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The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine
No full textMongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun, Kalb, Klaus (2012): The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine. Phytotaxa 59 (1): 32-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.59.1.
FIGURE 4. A in The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine
No full textFIGURE 4. A. Pyxine fallax (hb. K. Kalb 33866), thallus with laminal orbicular soralia; Scale 1 mm. B. Pyxine subcinerea (hb. K. Kalb 21749), thallus with marginal soralia; Scale 3 mm. C. Pyxine sorediata (hb. K. Kalb 35553), lobe tips with punctiform pruina and marginal pseudocyphellae; Scale 1 mm. D. Pyxine meissnerina (lectotype), lobe tips with patchy pruina; Scale 2 mm. E. Pyxine coralligera (hb. K. Kalb 36599) polysidiangia; Scale 1 mm. F. Pyxine retirugella (hb. K. Kalb 30629) lobe tips with pseudocyphellae; Scale 1 mm.Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine cylindrica Kashiw., Bull. Natl Sci. Mus.
No full text8. Pyxine cylindrica Kashiw ., Bull. Natl Sci. Mus. , Tokyo, B, 3 (2): 66 (1977). Holotype:— PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe District; about 3 km W of Lae, coconut tree plantation, H. Kashiwadani 12382 (TNS!). Thallus 2–5 cm wide, adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± imbricate, plane to slightly convex, 0.3–0.6 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to yellowish white or yellowish grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular or very rarely becoming reticulate. Isidia often along the margins, but also laminal, cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, 0.3–0.8 mm tall, ca. 0.1 mm wide. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow, C-, KC-, P + yellow, UV –; medulla K + yellow → red, C-, P + orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (minor), unknown terpenes (minor). Distribution and habitat:—Rare on bark in dry dipterocarp forest. Also in Australia, South and East Asia and Papua New Guinea. Notes:—This lichen is characterized by the cylindrical isidia, the white medulla and the presence of atranorin, norstictic acid and testacein. Pyxine keralensis Awasthi is morphologically similar, but it has a yellow-orange medulla and it lacks norstictic acid and testacein. Material from Thailand examined:— Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Syzygium claviflora in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 870 m, 18°54'33'' N, 98°51'17'' E, 18 March 2008, K . Kalb (hb. Kalb 36807, 36815, 36836)— Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Holgarna kurzii in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 730 m, 18°53'54'' N, 98°51'38'' E, 17 January 1995, K . Boonpragob 3934 (RAMK 17630).Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine farinosa Kashiw., Bull. Natl Sci. Mus.
No full textPyxine farinosa Kashiw., Bull. Natl Sci. Mus. , Tokyo, B, 3 (2): 67 (1977). Holotype:— MICRONESIA. Caroline Islands; Yap Island, 6 August 1939, F. Fujikawa 52 (TNS!). For further synonymy see Elix (2009). Thallus 2–5 cm wide, adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to imbricate, plane to slightly convex, 0.3–1.2 mm wide, subtruncate at the apices. Upper surface white to yellowish white or yellowish grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae ± distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular or becoming reticulate. Soralia laminal or occasionally apical, distinctly elevated, orbicular, subglobose; soredia farinose, white to yellow-white. Medulla upper part orange to orange-red, lower part white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia rare, obscurascens - type, 0.5–2.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 13–17 × 6–8 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), unknown terpenes (minor), unknown pigment (minor). Distribution and habitat:—Corticolous (especially on palm trees) in coastal forests up to 300 m in South and East Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Polynesia and Micronesia. Notes:—This species is characterized by the white to yellowish white or yellowish grey upper surface with laminal, elevated, orbicular soralia, the orange to orange-red upper part of the medulla, a colourless stipe and the presence of atranorin and terpenes. Pyxine fallax is similar, but it has a uniformly white medulla, and it contains norstictic acid and testacein. For differences from P. daedalea see key.Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine profallax Kalb, Bibl. Lichenol.
No full text14. Pyxine profallax Kalb , Bibl. Lichenol. 99: 243 (2009). Holotype: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central District; around Woitape, ca. 1600 m, 19 October 1975, Kurokawa 9309 (TNS!). Thallus corticolous, 3–5 cm wide, adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± imbricate, plane to slightly concave, 0.8–1.0 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface whitish to grey or brownish grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, irregular, becoming reticulate on the upper surface. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.5–1.0 mm wide; disc black, not pruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-. Ascospores 16–22 × 6–8 μm. Pycnidia laminal, immersed to slightly sessile, black; conidia bacilliform, 3–4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow → red, C-, P+ orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (submajor), unknown terpenes showing the same array as P. fallax (minor). Distribution and habitat:—A very rare species, corticolous in a lower montane scrub. Also in Papua New Guinea (holotype). Notes:— Pyxine profallax is characterized by the adnate thallus, the absence of soredia, isidia and polysidiangia, the uniformly white medulla with norstictic acid, cortical atranorin, and obscurascens - type apothecia. P. philippina and P. schmidtii are very similar as both lack vegetative propagules and contain additional testacein, but the latter lacks norstictic acid and the former contains a different array of terpenes. Material from Thailand examined:— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Lan Suriyan, on bark in a lower montane scrub, 1473 m, 17°16'44'' N, 31°07'02'' E, 25 June 2008, S. Meesim 29 (RAMK 17620).Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine philippina Vain., The Philipp. Journ. Sci., C
No full text13. Pyxine philippina Vain. , The Philipp. Journ. Sci., C, 8 (2): 110 (1913). Lectotype (selected by Kashiwadani 1977: 163):— PHILIPPINES. Luzon; Benguet, ad corticem arborum frondosarum, May 1911, E. D. Merrill 7934 (TUR-VAIN 8707!).— Pyxine glaucescens Vain. The Philipp. Journ. Sci., C, 8: 109 (1913). Holotype: PHILIPPINES. Comiran Island, Sulu Sea, ad corticem arboris frondosae, September 1910, E. D. Merrill s.n. (TUR-VAIN 8705!). Thallus corticolous, 2–5 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating or irregular, contiguous to imbricate, plane to partly convex, 0.5–1.4 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface whitish to pale greenish grey or yellow-grey, faintly pruinose towards the lobe tips or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae marginal and laminal, irregular, linear or becoming reticulate. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 1–3 mm wide; disc black, not pruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white to pale brown, K-, P-. Ascospores 15–23 × 6–8 µm. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow → red, C-, P+ orange; containing atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin (minor), norstictic acid (major), testacein (minor), unknown terpenes showing the same array as P. retirugella Nyl. (minor). Distribution and habitat:—Very rare on bark in a mixed deciduous forest. Also in Australia, Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific (Hawaiian Islands and Micronesia). Notes:— Pyxine philippina is characterized by the adnate thallus, the absence of soredia, isidia and polysidiangia, the uniformly white medulla, cortical atranorin and obscurascens - type apothecia with an internal stipe that is brownish in the upper part. P. schmidtii Vain., which also produces testacein, is morphologically very similar in lacking any vegetative propagules, but can easily be distinguished by the absence of norstictic acid in the medulla. P. profallax is morphologically also very similar, but this species differs by a different suite of terpenes. Material from Thailand examined:— Pitsanulok; Phu Hin Rongkla National Park, air raid shelter point, on the bark of unidentified tree in mixed deciduous forest, 560 m, 18 September 2006, S. Meesim 21506 (RAMK).Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine subcinerea Stirt., Trans. Proc.
No full text19. Pyxine subcinerea Stirt. , Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst. 30: 397 (1898). Holotype:— AUSTRALIA. Queensland; [locality unknown], F. M. Bailey 22; (BM!). For further synonymy see Kalb (1987). Thallus 3–8 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate. Lobes radiating, contiguous to imbricate, plane but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.3–0.7 (–1.0) mm wide, subrotund to subtruncate at the apices. Upper surface yellowish grey to grey to brownish grey or olive-grey, pruinose; pruina densely punctiform towards the lobe tips or forming larger plates within the thallus, often glistening; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct at the margins, often spreading laminally, rarely reticulate. Soralia marginal or submarginal and linear, then laminal and punctiform, often coalescing; soredia farinose. Medulla lemon yellow to yellow above, very thin below, white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, obscurascens - type, 0.3–1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe indistinct; upper part red-brown, K + purple, P-; lower part white, K-, P-. Ascospores 13–20 × 6–8 µm. Pycnidia rare, laminal immersed in small warts in thallus; conidiospores bacilliform, 3–4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla upper part K-, C-, KC-, P + orange, lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace). Distribution and habitat:—Occurs on rock, wood and bark in dry dipterocarp, lower montane and mixed deciduous forests. This mainly pantropical species often extends into subtropical and temperate regions. Notes:— Pyxine subcinerea is characterized by the marginal soralia with farinose soredia, the yellow medulla, obscurascens - type apothecia and the presence of lichexanthone in the upper cortex. Pyxine meissnerina is very similar in its overall habitus, but this species is readily separated by a P- upper part of the medulla and a UV- cortex which contains atranorin. Material from Thailand examined:— Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on Quercus mespilifolioides in an open, dry dipterocarp forest, 570 m, 18°53'54'' N, 98°51'38'' E, 1 July 1994, P . Mongkolsuk 1473 (RAMK 17619, 17633, 17634).— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on the trunk of Saraca indica in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17°20'49'' N, 101°33'29'' E, 28 July 2009, S . Meesim 355 (RAMK).— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Luang Wildlife Research Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in lower montane rainforest, 923 m, 17°20'34'' N, 101°30'26'' E, 12 November 2008, S . Meesim & K. Buaruang 186 (RAMK).— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of an unidentified tree in lower montane rainforest, 923 m, 17°20'34'' N, 101°30'26'' E, 12 November 2009, S . Meesim & K. Buaruang MS 0186 (RAMK).— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nam Chan Forest Ranger Station, on the trunk of Saraca indica in mixed deciduous forest, 397 m, 17°20'49'' N, 101°33'29'' E, 28 July 2009, S . Meesim & K. Buaruang MSPL 355 (RAMK).Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine petricola Nyl.
No full text<p> <b> 12. <i>Pyxine petricola</i> Nyl.</b> , in J. M. Crombie, <i>Journ. Bot.</i> 14: 263 (1876).</p> <p> Lectotype (designated here):—ISLAND OF RODRIGUEZ, 9 December 1874, <i>I. B. Balfour</i> 2391 (Transit of Venus Expedition) (BM!, isolectotypes H-NYL 31754! and H-NYL 2336, insertum post mortem). <i>—</i> <i>Pyxine subvelata</i> Stirt., <i>Trans. Proc.</i> <i>New Zealand Inst.</i> 30: 396 (1898). Holotype:— AUSTRALIA. Queensland; Jimbour, June 1895, <i>F. M. Bailey s.n.</i> (BM!). For further synonymy see Kalb (1987).</p> <p> Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, 2–6 cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating or irregular, contiguous to imbricate, plane to concave, rarely convex, 0.7–1.2 mm wide, subrotund to truncate at the apices. Upper surface white to pale grey, greenish grey or yellowish grey, pruinose in patches or seldom only punctiform, matt or glossy; polysidiangia, soralia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae ± distinct, marginal and laminal, usually restricted to the peripheral parts of the lobes, rarely becoming reticulate. Medulla uniformly white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines dense, short, simple or ± furcate. Apothecia <i>cocoës</i> - type, 0.5–1.5 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct; upper part rose to orangered, K+ purple, P-; lower part white, K-, P-. Ascospores 14–20 × 5–9 µm. Conidia bacilliform, 3–4 × 1 µm.</p> <p>Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor).</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat</b>:—Occurs on rock and bark in dry dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forests. Also in Australia, Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific (Hawaiian Islands and Micronesia).</p> <p> <b>Notes</b>:— <i>Pyxine petricola</i> is characterized by the adnate to loosely adnate thallus, the absence of soredia, isidia and polysidiangia, the white medulla, cortical lichexanthone and <i>cocoës</i> - type apothecia with an internal stipe that is reddish in the upper part.</p> <p> <b>Material from</b> <b>Thailand examined</b>:— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Phu Ho Forest Ranger Station, on the bark of <i>Sandoricum koetjape</i> in mixed deciduous forest, 569 m, 17°07'13'' N, 101°34'30'' E, 29 July 2009, <i>MSPL 375</i> (RAMK).— Sakonnakon; Ratchapat Sakonnakon, on the trunk of <i>Mangifera indica</i> in dry dipterocarp forest, 300 m, 19 March 1998, <i>W</i> <i>.</i> <i>Khumtim 11889</i> (RAMK).</p>Published as part of <i>Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1)</i> on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5061495">http://zenodo.org/record/5061495</a>
Pyxine sorediata Mont.
No full text18. Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. , in Ramón de la Sagra, Hist. phys., polit. nat. Cuba, Bot. Plant. Cellul. 2: 188 (1842). Type:— Lecidea sorediata Ach., Syn. meth. lich.: 54 (1814). Lectotype (selected by Kalb 1987: 74 [as holotype]):—in America septentrionale, Müh/eⁿberg; (H-ACH 378!, isolectotypes: S!, UPS!).— Physcia glaucovirescens Nyl., Syn. meth. lich. 1(2): 419 (1860) = Pyxine glaucovirescens (Nyl.) Aptroot, Crypt., Bryol. Lichenol. 9: 146 (1988). Lectotype (selected by Aptroot 1988b: 146):— AUSTRALIA. Queensland; Morton [Moreton] Bay, Verreaux 1846; (PC n.v., fide A. Aptroot, loc. cit.; isolectotype:—(H). For further synonymy see Kalb (1987). Thallus corticolous as well as saxicolous, 3–8 (–20) cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate. Lobes radiating, contiguous to imbricate, plane to slightly concave, 0.6–1.3 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface yellowish grey to brownish grey, lead-grey or blue-grey, distinctly pruinose; pruina punctiform towards lobe apices; polysidiangia and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae very distinct at the margins, often grey-pruinose and becoming reticulate. Soralia initially marginal, developing from fissures, then laminal and orbicular, occasionally becoming corticate and developing into pseudoisidia; soredia granular, dirty white or grey. Medulla lemon-yellow above; lower part yellow-brown or yellow-orange. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, black to blue-black, furcate. Apothecia rare, obscurascens - type, 0.5–1.4 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct; upper part dark orange, K + red, P-, C-, KC-; lower part whitish, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores 14–19 × 6–8 µm. Pycnidia rare, laminal immersed in small warts in thallus; conidiospores bacilliform, 3–4 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Cortex K + yellow or K-, C-, KC-, P + pale yellow or P-, UV –; medulla K-, C-, P-; containing atranorin (minor, or usually trace), chloroatranorin (trace), unknown terpenes (major), unknown pigment (minor). Distribution and habitat:—A rare species on rocks and bark in coniferous and dry dipterocarp forests. Also in Europe, North, Central and South America, Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific islands. Notes:—This species is characterized by the coarse, dirty white to grey, granular soredia, the absence of isidia and polysidiangia, the yellow to yellow-orange medulla, the prominent marginal pseudocyphellae and the presence of cortical atranorin. Pyxine endochrysina Nyl. is superficially similar, but it is esorediate and has nodular to squamulose or lobulate, marginal isidia. Material from Thailand examined:— Chiang Mai; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, on the trunk of Syzygium claviflora in dry dipterocarp forest, 750 m, 18°53'54'' N, 98°51'38'' E, 1 July 1994, K . Boonpragob et al. 2667 (RAMK).— Loei; Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Lon Tae Forest Ranger Station, Pha Kop, on the bark of an unidentified tree in coniferous forest, 1343 m, 17°11'13'' N, 101°33'58'' E, 12 November 2009, S . Meesim & K. Buaruang 599 (RAMK).Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
Pyxine berteriana Imshaug, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc.
No full textPyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug, Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 76: 254 (1957). Type:— Circinaria berteriana Fée, Essai cryptog. écorces officin.: 128 (1825). Holotype:—Insula Martinicensi [Martinique], ad corticem Quassiae excelsae (G!) — Pyxine meissneri Tuck. ex Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat.; Bot., sér. 4, 11: 205 (1859). Lectotype (selected by Imshaug 1957: 254):— Cuba, C. Wright, Wright, Lich. ins. Cubae exs. 95 (FH!) = Pyxine cocoës var. meissneri (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Tuck., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 12: 166 (1877).— Pyxine meissneri var. rinodinoides Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A (6): 69. Holotype:—[Lesser Antilles] Insula S. Jan, ad corticem arboris prope Coral-Bay (Caroline), 22 February 1906, Raunkiaer 443 (C, fide Jungbluth 2010). Thallus corticolous, 5–9 cm wide, adnate to tightly adnate. Lobes radiating, discrete to ± contiguous, plane to convex, but often slightly concave towards the tips, 0.3–1.3 mm wide, subrotund at the apices. Upper surface white to light grey, greenish grey or yellow-grey, sparsely pruinose at the lobe tips (pruina punctiform) or epruinose; polysidiangia, isidia and soredia absent. Pseudocyphellae distinct, marginal and laminal, subreticulate. Medulla upper part: (pale) yellow, lower part: white. Lower surface black in the centre, paler towards the margin; rhizines ± dense, furcate. Apothecia common, cocoës - type, 0.5–2.0 mm wide; disc epruinose. Internal stipe distinct, white, K-, P-, C-, KC-. Ascospores 15–20 × 6–7 μm. Pycnidia rare, immersed in small warts on thallus with an exposed black ostiolum; conidia 4–5 × 1–1.1 µ m. Chemistry: Cortex K-, UV + yellow; medulla upper part K+ distinctly orange to yellow, C-, KC-, P+ orange, lower part: all spot tests negative; containing lichexanthone (major), terpenes (major or minor), unknown pigment (minor or trace). Distribution and habitat:—Pantropical and common in North, Central and South America, Africa, Australia, New Caledonia and the Galapagos Islands. Notes:—This species is characterized by the presence of cortical lichexanthone, the absence of vegetative propagules, the yellow upper medulla (white below) and apothecia of the cocoës- type and a white internal stipe. It is often confused with P. australiensis (Kalb 1994:61), but that species has narrower lobes, a uniformly yellow medulla and apothecia of the obscurascens - type. Also similar is the Neotropical P. endolutea Kalb (Kalb 1987: 49), but this species is readily separated by the presence of atranorin (UV-). Although this species has not yet been reported for Thailand, we have added a description for convenience. Most of the herbarium material which was labelled P. berteriana was revised to P. cognata which is easily separated by its orange medulla (upper part) and obscurascens - type apothecia.Published as part of Mongkolsuk, Pachara, Meesim, Sanya, Poengsungnoen, Vasun & Kalb, Klaus, 2012, The lichen family Physciaceae in Thailand-I. The genus Pyxine, pp. 32-54 in Phytotaxa 59 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.59.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/506149
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