1,460 research outputs found
(Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama
No full textBatista, Abel, Kohler, Gunther, Mebert, Konrad, Hertz, Andreas, Vesely, Milan (2016): An integrative approach to reveal speciation and species richness in the genus Diasporus (Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (2): 267-311, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12411, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.1241
FIGURE 10 in A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region
No full textFIGURE 10. Hemipenis of the Paratype (SMF 97269) of Dactyloa maia sp. nov. A) Sulcate view; B) asulcate view; C) lateral view.Published as part of Batista, Abel, Vesely, Milan, Mebert, Konrad, Lotzkat, Sebastian & Köhler, Gunther, 2015, A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region, pp. 57-84 in Zootaxa 4039 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4039.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28996
Figure 2 in An integrative approach to reveal speciation and species richness in the genus Diasporus (Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama
No full textFigure 2. Map of eastern Panama (EP), showing the distribution of EP species that inhabit variable elevations, including lowlands: Diasporus diastema complex, Diasporus aff. quidditus, and Diasporus tinker.Published as part of Batista, Abel, Kohler, Gunther, Mebert, Konrad, Hertz, Andreas & Vesely, Milan, 2016, An integrative approach to reveal speciation and species richness in the genus Diasporus (Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama, pp. 267-311 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (2) on page 270, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12411, http://zenodo.org/record/536735
Crabs as snake predators? An observation from southern Italy leading to a comprehensive review
No full textThe recent elevation of the Western Grass Snake, Natrix helvetica, from subspecies status prompted an assessment of its natural history and ecological traits compared to closely related species. We report an unusual predation attempt by the freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile on N. helvetica sicula from Sicily, indicating an ecological interaction previously overlooked in this species. The observation suggests that this crab may utilise snakes’ muscle tissue as an additional nutrient source. This predator-prey interaction, although probably rare, adds to the understanding of the dynamics between crabs and snakes, shedding light on their interaction in freshwater habitats. To provide context for our observation and highlight its rarity, we searched through scientific literature and online sources to generate a comprehensive review of the phenomenon that examines the predatory behaviour of crabs on snakes
Figure 1 in Habitat factors determining the distribution of the Caucasian Agama, Laudakia caucasia, (Squamata: Agamidae) in the Sorkh-e-Hesar National Park, Tehran province, Iran
No full textFigure 1. Map of Sorkh-e-Hesar National Park with the grid system and seven different types of vegetation cover (Artemisia sieberi, Acanthophyllum microcephalum, Amygdalus lycioides, Ajuga sp., Astragalus sp., Scabiosa sp., Dendrobium sp., Gundelia tournefortii, Stachys byzantina, Stipa sp.) according to the project of Boom-Abad Advisor Engineering (2001–2002).Published as part of Dezfoulian, Raheleh, Mebert, Konrad, Karami, Mahmoud, Kaboli, Mohammad & Ahmadzadeh, Faraham, 2012, Habitat factors determining the distribution of the Caucasian Agama, Laudakia caucasia, (Squamata: Agamidae) in the Sorkh-e-Hesar National Park, Tehran province, Iran, pp. 2735-2747 in Journal of Natural History 46 (43-44) on page 2736, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717642, http://zenodo.org/record/520225
Dactyloa maia Batista, Vesely, Mebert, Lotzkat & Köhler, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textDactyloa maia sp. nov. Figures 1, 4 E–F, 5 E–F, 6 D, 8, 9, 10. Holotype. SMF 97268, adult male (Figs. 4 E, 5 E, 6 D, 9), from the ridge of the Serranía de Darién (Fig. 1) along the trail that connects the Comarca Wargandí and the Comarca Guna Yala, about 10 km northeast of the village Nurra, 9.06142 ° N, 77.97961 ° W, 344 m asl., Corregimiento de Nurra, Comarca Wargandí, Panama; collected by Abel Batista and Milan Vesely on 0 3 October 2012; original field number AB 760. Paratypes. All from Panama: SMF 97269, a male, from Cerro la Javillosa Ambroya, Torti, Chepo, Panama province, collected on 28 September 2012, 19: 39 hrs, 8.92267 ° N, 78.62530 ° W, 851 m asl, collected by Abel Batista and Milan Vesely; MHCH 2782, a female, same collecting data as holotype; MHCH 2781 and MHCH 2783, females, respectively, from Cerro Pechito Parado, Bajo pequeño, Lajas blancas, Cémaco, Comarca Emberá- Wounáan, on 0 7 November 2012, 8.47911 ° N, 77.52799 ° W, 718 m asl, collected by Abel Batista; SMF 97270, a female from la Cascada trail, Burbayar private reservation, Cartí, Narganá, Comarca Guna Yala, on 26 November 2012, 9.31577 ° N, 79.00580 ° N, 322 m asl, collected by Abel Batista and Konrad Mebert. Diagnosis. A moderate-sized species (SVL 62–78 mm) of the genus Dactyloa, D. latifrons species group (sensu Nicholson et al. 2012), that is most similar in external morphology to D. pupurescens, D. limon, and D. ibanezi, and according to molecular evidence is most closely related to D. pupurescens and D. ibanezi (Fig. 7). These four species share a moderate adult size (SVL 62–88 mm); a large dewlap; a peculiar flank pattern in males, which is green with dark oblique bands, or blotches, or ocelli always arranged in oblique rows (Fig. 5); enlarged postcloacal scales in males; and smooth ventrals. Dactyloa maia can readily be distinguished from these three species by its color pattern and morphology (Figs. 3–6; Table 1–2), and from the remaining species of Dactyloa within the D. latifrons group by its moderate size (SVL <100 mm); and the orange male dewlap with an uninterrupted white margin. Dactyloa maia can be differentiated from D. limon by its male dewlap coloration which is orange with an uninterrupted white margin (vs. yellowish near the throat and tan on distal portion, or uniformly light tan in D. limon; Fig. 4). Dactyloa maia further differs from D. purpurescens, D. limon and D. ibanezi in the color pattern of the flanks as follows: Dactyloa maia has oblique rows of turquoise ocelli or oblique dark green bands without sexual dimorphism (Fig. 8); in D. limon, males have wide dark green bands on the flanks whereas females have diffuse dark green spots distributed evenly or randomly; males of D. purpurescens exhibit oblique rows of ocelli or blotches whereas females have dark green spots arranged in oblique rows; in D. ibanezi both sexes exhibit oblique thin black lines. The hemipenis of D. maia is a small, unilobate organ (slightly bilobate in D. ibanezi; no information available for D. limon and D. purpurescens). Also, Dactyloa maia differs from D. purpurescens, D. limon, and D. ibanezi in mean values of several morphological characters as follows (mean values for D. purpurescens, D. limon, and D. ibanezi presented in that order): HL/SVL 0.27 in Dactyloa maia vs. 0.25, 0.23 and 0.26,.LST 64.7 in Dactyloa maia vs. 62.8, 43.7, and 44.5; number of scales between first and second canthals 14.5 / 12.3 (first canthals/second canthals) in Dactyloa maia vs 12.9 / 10.2, 10 / 8.6, and 11.5 / 10. Description of the holotype. Adult male as indicated by everted hemipenes, a pair of enlarged postcloacal scales, and presence of a large dewlap (Figs. 3 E, 4 E, 7 D, 9); SVL 76 mm; tail length 178 mm (tail complete), tail length/SVL ratio 2.34; tail laterally compressed in cross section, tail height 2.2 mm, tail width 2.0 mm; axilla to groin distance 35.6 mm; head length 19.2 mm, HL/SVL ratio 0.25; snout length 9.3 mm; head width 9.7 mm; longest toe of adpressed hind limb reaching posterior margin of orbit; shank length 20.7 mm, shank length/SVL ratio 0.27, shank length/HL ratio 1.08; tip of longest finger of extended forelimb reaching tip of snout; longest finger of adpressed forelimb not reaching to anterior insertion of hind limbs; prefrontal ridges distinct, parietal ridges conspicuous; scales on snout mostly keeled; 6 postrostrals; 7 scales between nasals; scales in distinct prefrontal depression smooth; supraorbital semicircles differentiated, composed of smooth scales, separated by a minimum of 2 scales; supraorbital disc composed of 7 enlarged smooth scales; two elongated, smooth anterior superciliaries, followed posteriorly by a much smaller, elongate scale; about 5 rows of small keeled scales extending between enlarged supraorbitals and superciliaries; interparietal plate distinct, parietal eye visible; canthal ridge distinct, composed of 3 large (posterior) and 7 small (anterior) canthal scales; 11 scales present between second canthals; 13 scales present between posterior canthals; 78 loreal scales arranged in 7 horizontal rows; subocular scales flat, subocular row well-defined; 9 supralabials to level below center of eye; ear opening 0.73 x 1.6 mm (length x height); mental distinctly wider than long, almost completely divided medially, bordered posteriorly by 6 postmentals; 10 infralabials to level below center of eye; third and fourth sublabials posterior to mental slightly enlarged; keeled granular to elongate scales present on chin and throat; dewlap large, extending well onto body, anterior insertion is about halfway between nose and orbit, posterior insertion at a level between one-third and one half of the distance between axilla and groin, with about 4 gorgetal-sternal rows, each 2–3 scales wide, becoming less regular posteriorly; low nuchal crest present, dorsal crest barely visible; dorsum of body with keeled scales, 1–2 middorsal rows of prominently keeled, but not otherwise enlarged scales; about 50 medial dorsal scales in one HL; about 125 medial dorsal scales between levels of axilla and groin; lateral scales small, long and keeled; ventrals at midbody smooth, subimbricate; about 66 ventral scales in one HL; about 87 ventral scales between axilla and groin; about 164 scales around midbody; caudal scales strongly keeled, without whorls of enlarged scales, subcaudal scales with a single prominent keel; a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales, larger one about 0.88 x 1.90 mm (length x width); tube-like axillary pocket not developed; scales on anterodorsal surface of thigh and on dorsal surface of forearm keeled; digital pads dilated, dilated pad about 3 times width of nondilated scales under distal phalanx; distal phalanx narrower than and raised from dilated pad; 31 / 31 (left/right) lamellae under phalanges ii to iv of 4 th toe; 11 / 12 scales under distal phalanx of 4 th toe; 21 / 19 lamellae under phalanges ii to iv of 4 th finger; 10 / 9 scales under distal phalanx of 4 th finger. Hemipenis description: The completely everted hemipenis (Fig. 10) of SMF 97269 is a small, unilobate organ; sulcus spermaticus bordered by well-developed sulcal lips, opening at base of apex into a small concave area; large asulcate processus and ridge present; a prominent fleshy fringe present on each lateral side of truncus; most of apex on asulcate side and distal portion finely calyculate, truncus with transverse folds.. Coloration in life of the holotype. (Fig. 4 E) Dorsal and lateral ground color of body and limbs Light Grass Green (109); lateral surface of body with three Parrot Green (121) oblique bands directed backwards as well as downwards, each with six to seven Medium Blue (168) small oval spots; tail with Dark Green (136) transverse bands; eyelids Cream Yellow (82); iris Chrome Orange (74); ventral surfaces dirty white, suffused with Pale Cyan (157); dewlap Light Pratt’s Rufous (71) with three well defined longitudinal series of Emerald Green (143) scales, free margin of dewlap dirty white, anterior insertion of dewlap suffused with Beige (254). Coloration of the holotype after approximately two years of preservation in 70 % ethanol. (Fig. 9) Dorsal and lateral ground color of body and limbs Lavender (195); lateral surfaces of body with three oblique rows of small oval Medium Water Blue (182) spots directed backwards as well as downwards; tail with Plumbeous (295) transverse bands; ventral surfaces dirty white, suffused with Medium Blue Gray (194); dewlap Pale Sulfur Yellow (92), its base suffused with Pale Neutral Gray (296). Color variation. Another male (SMF 97269, 8E–F), at the moment of encounter, was uniform green with bluish spots on flanks arranged in oblique rows; after collection it exhibited metachrosis, and the coloration recorded was as follows: the dorsal ground color of body, head and limbs Salmon Color (58), grading into Yellow Green (103) toward the flanks; tail with Russet (44) transverse bands; four well-defined Olive Green (123) oblique bands between axilla and groin, each including four to seven irregular Cyan Black (153) blotches; ventral surfaces and dewlap as in holotype. A female (MHCH 2782, Figs. 4 F, 5 F, 8 A–B) lacked the small oval spots, and only the three Parrot Green (121) transverse bands were present with three small Sulphur Yellow (80) spots between each band; dewlap Medium Chrome Orange (75) with three well defined longitudinal series of Emerald Green (143) scales, free margin of dewlap dirty white, anterior insertion of dewlap suffused with Light Neutral Gray (297). Another female (SMF 97270; Fig. 8 G) agrees in general color pattern with female MHCH 2782. A third female (MHCH 2781; Fig. 8 C–D) has the same dorsal ground color as the holotype, but with six well defined Greenish Olive (125) oblique bands in the flanks (without spots); dewlap Olive (126), with three well defined longitudinal series of Lime Green (116) scales, anterior and external border of dewlap dirty white, anterior insertion of dewlap suffused with Light Neutral Gray (297). Distribution and Natural history. As far as we know, Dactyloa maia is endemic to eastern Panama, inhabiting the foothills and ridges of the Majé, San Blas, Darién (as far south and east as to Río Tuquesa, thereafter apparently replaced by D. purpurescens), and Piedras-Pacora (two specimens photographed by Angel Sosa- Bartuano, not plotted in Fig. 1) mountain ranges, where it occurs in the eastern Panamanian montane forest (Fund 2014) and the Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests (in the Piedras-Pacora and San Blas mountain range, Hogan & Fund 2014), at 322–852 m asl. All specimens of Dactyloa maia were found during night searches sleeping on branches or leaves 2 to 3 m above the ground. Etymology. Abel Batista dedicates this beautiful new species to his recently born daughter, Maia. The name also comes from Greek mythology, where it is applied to the eldest of the Pleiades, sometimes called mountain nymphs, and are believed to live on the trees in mountains and groves as the guardians for that habitat, a role Dactyloa maia could also represent.Published as part of Batista, Abel, Vesely, Milan, Mebert, Konrad, Lotzkat, Sebastian & Köhler, Gunther, 2015, A new species of Dactyloa from eastern Panama, with comments on other Dactyloa species present in the region, pp. 57-84 in Zootaxa 4039 (1) on pages 65-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4039.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28996
Resource partitioning and dwarfism patterns between sympatric snakes in a micro-insular Mediterranean environment
No full textIslands provide an evolutionary window, where a simplified natural network combined with unusual environmental conditions promote selective processes that trigger rapid changes in biological constituents of a species. The Mediterranean island of Montecristo, Italy, provides such a situation with a reduced fauna and flora compared to the mainland. We measured body size (SVL) and recorded diet of the two snake species oc- curring on the island, the Asp Viper (Vipera aspis) and the Western Whip Snake (Hierophis viridiflavus), and compared these data with populations of conspecifics from the mainland. Compared to mainland populations, the three principal results are: (1) no obvious niche shift along the food or habitat axes between the two snake species; (2) significant body size shift (insular dwarfism) of the whip snake by 30 %, and ca. 10 % in the viper; and (3) arboreal ambushing in the viper to add an al- ternative diet (birds) compared to mainland populations, (more mice) to compensate for the lack of suitable mi- cro-mammals on Montecristo Island
Diasporus sapo Batista & Kohler & Mebert & Hertz & Vesely 2016, SP. NOV.
No full textDIASPORUS SAPO SP. NOV. FIGS 13, 14G, H ELEUTHERODACTYLUS SP. – MYERS 1969: FIG. 19C. Holotype SMF 97329 (original field number AB 429), an adult female (Fig. 13) collected by Abel Batista & Gustavo Dojirama at the top of Cerro Sapo, PND, Distrito de Garachine, Darien, Panama, on 4 December 2011, at 20:00 h (7.97618 N, 78.36263 W; 1169 m a.s.l.). Paratypes MHCH 2853 – 58, SMF 97328, SMF 97330 – 32; same collecting data as for holotype. Diagnosis Diasporus sapo sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of characters (see Tables 4 – 6): (1) dorsal skin texture slightly tuberculate, venter smooth; (2) tympanum indistinguishable, annulus tympanicus and tympanic membrane absent; (3) snout rounded in dorsal view and in profile; (4) conical supraocular tubercle and cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers with between seven and 11 teeth each, straight in outline, from the centre of the orbit to the centre of the roof of mouth; (6) vocal sac and vocal slits not differentiated, only a slightly differentiated fold beside the tongue, no nuptial pads; (7) finger II longer than finger I, ungual flap expanded, spadate, more evident on fingers II – IV; (8) no fringes or webbing on fingers; (9) palmar tubercle ovoid or rounded, flattened and almost the same size as thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular; two or three supernumerary tubercles; (10) heel smooth; (11) no fringes or webbing on toes, ungual flap on toes expanded, spadate, more evident on toes IV and V; (12) plantar tubercle indistinguishable, subarticular tubercles rounded and globular (one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV); foot without supernumerary tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle elongated, outer metatarsal tubercles rounded and globular, smaller than inner; tarsal ridge absent; (13) dorsal ground color in life reddish and patternless, venter translucent, vocal sac not visible (Fig. 14H); (14) SVL 22.6 ƚ 2.86 (18.8—29.1, N = 11), males 22.6 ƚ 2.59 (19.9—29.1, N = 9), females 22.6 ƚ 5.3 (18.8—26.3, N = 2); (15) advertisement call unknown. Description of the holotype An adult female (SVL 28.91), with slender body; dorsal skin texture slightly tuberculate, venter skin smooth, discoidal fold not evident; protuberant eyes 1.78 times longer than snout; tympanum small, ratio TD/EL 23%; tympanum indistinguishable, annulus tympanicus and tympanic membrane absent, positioned 2.6 mm behind the orbit; head as wide as long (HL/ HW 0.95), greatest head width between angles of jaw 35% of SVL; snout rounded from above and in profile; nares situated near tip of snout and slightly dorsolaterally directed, visible in frontal view, also visible dorsally but not ventrally; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region concave; dentigerous processes of vomers with ten (right) and eight (left) teeth each side, straight in outline, from the centre of the orbit to the centre of the roof of mouth, and separated by a space of half of its total length; vocal slits absent; tongue long (26% of SVL) and broadening to the end, first third attached to floor of mouth; hands moderate in size, 22% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed fingers I <II <IV <III; finger II smaller than finger VI, finger II reaching the middle of disc on finger IV when adpressed; finger III disc 2.07 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; palmar tubercle ovoid to rounded, flattened, and almost the same size as thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle low and elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular; no supernumerary tubercles; two palmar accessory tubercles small and rounded; no nuptial pads; no fringes on fingers; hindlimbs of moderate lengths, TL 43% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed toes I <II <III <V <IV; when adpressed, tip of toe I reaches the disc base of toe II; disc of toe IV expanded, 2.11 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; no fringes on toes; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular (one each on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV); inner metatarsal tubercle elongated; outer metatarsal tubercles rounded, globular, and smaller than inner; tarsal ridge absent; hands and feet without webbing; finger and toe discs even broadened and slightly globular in profile (Fig. 7D); ungual flap on toes expanded, spadate, more evident on toes IV and V. Coloration of holotype in life Coloration recorded as follows (Fig. 13): iris medium neutral gray (298) with reticulations sepia (286), iris periphery jet black (300), eye periphery sky blue (192); dorsal ground color uniform Pratt’s ruby (68), becoming darker to the front as dark carmine (61); venter and limbs chrome orange (74), throat pale buff (1). Coloration in preservative Dorsal ground color cinnamon – drab (50), becoming darker to warm sepia (40) to the tip of snout; limbs and venter cream color (12), throat buff (5), hand and foot drab (19). Measurements of holotype (mm) SVL 28.91; HL 9.63; HW 10.19; IOD 2.93; EL 4.29; TD 0.98; FL 11.58; TL 12.33; HAL 6.37; 3FW 0.52; 3FD 1.8; 3TW 0.61; 3TD 1.12; 4TW 0.57; 4TD 1.20; BW 9.99 (for variation in the species, see Tables 4 – 6). Natural history This species is known only from the top of Cerro Sapo, which is covered by elfin forest. The vegetation predominantly consists of small trees (roughly 10 m in height) fully covered with moss and bromeliads. Diasporus sapo sp. nov. was most often found at 1 – 2 m above ground during the night; individuals were seen walking over tree branches and tree bark. Etymology The species name is derived from the name of Cerro Sapo, where the species was found.Published as part of Batista, Abel, Kohler, Gunther, Mebert, Konrad, Hertz, Andreas & Vesely, Milan, 2016, An integrative approach to reveal speciation and species richness in the genus Diasporus (Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama, pp. 267-311 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (2) on pages 287-290, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12411, http://zenodo.org/record/536735
FIGURE 5 in Two new fringe-limbed frogs of the genus Ecnomiohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Panama
No full textFIGURE 5. Habitat of Ecnomiohyla bailarina A) understory area where holotype was caught; B-C) forest structure from an open area; D) canopy forest; E) Cerro Bailarín, view from a ridge to 900 m a.s.l.; F) understory at Cerro Bailarín.Published as part of Batista, Abel, Hertz, Andreas, Mebert, Konrad, Köhler, Gunther, Lotzkat, Sebastian, Ponce, Marcos & Vesely, Milan, 2014, Two new fringe-limbed frogs of the genus Ecnomiohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Panama, pp. 449-474 in Zootaxa 3826 (3) on page 459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/25003
Diasporus majeensis Batista & Kohler & Mebert & Hertz & Vesely 2016, SP. NOV.
No full textDIASPORUS MAJEENSIS SP. NOV. <p>FIGS 11, 14C, D</p> <p> <i>Holotype</i></p> <p>SMF 97293 (original field number AB 1030), an adult male (Fig. 11) collected by Abel Batista & Konrad Mebert on the top of Cerro Chucantı, at Maje mountain range, Rıo Congo Arriba, Distrito de Chepigana, Darien, Panama, on 2 December 2012 at 20:35 h (8.79936 N, 78.46156 W; 1380 m a.s.l.).</p> <p> <i>Paratypes</i></p> <p> MHCH 2832 <i>–</i> 39, SMF 97655 <i>–</i> 60, with same collection data as the holotype.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis: Diasporus majeensis</i> sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of characters (Figs 11, 14C, D; Table 1): (1) dorsal skin smooth with small dispersed warts, ventral skin smooth; (2) only lower part of the tympanic annulus barely visible, tympanic membrane absent; (3) snout</p> <p>Panama</p> <p>,</p> <p>,</p> <p> north-western to Panama 800 <i>–</i>,</p> <p>to Colombia up Rica, Costa to Rica central Costa</p> <p>Darien</p> <p>, Sapo s l.. a</p> <p>.</p> <p>Panama in, l a. s</p> <p>,..</p> <p>in</p> <p>s. a l..</p> <p>,</p> <p>Silencio a s l...</p> <p>. a. l m</p> <p>2</p> <p>.</p> <p>,</p> <p>s 1220</p> <p> <i>–</i> Distribution Cerro m 1169 Eastern Colombia m 1350 1880 m del Valle m 2550 South-western Panama</p> <p>)</p> <p>kHz</p> <p>)</p> <p>DF</p> <p>(</p> <p>No</p> <p>data 0.19</p> <p>3.5</p> <p>ƚ 3.14</p> <p>3.71</p> <p>(</p> <p> <i>–</i> 2.50 2.61 <i>–</i> 4.6 0.3 ƚ 5.1) 4.35 (<i>–</i></p> <p>suffused spots red white in spots</p> <p>color</p> <p>, orange with and dark</p> <p>Ventral pattern Translucent with red Brown to White males in with females Brown</p> <p>Dorsal</p> <p>color</p> <p>pattern</p> <p>red</p> <p>Uniform Grey Red to</p> <p>pink</p> <p>with</p> <p>Pigmented dark mottling areas light and.</p> <p>flap to or,</p> <p>to to</p> <p>frequency</p> <p>Ungual Palmate rounded spadate Lanceolate papillate Spadate Lanceolate papillate dominant,</p> <p>DF</p> <p>.</p> <p>2.86</p> <p>ƚ</p> <p>29.1</p> <p>)</p> <p> <i>–</i></p> <p>1.55 ƚ 20.4</p> <p>)</p> <p> <i>–</i> 1.89 ƚ 24.7</p> <p>)</p> <p> <i>–</i> 1.46 ƚ) 17.2 literature</p> <p> SVL 22.6 (18.8 17.3 (14.6 22.8 (20.2 14.4 (12 <i>–</i> from <b>Table. 6</b> <i>Continued</i> Species nov sp <i>D.</i>. <i>sapo</i>. <i>tinker. D D ventrimaculatus.. D vocator</i> obtained Information * rounded in dorsal and profile view; (4) conical supraocular tubercle or cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers with between one and four teeth each, straight in outline, in frontal to the orbit; (6) vocal sac small, but with visible longitudinal gular folds, vocal slits present, situated beside the tongue, from the middle side of the tongue to near the junctions of jaws, no nuptial pads; (7) finger II longer than finger I, ungual flap mostly expanded, rounded, more evident on fingers II <i>–</i> IV; (8) no fringes or webbing on fingers; (9) palmar tubercle ovoid, flattened, and slightly larger than thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle low and elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular, first tubercle more evident; one or two supernumerary tubercles, palmar accessory tubercles small and rounded; (10) heel smooth; (11) no fringes or webbing on toes, ungual flap slightly expanded to rounded, more evident on toes II <i>–</i> V; (12) plantar tubercle indistinguishable, subarticular tubercles present (one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV), first tubercle more evident; small and rounded supernumerary tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle elongated; outer metatarsal tubercles conical and smaller than inner; tarsal ridge absent; (13) dorsal ground color in life brown to reddish, some specimens with dark reticulations on a reddish background color, venter translucent, vocal sac same color as venter (Fig. 14C <i>–</i> D); (14) SVL 21.5 ƚ 2.64 (15.3 <i>–</i> 25.5, <i>N</i> = 15), males 19.9 ƚ 2.1 (15.3 <i>–</i> 21.8, <i>N</i> = 9), females 23.9 ƚ 1.22 (22.3 <i>–</i> 25.5, <i>N</i> = 6); (15) advertisement call composed of a single, amplitudemodulated short note with duration of 0.01 <i>–</i> 0.02 s, and with the DF ranging between 2.47 and 2.71 kHz (Fig. 6; Table 2).</p> <p> <i>Description of the holotype</i></p> <p>An adult female (SVL 20.90), with slender body; dorsal skin smooth with small dispersed warts, ventral skin smooth, discoidal fold not evident; eye 1.30 times longer than snout; tympanum small, ratio TD/EL 21%; only lower part of the tympanic annulus barely visible, tympanic membrane absent, positioned 2 mm behind orbit; head slightly wider than long (HL/HW 0.85), greatest head width between angles of jaw 38% of SVL; snout rounded from above and in profile; nares situated near tip of snout and slightly dorsolaterally directed, visible in frontal view, and also visible dorsally but not ventrally; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region feebly concave; dentigerous processes barely visible, in frontal of the orbit of eyes in a straight outline, each with four teeth; vocal slits absent; tongue long (20% of SVL) and broadening to the end, first third attached to floor of mouth; hands moderate in size, 23% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed fingers I <II <IV <III; finger II smaller than finger VI, finger II reaching the base of disc on finger IV when adpressed; finger III disc 1.6 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; palmar tubercle low and rounded, larger than thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle low and elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular; no supernumerary tubercles; palmar and plantar accessory tubercles small and rounded; no nuptial pads; no fringes on fingers; hindlimbs of moderate lengths, TL 46% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed toes I <II <III <V <IV; when adpressed, tip of toe I reaches the last third of distal phalanx of toe II; disc of toe IV slightly expanded, 1.3 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; no fringes on toes; subarticular tubercles present (one each on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV), first subarticular tubercles more visible than the rest; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid; outer metatarsal tubercles rounded, slightly pointed, and smaller than inner; tarsal ridge absent; hands and feet without webbing; finger and toe discs slightly triangular; ungual flap expanded, even, rounded; pads globular in profile (Fig. 7B).</p> <p> <i>Coloration of holotype in life</i></p> <p>Holotype (SMF 97293, Fig. 11) recorded as follows: iris light orange yellow (7) with middle area light Pratt’s rufous (71); dorsal ground color chestnut (30) with peach red (70) areas in the occipital, flanks, and lumbar region; a spectrum red (67) interorbital band, bordered posteriorly by a sepia (286) band; axilla and groin slightly pigmented with chestnut (30); limbs same as dorsum; ventral areas translucent slightly pigmented with sepia (286); ventral part of fingers and toes dark carmine (61).</p> <p> <i>Coloration in preservative</i></p> <p>Dorsal ground color burnt sienna (38) with flesh ocher (57) areas in the occipital, flanks, and lumbar region; interorbital band flesh ocher (57), groin and venter light buff (2), ventral surfaces of limbs light orange yellow (7).</p> <p> <i>Measurements of holotype (mm)</i></p> <p>SVL 20.90; HL 6.53; HW 7.68; IOD 2.21; EL 2.97; TD 0.62; FL 8.41; TL 9.51; HAL 4.79; 3FW 0.47; 3FD 0.75; 3TW 0.47; 3TD 0.65; 4TW 0.42; 4TD 0.53; BW 6.77 (for variation of the species, see Table 1).</p> <p> <i>Vocalization</i></p> <p> The calls produced by one specimen (SMF 97658, environmental temperature 18.5 °C; 3 December 2012, 18:19 h) were analysed. The call consisted of single, short, monophasic notes that are reminiscent of a ‘whistle’ (Fig. 6). Note duration is 0.01 <i>–</i> 0.02 s, with an interval between calls of 2.67 <i>–</i> 6.02 s and a call rate of 12.32 calls/min; the low frequency was 2.38 <i>–</i> 3.03 kHz, the high frequency was 2.85 <i>–</i> 3.14 kHz, and the first harmonic contains the dominant frequency at 2.47 <i>–</i> 2.71 kHz.</p> <p> <i>Natural history</i></p> <p> This species is found in the eastern Panamanian montane forest (Fund & Hogan, 2012) of the Maje mountain ranges (Fig. 1). Cloud forest in this area has vegetation consisting predominantly of trees covered with moss and a large variety of understory bromeliads (<i>Werauhia</i> spp. and <i>Guzmania</i> spp.). At night, <i>D. majeensis</i> sp. nov. was found 0.5 <i>–</i> 2.0 m above ground on tree bark in bromeliad foliage. During the daytime, individuals were found hiding between bromeliad leaves. At the top of Cerro Chucantı, males were calling during the end of the rainy season (December). The recorded male was observed calling between dry bromeliad leaves 1.5 m above ground. The diet is not known, but as with other <i>Diasporus</i> it is likely to eat small crickets, cockroaches, ants, and isopods (Batista, 2009).</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i></p> <p> The species name is derived from the name of the mountain range, Maje, where the holotype was found, with the Latin suffix - <i>ensis</i> donating a place or locality.</p>Published as part of <i>Batista, Abel, Kohler, Gunther, Mebert, Konrad, Hertz, Andreas & Vesely, Milan, 2016, An integrative approach to reveal speciation and species richness in the genus Diasporus (Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama, pp. 267-311 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (2)</i> on pages 279-285, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12411, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5367350">http://zenodo.org/record/5367350</a>
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