190 research outputs found
Household composition and the response of child labor supply to product market integration: evidence from Vietnam
No full textMarket integration raises the relative price of a community's export product. The author examines how the response of child labor supply to an increase in the relative price of a primary export product varies with a child's household composition. The specific context for his study is the liberalization of rice markets in Vietnam in the 1990s. Between 1993 and 1998, Vietnam lifted export restrictions on rice, allowing the domestic price to rise toward international levels, and eliminated internal restrictions on the flow of rice between regions of Vietnam. So, the relative price of rice increased overall in Vietnam, but the degree of price change varied across communities with the lifting of restrictions on internal flows. The author finds that the response of child labor supply to rice price increases is increasing the amount of time children work. Thus, household composition attributes that are associated with higher levels of child labor are also associated with larger declines in child labor with rice price increases. The results are consistent with girls particularly benefiting from product market integration because they work more than boys do. The results suggest that economic factors associated with economic reform may attenuate differences in the activities of siblings that are typically associated with cultural traditions and norms.Children and Youth,Labor Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Markets and Market Access,Children and Youth,Youth and Governance,Access to Markets,Street Children,Environmental Economics&Policies
A Mixed Methods Approach to Examine Racial Disparities in Adherence to Surveillance Mammography Among Breast Cancer Survivors
No full textPURPOSE: Annual surveillance mammography is a critical part of routine cancer care for breast cancer (BC) survivors; reducing mortality by 39%. However, disparities exist with regard to adherence to surveillance mammograms among BC survivors; Black women are 44% less likely to adhere than their White counterparts. Despite the existence of this racial disparity for over a decade, little is known about factors that explain reasons for Black BC survivors’ non-adherence. This is because most studies have not evaluated the role of healthcare delivery or psychosocial factors. Guided by the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations, the purpose of this mixed methods dissertation is to examine the influence of predisposing (race, residential area), enabling (health care access) and need factors (years from diagnosis) on adherence to surveillance mammography in Black and White BC survivors. Specific study aims are to: (a) Determine racial differences and influential factors in survivors breast cancer beliefs (b) Evaluate the contribution of health care access, socioeconomic status and perceived health on adherence to surveillance mammography (c) Explore surveillance mammography experiences of survivors engaged in social media.
METHODS: Three cross-sectional studies were conducted of which two analyzed data from datasets and one collected primary qualitative and quantitative data. All studies evaluated theory driven determinants to better understand adherence to nationally recommended surveillance mammography guidelines. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the independent and joint associations between independent study variables (e.g., race) on study outcome (e.g., adherence). Eight virtual focus groups were conducted with BC survivors through social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, reedit) to further explore barriers and facilitators of survivor’s surveillance experiences. A thematic analysis approach using grounded theory techniques analyzed online focus group to identify thematic findings.
RESULTS: Overall, survivors reported high rates of adherence to surveillance mammography (72-70%). Influential factors on adherence involved an interaction with race, rather than just race alone: Black women living in non-metropolitan areas were more likely to be non-adherent compared to White women living in non-metropolitan residential areas. Similarly, Black women with lower levels of patient provider communication had lower adherence versus White women with lower communication levels. The presence of health care access, and health insurance were salient enabling factors on survivor’s adherence, across qualitative and secondary findings. Longer time from diagnosis and having underwent mastectomy surgery were the top need factors associated with non-adherence. Regarding breast cancer beliefs, satisfaction with financial aspects regarding health care and clinical factors such as BC stage were influential factors in survivors perceived severity and cancer recurrence beliefs.
CONCLUSION: This was the first mixed method study to describe psychosocial and healthcare delivery factors in adherence to surveillance mammography guidelines among Black and White BC survivors. Study findings extends scientific knowledge in BC survivors health beliefs and predictors (e.g., provider-communication) of surveillance mammography, with special attention on Black women’s surveillance experiences. This study provides new insight in cancer care delivery by: (1) advancing breast cancer survivorship research, (2) informing future research direction and (3) clinical implications to refine current surveillance guidelines and to improve barriers to surveillance, with special attention to racial/ethnic populations
A Generalization of the Regular Maps of Type {4, 4}<sub>b, c</sub> and {3, 6}<sub>b, c</sub>
No full textIn [1], Coxeter gave a complete enumeration of the regular maps on a torus. The maps consist of two families of type {4, 4}b, c and {3, 6}b, c (and their duals). b and c are non-negative integers, which determine the maps uniquely. The maps are irreflexible if and only if bc(b - c) ≠ 0.On surfaces of genus h > 1, irreflexible regular maps are rather exceptional. The simplest surface of negative characteristic which admits irreflexible regular maps is the orientable surface of genus 7. This was shown by the author [4, Theorem 3. 1 ]. The corresponding map was discovered by J. R. Edmonds [2, p. 388].</jats:p
Simulating the Social Processes of Science
No full textScience is the result of a substantially social process. That is, science relies on many inter-personal processes, including: selection and communication of research findings, discussion of method, checking and judgement of others' research, development of norms of scientific behaviour, organisation of the application of specialist skills/tools, and the organisation of each field (e.g. allocation of funding). An isolated individual, however clever and well resourced, would not produce science as we know it today. Furthermore, science is full of the social phenomena that are observed elsewhere: fashions, concern with status and reputation, group-identification, collective judgements, social norms, competitive and defensive actions, to name a few. Science is centrally important to most societies in the world, not only in technical, military and economic ways, but also in the cultural impacts it has, providing ways of thinking about ourselves, our society and our environment. If we believe the following: simulation is a useful tool for understanding social phenomena, science is substantially a social phenomenon, and it is important to understand how science operates, then it follows that we should be attempting to build simulation models of the social aspects of science. This Special Section of <i>JASSS</i> presents a collection of position papers by philosophers, sociologists and others describing the features and issues the authors would like to see in social simulations of the many processes and aspects that we lump together as "science". It is intended that this collection will inform and motivate substantial simulation work as described in the last section of this introduction.Simulation, Science, Science and Technology Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Processes
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The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas of selected Australian Fabaceae
No full textMembers of the Australian native perennial Fabaceae have been little explored with regard to their root biology and the role played by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in their establishment, nutrition and long-term health. The ultimate goal of our research is to determine the dependency of native perennial legumes on their co-evolved AM fungi and conversely, the impact of AM fungal species in agricultural fields on the productivity of sown native perennial legume pastures. In this paper we investigate the colonisation morphology in roots and the AMF, identified by spores extracted from rhizosphere soil, from three replicate plots of each of the native legumes, Cullen australasicum, C. tenax and Lotus australis and the exotic legumes L. pedunculatus and Medicago sativa. The plants were grown in an agricultural field. The level and density of colonisation by AM fungi, and the frequency of intraradical and extraradical hyphae, arbuscules, intraradical spores and hyphal coils all differed between host plants and did not consistently differ between native and exotic species. However, there were strong similarities between species in the same genus. The three dominant species of AM fungi in rhizosphere soil also differed with host plant, but one fungus (Glomus mosseae) was always the most dominant. Sub-dominant AM species were the same between species in the same genus. No consistent differences in dominant spores were observed between the exotic and native Fabaceae species. Our results suggest that plant host influences the mycorrhizal community in the rhizosphere soil and that structural and functional differences in the symbiosis may occur at the plant genus level, not the species level or due to provenance.Mark Tibbett, Megan H. Ryan, Susan J. Barker, Yinglong Chen, Matthew D. Denton, Tamara Edmonds-Tibbett & Christopher Walke
Urbanizing the North-eastern Frontier: the frontier intelligentsia and the making of colonial Queenstown, c.1859-1857
No full textIncludes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.The rich and varied literature on the eastern Cape frontier has not yet reached the north-eastern frontier of the mid-nineteenth century. Urban centres and towns have also been largely ignored. Moreover, the perspective of the Anglophone intellectuals in these towns has rarely been analysed, and has instead been subsumed within a uniform ‘frontier voice’
For an Integrated Approach to Agent-Based Modeling of Science
No full textThe goal of this paper is to provide a sketch of what an agent-based model of the scientific process could be. It is argued that such a model should be constructed with normative claims in mind: i.e. that it should be useful for scientific policy making. In our tentative model, agents are researchers producing ideas that are points on an epistemic landscape. We are interested in our agents finding the best possible ideas. Our agents are interested in acquiring credit from their peers, which they can do by writing papers that are going to get cited by other scientists. They can also share their ideas with collaborators and students, which will help them eventually get cited. The model is designed to answer questions about the effect that different possible behaviors have on both the individual scientists and the scientific community as a whole.Agent-Based Models, Science Dynamics, Social Networks, Scientometrics, Evolutionary Computation
A note on moves and on irregular coverings of S4
No full textGiven a 3-fold simple (i.e. generic branched) covering p:M→S3, a standard modification (called "move C'' in this paper and due to the author and the reviewer in their theses in 1972) permits one to change the branch set but not the covering manifold M. Hence, given two simple coverings pi:M→S3, i=1,2, of degree three, one may ask whether it is possible to pass from p1 to p2 by a finite sequence of moves C or C−1. Using cobordism techniques developed by the author and the reviewer [cf. the author, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 245 (1978/79), 453–467; the reviewer, Manuscripta Math. 29 (1979), no. 1, 1–10;] it is shown that for M=4#(S1×S2) there are simple coverings p1 and p2 which cannot be related by any sequence of moves C, C−1. The proof relies on a result by A. Edmonds [Algebraic and geometric topology, Part 2 (Stanford, Calif., 1976), 13–18, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., XXXII, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1978;]. The question remains open for M=S3.Depto. de Álgebra, Geometría y TopologíaFac. de Ciencias MatemáticasTRUEpu
Bureaucratic and individual knowledge and action in the public services units of an academic library
No full textThis study examined the patterns of knowledge and action demonstrated by public services staff in interactions with users. It was a three-month ethnographic study of five public services units in an academic library, using participant observation. The data were analyzed by a framework (coorientation) which compared the staff's perceptions of shared knowledge in the unit with knowledge that is actually shared.Library staff perceive they know the activities, procedures, and policies that are sanctioned by the authoritative structure of the institution. Following Weber's analysis of rules and regulations that govern bureaucratic offices, this knowledge is called bureaucratic knowledge.Service points fall into two groups: those where bureaucratic knowledge predominates (bureaucratic service points), primarily circulation and reserve, and those where little bureaucratic knowledge is perceived as governing action (non-bureaucratic service points), primarily reference service points. Knowledge of both kinds exists, however, at all service points.Staff at bureaucratic service points share bureaucratic knowledge of what tasks the unit performs, who performs them, how they should be performed and under what conditions. In addition, much knowledge of policies and procedures is diverse; however, in general, the staff believe that their version of policy and procedural knowledge is known by most as the way things are supposed to be. This situation, where people perceive that their knowledge is known by all, when, in fact, it is not known by all, is labelled the fallacy of shared knowledge. As a result, staff at bureaucratic service points perceive more uniformity of bureaucratic action than actually exists.Two modes of responding to the requests of users were identified. In the bureaucratic mode, staff members ascertain only enough detail about the user's request to fit it into a repertory of authorized tasks and authorized criteria about who is eligible to have these tasks performed for them.In the individual mode, the staff member learns the details of the user's situation and then uses judgment, calling on various kinds of knowledge (bureaucratic, institutional, and professional) and experience to develop a course of action fitting the individual situation.The study also examines the role of bureaucratic knowledge in whether or not users got what brought them to the library, as determined by a third party. Reasons that users did not get what brought them to the library were identified as (1) not offering procedures that would mitigate against institutional contraints, (2) enforcement of policies, (3) staff actions representing instances of the fallacy of shared bureaucratic knowledge, (4) the user's incomplete understanding of the staff member's communication, and (5) various problems related to equipment.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:42:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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