128,108 research outputs found
Regulatory Uncertainty and Inefficiency for the Development of Merchant Lines in Europe
No full textThis paper evaluates regulatory uncertainty and inefficiency that may prevent merchant transmission investors from committing in Europe, in particular when they are dominant generators. We argue that market players may perceive regulatory uncertainty to acquire exemption on merchant line mainly because of the discretion given for the application of Art. 7 of the Regulation 1228/2003 on cross-border exchanges. However we show that an emerging strategy of the European Commission for granting exemption on merchant transmission line can be eventually derived from recent legal and regulatory proceedings. It mainly consists in relying on TSOs to build merchant lines. We demonstrate that this strategy is neither a first best nor a second best given imperfect unbundling and the current flows in the allocation of regulatory powers. Indeed, it prevents merchant line investment by dominant generators with low generation cost while they have currently more incentive than TSOs to build merchant lines. Since unregulated merchant transmission investment by generators would be problematic, we show eventually that the current strategy of the application of Regulation can easily be fine-tuned to reach this second-best optimum.Regulatory Uncertainty and Inefficiency for the Development of Merchant Lines in Europe
ARC-Lake v1.1 - Ancillary
No full textARC-Lake v1.1 - Ancillary contains ancillary data products. This consists of the full resolution land/water mask used to determined where observations of Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) and Lake Ice Cover (LIC) are derived and a reduced resolution version of this mask, corresponding to the resolution of the spatially resolved data products.
The methodology used to define this land/water mask is described in the ARC-Lake Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ARCLake_ATBD_v_1_1.pdf) and a description of the format of these data files is provided in the ARC-Lake Data Product Description document (ARCLake_DPD_v1_1_2.pdf).
Additional information about the ARC-Lake project and some basic data analysis tools can be found on the project website: http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/arclake/
Please cite both this dataset and the related publication:
* "MacCallum, Stuart N; Merchant, Christopher J. (2011). ARC-Lake v1.1 - Ancillary, 1995-2009 [Dataset]. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences / European Space Agency. https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/106."
* "MacCallum, S.N. and Merchant, C.J. (2012) Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 38 (1). pp. 25-45. ISSN 1712-7971 doi: 10.5589/m12-010"This dataset contains ancillary data for ARCLake v1.1 data products. It consists of the land/water mask, used to define the locations of the lakes, on two grids with different resolution. AL_LW_MASK_020.nc.zip - land/water mask on a 1/20 degree grid, AL_LW_MASK_120.nc.zip - land/water mask on a 1/120 degree grid
merchant n
No full textmerchant[Labrador] crews who could haul 10,000 pounds a day, waited in line-ups for as much as eight hours only to learn that merchants could buy 1,000 pounds from every fishing vessel. [Add to DNE merchant n 1, to 1980 quot]PRINTED ITEM DNE SupW. K. JAN 10 1989 G. M. StoryUsed I and SupUsed I and Sup1Used Su
Merchant interconnector projects by generators in the EU: Effects on profitability and allocation of capacity
No full textWhen building a cross-border transmission line (a so-called interconnector) as a for-profit (merchant) project, where the regulator has required that capacity allocation be done non-discriminatorily by explicit auction, the identity of the investor can affect the profitability of the interconnector project and, once operational, the resulting allocation of its capacity. Specifically, when the investor is a generator (hereafter the integrated generator) who also can use the interconnector to export its electricity to a distant location, then, once operational, the integrated generator will bid more aggressively in the allocation auctions to increase the auction revenue and thus its profits. As a result, the integrated generator is more likely to win the auction and the capacity is sold for a higher price. This lowers the allocative efficiency of the auction, but it increases the expected ex-ante profitability of the merchant interconnector project. Unaffiliated, independent generators, however, are less likely to win the auction and, in any case, pay a higher price, which dramatically lowers their revenues from exporting electricity over this interconnector.electricity markets; regulation; cross-border electricity transmissions; vertical integration; asymmetric auctions; bidding behavior
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Should Merchant Transmission Investment be Subject to a Must-offer Provision?
No full textMerchant electricity transmission investment is a practically relevant example of an unregulated investment with monopoly properties. However, while leaving the investment decision to the market, the regulator may decide to prohibit capacity withholding with a must-offer provision. This paper examines the welfare effects of a must-offer provision prior to the capacity choice, given three reasons for capacity withholding: uncertainty, demand growth and pre-emptive investment. A must-offer provision will decrease welfare in the first two cases, and can enhance welfare only in the last case. In the presence of importer market power, a regulatory test might be needed
Payment Card Network Pricing - A Theoretical Approach Analyzing the Relationship between Downstream Market Characteristics and the Merchant Usage Fee
No full textIn this thesis the model of a payment card network is constructed to explore the impact of downstream market characteristics (i.e., the market where merchants and consumers interact) on the merchant and the interchange fee, thereby extending the literature’s observations of payment systems. To accomplish this, three scenarios are analyzed: firstly, a unitary payment card network with merchants under Cournot quantity competition and, secondly, under Bertrand price competition respectively, as well as, thirdly, a multi-party payment card network with merchants under Cournot quantity competition. This study yields two significant results. Firstly, the merchant and the interchange fee are found decreasing in the consumer price elasticity, the level of product substitutability and the relative frequency of card usage. Secondly, regulating the interchange fee and the merchant fee respectively is found particularly useful since, in markets with less competition where consumers already face inefficiently high prices, the payment card fees will also tend to be higher. --Two-sided markets,Payment card networks,Platform pricing,Bertrand competition,Industrial Organization,Cournot competition
ARC-Lake v1.1 - Per-Lake
No full textARC-Lake v1.1 - Per-Lake contains data products on a lake-by-lake basis. These data products contain observations of Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) and Lake Ice Cover (LIC) from the series of (Advanced) Along-Track Scanning Radiometers ((A)ATSRs). ARC-Lake v1.1 data products cover the period from 1st June 1995 to 31st December 2009.
A number of different data products are available for each lake and are grouped together into a zip archive for each lake. A summary of the types of data product available is given on http://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/88 and full details of the file naming convention and file contents are given in the ARC-Lake Data Product Description document (ARCLake_DPD_v1_1_2.pdf). Individual lake archives are grouped into larger zip archives by continent (with the exception of the Caspian Sea). A full listing of each zip archive is provided in the ARC-Lake Data Product File List (ARCLake_DPFL_v1_1_2.pdf). Details of the methods used and a list of all lakes and their locations are given in the ARC-Lake Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ARCLake_ATBD_v_1_1.pdf).
Additional information about the ARC-Lake project and some basic data analysis tools can be found on the project website: http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/arclake .
Please cite both this dataset and the related publication:
* "MacCallum, Stuart N; Merchant, Christopher J. (2011). ARC-Lake v1.1 - Per-Lake, 1995-2009 [Dataset]. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences / European Space Agency. https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/159."
* "MacCallum, S.N. and Merchant, C.J. (2012) Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 38 (1). pp. 25-45. ISSN 1712-7971 doi: 10.5589/m12-010"This dataset contains data products on a lake-by-lake basis. Lakes have been grouped by continents in the following zip archives: ARCLake_africa.zip - data products for lakes in Africa, ARCLake_asia_oceania.zip - data products for lakes in Asia/Oceania, ARCLake_europe.zip - data products for lakes in Europe, ARCLake_great_lakes.zip - data products for the North American Great Lakes, ARCLake_n_america.zip - data products for all other lakes in North America, ARCLake_s_america.zip - data products for lakes in South America. Due to size limitations, data products for the Caspian Sea are stored separately across two zip archives: ALID0001_OBS.zip (observations) and ALID0001_REC.zip (reconstructions). Documentation is provided in the following files: ARCLake_DPFL_v1_1_2.pdf - A full listing of the contents of each of the zip archives. ARCLake_DPD_v1_1_2.pdf - Detailed description of all data products. ARC-Lake-ATBD-v1.0.pdf - Algorithm theoretical basis document (ATBD)
ARC-Lake v1.1 - Global
No full textARC-Lake v1.1 - Global contains data products with global coverage, i.e. data for all (available) lakes are included in each product. These data products contain observations of Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) and Lake Ice Cover (LIC) from the series of (Advanced) Along-Track Scanning Radiometers ((A)ATSRs). ARC-Lake v1.1 data products cover the period from 1st June 1995 to 31st December 2009.
A number of different data products are available and are grouped together into six zip archives, by product type. A summary of the types of data product available is given on http://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/88 and full details of the file naming convention and file contents are given in the ARC-Lake Data Product Description document (ARCLake_DPD_v1_1_2.pdf). Note that not all types of data product available on a per-lake basis are available as a global product. A full listing of each zip archive is provided in the ARC-Lake Data Product File List (ARCLake_DPFL_v1_1_2.pdf). Details of the methods used and a list of all lakes and their locations are given in the ARC-Lake Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ARCLake_ATBD_v_1_1.pdf).
Additional information about the ARC-Lake project and some basic data analysis tools can be found on the project website: http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/arclake/
Please cite both this dataset and the related publication:
* "MacCallum, Stuart N; Merchant, Christopher J. (2011). ARC-Lake v1.1 - Global, 1995-2009 [Dataset]. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences / European Space Agency. https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/160."
* "MacCallum, S.N. and Merchant, C.J. (2012) Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 38 (1). pp. 25-45. ISSN 1712-7971 doi: 10.5589/m12-010"This dataset contains global data products (i.e. all lakes, where available, are included in each data file). The dataset is stored across 6 zip archives, covering unaveraged observation based data and averaged reconstruction based data. Details of the zip archive contents are as follows: ALID9999_DGOBS2D.zip - unaveraged observations for day-time ATSR2, ALID9999_DGOBS2N.zip - unaveraged observations for night-time AATSR observations, ALID9999_DGOBS3D.zip - unaveraged observations for day-time ATSR2, ALID9999_DGOBS3N.zip - unaveraged observations for night-time AATSR
ARC-Lake v2.0 - Per-Lake
No full textARC-Lake v2.0 - Per-Lake contains data products on a lake-by-lake basis. These data products contain observations of Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) and Lake Ice Cover (LIC) from the series of (Advanced) Along-Track Scanning Radiometers ((A)ATSRs). ARC-Lake v2.0 data products cover the period from 1st August 1991 to 31st December 2011.
A number of different data products are available for each lake and are grouped together into a zip archive for each lake. A summary of the types of data product available is given on http://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/88 and full details of the file naming convention and file contents are given in the ARC-Lake Data Product Description document (ARCLake_DPD_v1_1_2.pdf). Individual lake archives are grouped into larger zip archives by continent (with the exception of the Caspian Sea). Details of the methods used and a list of all lakes and their locations are given in the ARC-Lake Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ARC-Lake-ATBD-v1.3.pdf).
Additional information about the ARC-Lake project and some basic data analysis tools can be found on the project website: http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/arclake
Please cite both this dataset and the related publication:
* "MacCallum, Stuart N; Merchant, Christopher J. (2013). ARC-Lake v2.0 - Per-Lake, 1991-2011 [Dataset]. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences / European Space Agency. https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/161."
* "MacCallum, S.N. and Merchant, C.J. (2012) Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 38 (1). pp. 25-45. ISSN 1712-7971 doi: 10.5589/m12-010"This dataset contains data products on a lake-by-lake basis. Lakes have been grouped by continents in the following zip archives: ARCLake_africa.zip - data products for lakes in Africa, ARCLake_asia_oceania.zip - data products for lakes in Asia/Oceania, ARCLake_europe.zip - data products for lakes in Europe, ARCLake_great_lakes.zip - data products for the North American Great Lakes, ARCLake_n_america.zip - data products for all other lakes in North America, ARCLake_s_america.zip - data products for lakes in South America, ALID0001.zip - data products for the Caspian Sea. ARCLake_DPD_v1_1_2.pdf - Detailed description of all data products. ARC-Lake-ATBD-v1.3.pdf - Algorithm theoretical basis document (ATBD)
ATSR Reprocessing for Climate: Sea Surface Temperature (ARC-SST) v1.1 - Global 1 Degree Monthly Average - Obs4MIPs
No full textThis dataset contains observations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the series of (Advanced) Along-Track Scanning Radiometers ((A)ATSRs). SSTs are provided as monthly averages on a 1 degree longitude/latitude global grid and cover the period from 1st January 1997 to 31st December 2011. Equivalent data for Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA), relative to climatology, are also available.
The dataset is derived from the data products of the ATSR Reprocessing for Climate: Sea Surface Temperature (ARC-SST_ project (Merchant et al, 2012). These are daily SST estimates on a 0.1 degree longitude/latitude grid and the methods used to derive the monthly 1 degree dataset are described in the accompanying technical note (tosTechNote_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.pdf).
The ARC-SST source data from which this dataset is derived is available at:
http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/neodc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__DE_3abf8c96-a7d6-11e0-9cb8-00e081470265
Reference: Merchant, C. J., O. Embury, N. A. Rayner, D. I. Berry, G. Corlett, K. Lean, K. L. Veal, E. C. Kent, D. Llewellyn-Jones, J. J. Remedios, and R. Saunders (2012), A twenty-year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along Track Scanning Radiometers, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C12013, doi:10.1029/2012JC008400.Data: tos_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.nc and tosAnom_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.nc. Documentation: tosTechNote_ATSR_L3_ARC-v1.1.1_199701_201112.pdf
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