13 research outputs found
The Analysis of the Stanley’s Controller Performance in the Presence of the Steering Angle Disturbances
No full textInvestigation of the influence of hydrogen on the energy performance of a spark ignition engine using gasoline and bioethanol fuel mixtures
No full textThe results of experimental studies of gasoline mixed with 10% bioethanol (E10), bioethanol mixed with 15% gasoline (E85), and hydrogen– oxygen gas (HHO) supplied as an additional fuel are presented in this paper. Research was carried out to determine whether E85 with hydrogen– oxygen gas is feasible for use as a replacement fuel. During the test, a port injection HR16DE spark ignition engine was used. Experiments were carried out at a constant engine speed (n = 2000 rpm), throttle opened at 15°, using a stoichiometric mixture λ = 1.0 and a lean mixture λ = 1.1. After determining brake torque, fuel consumption data, and energy performance, the results of various fuels were determined. It was found that the highest engine brake torque was developed using E85, but at the same time, fuel consumption increased. E85 yielded the best energy efficiency for a lean mixture (λ = 1.1). A small amount of HHO gas (~ 0.95% energy) yielded a small positive effect only on using E10 fuel at λ = 1.1
INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE USING GASOLINE AND BIOETHANOL FUEL MIXTURES
No full textTilde (~): Architecture Forensic Research Institute
No full textTilde(~) - Forensic Research Institute aims to question the role of architecture in the field of dialectical perception. In this project theoretical framework is formulated as a doubling of two different philosophical schools of thought: epistemology and phenomenology. They converge as a bigger theoretical constellation in order to interpret how architecture phenomenon is constructed in the city of Bucharest. The following findings are then converted into series of different mappings, 2.5 models and assemblages. They address the question how architecture and in particular its representation can be used to express this dialectical mods of understandings... Yet it's only a refraction of a larger phenomena.This methodology of creating visual apparatus reflected in the final architectural design. Form follows refraction is a architectural design manifesto where architecture is an assemblage of various transparent materials and their various physical characteristics that can refract, reflect, mirror, blur, architecture space. This architecture can't no longer be perceived as a whole and is creating an oligopticon where you can read only a small piece of a larger panorama. So the final architectural result operates in a very similar mods as does Forensic type of work but this time operating on architecture itself. Bridging theory to design
Effect of the Concentration of Bioethanol Mixed with Gasoline on the Energy and Environmental Performance of a Hybrid Vehicle in the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC)
No full textIncreasing the use of renewable biofuels in internal-combustion-engine (ICE) vehicles is a key strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and conserving fossil fuels. Hybrid vehicles used in urban environments significantly reduce fuel consumption compared to conventional internal-combustion-engine cars. In hybrid vehicles integrating electric propulsion with biofuels offers even more significant potential to lower fuel consumption. One would like to think they should also be less polluted in all cases, but some results show that the opposite is true. This study’s aim was to evaluate a hybrid vehicle’s energy and environmental performance using different gasoline–bioethanol blends. A Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) study was conducted on a Toyota Prius II hybrid vehicle to assess changes in energy and environmental performance. During the WLTC test, data were collected from the chassis dynamometer, exhaust gas analyser, fuel consumption meter, and engine control unit (ECU). The collected data were synchronised, and calculations were performed to determine the ICE cycle work, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), pollutant emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), CO2 mass emissions per cycle, and brake specific pollutant emissions per kilometre. The study shows that the performance of the hybrid vehicle’s ICE is strongly influenced by the utilisation of electrical energy stored in the battery, especially at low and medium speeds. As the bioethanol concentration increases, the engine’s ECU advances the ignition timing based on the knock sensor signal. A comprehensive evaluation using the WLTC indicates that increasing the bioethanol concentration up to 70% improves the energy efficiency of the hybrid vehicle’s internal combustion engine and reduces pollutant and CO2 emissions
Impact of Bioethanol Concentration in Gasoline on SI Engine Sustainability
No full textThis study presents an experimental investigation into the impact of blending bioethanol (E100) with conventional gasoline (E0), incrementally increasing biofuel levels up to E10, E50, and E70. The test was carried out in two stages: Stage I assessed the engine’s performance under fixed speeds (n = 2000 rpm and n = 2500 rpm) and fixed throttle positions (15%, 20%, and 25%) to measure changes in engine torque, efficiency, and environmental metrics by varying the concentration of bioethanol in the fuel. Stage II aimed to enrich the initial findings by conducting an additional test, running the engine at a fixed speed (n = 2000 rpm) and braking torque (MB = 80 Nm) and varying the ignition timing. Results indicated slight improvements in engine brake torque and thermal efficiency (up to 1.7%) with bioethanol content increased to 70%, and a notable reduction in incomplete combustion byproducts—carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emissions (up 15% and 43%). Nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by up to 23%, but carbon dioxide emissions decreased by a mere 1.1%. In order to increase thermal efficiency by adding higher bioethanol blend concentrations, adjusting the ignition timing to counter the longer ignition delay is necessary; however, higher emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are a major drawback of such a strategy. The results of the research are important in determining the optimal concentration of bioethanol in the mixture with gasoline for the energy and environmental sustainability of a spark ignition engine
Evolution of traditional christian political doctrine in the context of the development of interwar lithuanian christian political thought.
No full textEvolution of Traditional Christian Political Doctrine in the Context of the Development of Interwar Lithuanian Christian Political Thought The thesis provides an analysis of the interwar Lithuanian Christian political thought, raising particular issues firstly related to its modernization dynamics. The author of the thesis applies a previously non-used research strategy of this specific study area, assessing the Christian political movement, which directly corresponds the aforementioned political thought, as a systematic entirety from the perspective of clear reference point – the traditional Christian political doctrine of Saint Thomas Aquinas. After applying the aforementioned reference point and particular historical and political-theoretical assumptions, the author presents the analysis of interwar Lithuanian Christian political movement representatives’ writings. The analysis confirms certain cleavages of the movement, as well as the political thought, of which the most significant is the cleavage of generations, indicating pronounced change of the political thought in the context of modernism. The thesis presents a new approach to the analysed issue, opening a broader perspective for the future researches
Nadia urbinati's diarchical model of representative democracy: politics between will and judgement.
No full textThis work examines the theoretical relationship between the concepts of democracy and political representation in the 20-21 century's democratic theory. The analysis of the literature uses the logical perspective proposed by the contemporary political theorist Nadia Urbinati: the role of representation in a democracy depends on how the concept of sovereignty is defined. According to Urbinati, the democratic theory is still dominated by the concept of sovereignty, which from the 18 century onwards is enshrined in the political voluntarism – a line of thinking, which argues that a political decision should arise from the will of the people, meaning that a law can only be passed by an act of direct decision or choice. As a result, the democratic theory is "stuck in a vicious circle" of the choice between direct participation and representation of the people. The first option is "impractical". And if representation is chosen, the question arises, to what extent can a regime in which the will of the people manifests itself only in separate moments (e.g. elections) can be called democratic? Thus usually representative democracy is conceived as “mixed regime”. However, Nadia Urbinati suggests a solution to these contradictions – the concept of "diarchical" sovereignty, which inserts the faculty of "opinion" next to the "will". Although Urbinati’s main goal in reviewing the concept of sovereignty is to demonstrate the principal compatibility of democracy and representation (contrary to the canon of political theory) and thus incorporate forms of political participation beyond elections (what she calls the sphere of opinion-forming), the bachelor thesis argues that the proposed concept of diarchy also paves the way for a proof of representative democracy as a distinctive political regime. Perhaps the most famous author who opposed the conceptualization of democracy as a political regime is the 20 century philosopher is Carl Schmitt. This philosopher's thoughts on the gradual transformation of the concept of democracy into a non-political category make it possible to single out the arguments, which try to prove that democracy does not mean political regime, and "test" Urbinati's definition of representative democracy
Hydrogen Supplementation in SI Engines: Enhancing Efficiency and Reducing Emissions with a Focus on Knock Phenomena
No full textThis study investigates the impact of hydrogen supplementation on the performance, efficiency, and emissions of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, with a specific focus on knock phenomena. A Nissan HR16DE engine was modified to operate in a dual-fuel mode using gasoline (E95) and high-purity hydrogen. Hydrogen was injected via secondary manifold injectors and managed through a reprogrammable MoTeC ECU, allowing precise control of ignition timing and fuel delivery. Experiments were conducted across various engine speeds and loads, with hydrogen mass fractions ranging from 0% to 30%. Results showed that increasing hydrogen content enhanced combustion intensity, thermal efficiency, and stability. Brake specific fuel consumption decreased by up to 43.4%, while brake thermal efficiency improved by 2–3%. CO, HC, and CO2 emissions were significantly reduced. However, NOx emissions increased with higher hydrogen concentrations due to elevated combustion temperatures. Knock tendency was effectively mitigated by retarding ignition timing, ensuring peak in-cylinder pressure occurred at 14–15° CAD aTDC. These findings demonstrate the potential of hydrogen supplementation to reduce fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions in spark ignition engines, while highlighting the importance of precise combustion control to address challenges such as knock and NOx formation
Numerical Modelling Assessment of the Impact of Hydrogen on the Energy and Environmental Performance of a Car Using Dual Fuel (Gasoline–Hydrogen)
No full textThe utilization of “green” hydrogen in transportation areas gives rise to production- and supply infrastructure-related challenges; therefore, its wider application in automotive transport would lead to higher demand with cost reduction and a faster expansion of the hydrogen refuelling network. This study presents energy and environmental performance indicators analyses of a Nissan Qashqai J10 engine during the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC), replacing conventional fossil gasoline with dual-fuel (D-F) gasoline and hydrogen. Numerical modelling was conducted using AVL Cruise™ (Version R2022.2) software, utilizing the torque, fuel consumption, and environmental performance data of the HR16DE engine obtained through experimental testing across a wide range of loads and speeds on an engine test bench. The experimental investigation was carried out in two stages: using pure gasoline (G100); injecting a hydrogen additive into the intake air, constituting 5% of the gasoline mass (G95H5). Following similar stages, numerical modelling was conducted using the vehicle’s technical specifications to calculate engine load and speed throughout the WLTC range. Instant fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (CO, CH, NOx) were determined for various driving modes using experimental data maps. CO2 emissions were calculated considering fuel composition and consumption. By integrating the instant values, the total and specific fuel consumption and emissions were calculated. As a result, this study identified the effect of a 5% hydrogen additive in improving engine energy efficiency, reducing incomplete combustion products and lowering greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions under various driving modes. Finally, the results were compared with the requirements of EU standards
