at -80°C until analysis. Folate quantification by HPLC Procedures for extraction and purification of folates from human plasma and rat serum and liver samples by strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction were described previously by Witthoft et al. (18). Dialysed rat serum (500 µl/g) was used to ensure complete deconjugation of folate polyglutamates in liver samples; modified from Patring et al. (19). Analyses were performed using an HPLC system (Agilent 1100) consisting of a 104 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (10-HCO-H 4 folate), and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH + -H 4 folate) (a gift of Merck Eprova AG, Schaffhausen, Switzerland, except 10-HCO-H 4 folate, which was purchased from Schircks Laboratories, Jona, Switzerland). Quantification was based on a multilevel (n=7) external calibration curve with a linear range over 1.2-118.0 ng/mL for H 4 folate, 0.6-93.1 ng/mL for 5-CH 3 -H 4 folate, 0.9-184.1 ng/mL for 10-HCO-H 4 folate and 9.3-184.5 ng/mL for 5,10-CH + -H 4 folate. mRNA quantification RNA was isolated from rat duodenal mucosa using the RNeasy Lipid Tissue Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. DNA digestion was performed with RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen). RNA integrity was checked by electrophoresis on a denaturing agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining. The concentration and purity of isolated RNA was determined by measuring the absorbance (AB) at 260 and 280 nm in a spectrophotometer (DU800, Beckmann Instruments; Munich, Germany). A ratio of >1.8 between AB 260nm and AB 280nm was considered as acceptable. RNA aliquots were stored at -80°C until analysis. Primer pairs of β-actin, reduced folate carrier (RFC) and proton-coupled folate transporter/heme carrier protein-1 (PCFT/HCP1) were designed to the corresponding sequences of Rattus norvegicus mRNA with Primer3 software (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer3/ primer3_www.cgi; 03.05.2007) and purchased from MWGBiotech AG (Ebersberg, Germany). The sequences of primers used in this study were as follows: Sense primer for β-actin, 5´-GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA-3´, antisense primer for β-actin, 5´-TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA-3´; sense primer for RFC, 5´-GGCTCGTGTTCTACCTCTGC-3´, antisense primer for RFC, 5´-GGTAGTCGGTGAGCAGGAAG-3´; sense primer for PCFT/HCP1, 5´-TGAGCTAAGCACACCCCTCT-3´, antisense primer for PCFT/HCP1, 5´-TCCGTACCCTGTGAACATGA-3´. The product size was 90 base pair (bp) for β-actin; 183 bp for RFC and 217 bp for PCFT/HCP1. QuantiTect ® Primer Assay (Qiagen) was used for DHFR mRNA amplification, with a product size of 88 bp. For one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (one-step qRT-PCR) two aliquots of RNA were amplified. External relative standard curves of total RNA were determined with each run. Data was normalized by dividing the concentrations of RFC, PCFT/HCP1 or DHFR by the concentrations of β-actin mRNA. Each PCR reaction (final volume 20 µl) contained 0.5 µmol/L of each primer, 10 µl of 2x QuantiTect ® SYBR ® Green RT-PCR Master Mix (Qiagen), 0.2 µl QuantiTect RT-Mix (Qiagen), 8 µl of RNA dilution and 1.4 µl water. Real-time cycler conditions were set according to the manufacturers protocol to 40 cycles with annealing temperatures of 56°C for β-actin, 59°C for RFC, 56°C for PCFT/HCP1 and 55°C for DHFR, respectively. Quantification and melting curves of the amplified products were analysed using the RotorGene 6.0 software (Corbett Lifescience; Sydney, Australia). Melting curve analyses and agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining were performed to exclude non-specific products. Statistical analyses Statistical calculations were performed with GraphPad Prism 4 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Analyses of the data from the rat study and the in vitro assay were performed by means of a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts test for multiple comparisons of group means between animals receiving GTC or control diet. Analyses of the data from the human pilot study were performed by means of a paired Student's t-test for comparison of baseline vs. treatment and by means of an unpaired Student's t-test for comparisons between subjects receiving GTE or placebo. Reported values are means ± SEM and effects were considered significant at P<0.05. RESULTS Dihydrofolate reductase activity in vitro Both pure EGCG and P60, at concentrations of 1000 for EGCG and 1060 nmol/L for EGCG from P60, respectively, time-dependently inhibited DHFR activity Serum and liver folate concentrations in rats Feed consumption and final body mass (318.7 ± 4.8 g) of the Wistar rats were similar in all groups. Intake of diets containing 0.5% GTC over a period of 42 days significantly decreased the serum concentration of 5-CH 3 -H 4 folate compared to control rats, whereas the concentrations of H 4 folate remained unchanged ( Relative mRNA levels of reduced folate carrier and dihydrofolate reductase in rat duodenal mucosa The housekeeping gene β-actin was expressed at similar levels in all animals and no significant differences in the relative mRNA levels of RFC, PCFT/HCP1 or DHFR in the duodenal mucosa were observed Plasma folate concentrations in humans Consumption of 670 mg of GTC per day or placebo did not affect plasma folate concentrations in healthy male volunteers. No significant differences in plasma concentrations of 5-CH 3 -H 4 folate were observed between the treatment groups at baseline (placebo, 16.3 ± 2.6 nmol/L; GTE, 19.1 ± 2.4 nmol/L) or after intervention (placebo, 15.5 ± 2.1 nmol/L; GTE, 17.6 ± 2.4 nmol/L). DISCUSSION Green tea is a widely consumed beverage in many countries and contains appreciable amounts of polyphenols. Catechins (flavanols) are the major subclass of bioactive compounds within the polyphenol fraction of green tea. Epidemiological studies associated a high dietary intake of catechins with a reduced risk to suffer from a variety of diseases (reviewed in 20), including certain forms of cancer (21). The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms by which green tea catechins may mediate anticarcinogenic acitivty seem to be diverse: Cell culture experiments as well as studies in rodents indicate that green tea catechin may inhibit angiogenesis via a down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (reviewed in 22). Furthermore it has been suggested that the anticancer activity of green tea catechins against different kind of cancers may find an explanation in direct targeting of lipid rafts (23). Recent in vitro studies have shown that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the predominant catechin in green tea, competitively inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (9, 13). DHFR inhibition is the mechanism by which so-called antifolates, such as the cytostatic drug methotrexate, inhibit cell division and reduce tumor growth (15, 24). Co-administration of folic acid and the DHFR inhibitors methotrexate and pyrimethamine, respectively, reduced plasma folate concentrations in rats The commercial green tea extract Polyphenon 60 (P60) used in the rat study and its principle bioactive ingredient EGCG inhibited DHRF activity time-and concentration-dependently in vitro In order to study whether or not the effects observed in vitro bear a meaning for the more complex physiological processes in vivo, Wistar rats were fed for 42 days with diets fortified with increasing concentrations of green tea catechins (GTC) using a standardized green tea extract (P60). The diets contained 2 mg folic acid per kg, which is equivalent to twice the dietary recommendations for laboratory rats as given by the National Research Council (28). It is noteworthy that folates synthesized by the microflora of the large intestine are absorbed and may significantly contribute to blood folate concentrations (reviewed in 29). The diet used in this study was therefore formulated to provide a minimum of substrate to the intestinal microflora to limit bacterial folate synthesis. Only in those animals fed the highest concentrations of the green tea extract (0.5% GTC), did we observe a significant decrease in serum 5-CH 3 -H 4 folate concentrations as compared to the control group ( At a given substrate affinity and substrate concentration, the capacity of enzymatic turnover of folates as well as the amount of their carrier-mediated transport across cellular membranes is mainly affected by the amount of enzymes/carriers present at the tissue level. Because catechins are known to alter the gene expression for a variety of proteins (35), we quantified relative mRNA concentrations of the RFC, PCFT/HCP1, and DHFR in the duodenal mucosa of rats fed GTC. No significant differences in mRNA concentrations of RFC, PCFT/HCP1, and of DHFR were found between the experimental groups The current findings suggested that GTC might decrease serum folate concentrations only if supplied at supra-nutritional doses. A 70 kg human would have to drink almost 100 cups of green tea infusion per day to match the highest dose fed to rats in the present study. Because such a human study would be unfeasible as well as unrealistic, we designed a pilot study with a standardized green tea extract to assess whether or not regular consumption of high doses of GTC might affect plasma folate concentrations in humans. The intake of 670 mg of GTC per day, which corresponds to about 20 cups of green tea, caused no significant differences in plasma concentrations of 5-CH 3 -H 4 folate between the treatment and placebo groups, both of which consuming a normal diet containing on average ~328 ± 26 µg folate/d. Insufficient dietary intake of folates for as short as 2-3 weeks has been reported to result in reduced blood concentrations of the vitamin (30). Our findings therefore suggest that green tea drinking is unlikely to affect plasma folate concentrations in healthy, free-living subjects and that a longer treatment period and/or even higher doses of dietary GTC may be necessary to induce changes in folate concentrations, if possible at all. Further human studies with GTC and a standardized supply of folic acid (in the absence of naturally occurring reduced folates) are warranted to investigate the influence of GTC on DHFR activity in vivo. In addition, the measurement of (oxidized) serum folic acid should be considered because folic acid has been found in serum of subjects consuming folic acid-fortified foods for 5 d (11). Based on the experiments presented here, it appears unlikely that daily green tea consumption, even at high levels, may affect folate concentrations in healthy humans. Acknowledgement
Saint Augustin a-t-il voulu interdire le Querolus ?
No full text"Did Augustine Intend to Prohibit the Querolus ".
In 414-415, Augustine spreads to the world the first three books of the De ciuitate dei whereas the unknown author of the Querolus puts the finishing touch to his comedy ; among its jibes against Christianity, some seem to evince a particular concern for the African bishop. As he writes the fourth and fifth books of his magnum opus in 415, Augustine has heard about a Pagan polemic under way (Ciu., 5, 26, 2) ; this, we here suggest, ought to be identified with the Querolus. Soon after 417 and the release of the De reditu suo, the prologue of this comedy is dedicated to Rutilius Namatianus ; furthermore, the anonymous playwright claims to be indebted to Rutilius’s poem for his “ philosophical” inspiration, that it is to say : his hostility towards Christianity.En 414-415 saint Augustin diffuse les trois premiers livres de La Cité de Dieu et l’auteur du Querolus achève la rédaction de sa comédie. Cette pièce contient de vigoureuses parodies antichrétiennes dirigées notamment contre saint Augustin. En 415 Augustin rédige les livres 4 et 5 de La Cité de Dieu ; il a eu connaissance de l’existence d’une riposte païenne alors en cours de rédaction (Ciu., 5, 26, 2), un texte que l’on propose ici d’identifier avec le Querolus. Peu après 417 et la parution du De reditu suo l’auteur du Querolus rédige le prooemium de la pièce qu’il dédicace à Rutilius Namatianus et indique qu’il a puisé dans le De reditu suo son inspiration « philosophique » , c’est-à-dire antichrétienne.Ratti Stéphane. Saint Augustin a-t-il voulu interdire le Querolus ?. In: Une Antiquité tardive noire ou heureuse ? Actes du colloque international de Besançon (12 et 13 novembre 2014) Besançon : Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 2015. pp. 161-176. (Collection « ISTA », 1332
Author Correction: National Identity Predicts Public Health Support During a Global Pandemic (nature Communications, (2022), 13, 1, (517), 10.1038/S41467-021-27668-9)
No full textIn this article the author name ‘Agustin Ibanez’ was incorrectly written as ‘Augustin Ibanez’. The original article has been corrected. © The Author(s) 2022
Augustin Navrátil and his disident activities
No full textAugustin Navrátil This thesis addresses the life and work of Augustin Navrátil (1928-2003), a Roman- -Catholic activist from the Moravian township of Lutopecny near Kroměříž. A. Navrátil has not been subject of a complex publication yet, although he is the author of the largest petition demanding religious - and with that going hand in hand also civic - liberties in socialist Czechoslovakia (1988, 600 000 signatures). Followingly, this is the first attempt to biographically outline the personality and motivations of this farmer, politician (member of the party Lidova strana), man who signed Charta 77 but also a husband and father of nine children. The aim is to cover his life from his birth, over his family background to the beginnings and heights of his social engagement. The text will mainly deal with 22 open letters in which he drew attention to various illegal practices and actions of the Communist power, as well as with the three petitions he authored (1978, 1985 a 1988) and the samizdat (self-published) journal Křesťanské obzory (Christian horizons), which he published with a group of others from June 1988 to July 1990. In contrast to most Czech dissidents, he was never sentenced to a prison term for his activities, but he had to involuntarily undergo repeated psychiatric treatment. He was..
L'Écriture et le maître intérieur selon Augustin
No full textJ. Bochet, The Scripture and the inner Teacher by Augustin, p. 20-37. - We can't understand Augustin's though about Scripture, if we don't take the role of the interior Teacher into a count. The finality of the Scripture, that is a first Word's kenosis, is to restore the ability to be taught inside, ability that is compromised by sin. The reader of Scripture is invited to let himself enlighten by the Truth, as the author of the Scripture was.On ne peut comprendre avec justesse la conception qu'Augustin se fait de l'Écriture si l'on fait abstraction du rôle qu'il donne au Maître intérieur. L'Écriture, qui est une première kénose du Verbe, a pour finalité de restaurer le régime d'intériorité compromis par le péché. Le lecteur de l'Écriture est donc invité à se laisser illuminer par la Vérité, tout comme l'auteur du texte sacré l'a été.Bochet Isabelle. L'Écriture et le maître intérieur selon Augustin. In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 72, fascicule 1, 1998. pp. 20-37
- …
