1,721,002 research outputs found
Gender Inequality: Critical Consciousness Scale
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
The policy goal of empowering women may be hindered by women’s lack of perception of the degree of gender inequality, their actual desire for egalitarianism, and what they do to push for change. Critical consciousness is defined as the capacity of oppressed or marginalized people to critically analyze their social and political conditions, endorsement of societal equality, and action to change perceived inequities (Freire, 1973). This tool, Gender Inequality: Critical Consciousness Scale, fills a gap of measuring critical consciousness on gender inequality adapted to the Global South. The scale has three components: critical reflection (degree to which women are aware of the conditions that discriminate them), critical action (what they do to push for change), and critical motivation (desire for egalitarianism). This tool is suited for surveys run by NSOs, other nationally representative individual- or household-level surveys, and for targeted thematic or impact evaluation surveys. We recommend the use of this tool in the design, monitoring, and evaluation of development programs aimed at improving women’s empowerment.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines).
2.Two files, CAPI_Choices and CAPI_Survey, along with the accompanying files, can be used to construct a CAPI program ready for survey implementation. Alternatively, users can use an Excel workbook "CAPI_.xlsx" that includes worksheets for survey and choices, along with others, for constructing a CAPI program ready for survey implementation
Gender and Occupation: Automatic Cognition Test
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
This tool, Gender and Occupation: Automatic Cognition Test, captures ‘automatic cognition’ (i.e., cognition that is fast, effortless, and occurs with little conscious awareness) regarding the gendered nature of specific activities and occupations. An increasing number of policy interventions aim to change gender norms and biased attitudes against women, including those regarding which occupations it is appropriate for women to work in. However, such implicit attitudes and biases are notoriously prone to measurement error. Rather than the more complex Implicit Association Test (IAT), this tool captures automatic cognition based on the simpler Affect Misattribution Procedure (Miles et al. 2019). This tool can be used to diagnose the strength of automatic cognitive processes regarding gender and occupations in a given population, but also to assess the impact of interventions aiming to shift attitudes or norms. Users may want to use this tool alongside other measures of gender attitudes, as well as the respondent’s current occupation.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines).
2. Two files, CAPI_Choices and CAPI_Survey, along with the accompanying files, can be used to construct a CAPI program ready for survey implementation. Alternatively, users can use an Excel workbook "CAPI_.xlsx" that includes worksheets for survey and choices, along with others, for constructing a CAPI program ready for survey implementation
Unpacking Joint Decision-making
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
Improving women’s decision-making power is crucial for advancing gender equality. But evidence shows that wives and husbands have systematically different perceptions of who makes these decisions across contexts and intra-household disagreement is often not random; women “taking power” correlates with other women’s empowerment variables. This could be because the standard decision-making answer options “wife, husband, joint” is too categorical and it does not allow us to capture the strength in decision-making power (thinking it as a continuum), or because men and women have a different understanding of what sole/joint decision-making is. This tool, Unpacking Joint Decision-making, allows us to elicit responses regarding subjective assessments of a hypothetical married couple under different scenarios that involve the wife and the husband making household decisions around large household purchases. This tool is suited for nationally representative individual- or household-level surveys, and for targeted thematic or impact evaluation surveys designed to understand individuals' agency and decision-making.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines)
2. Two files, CAPI_Choices and CAPI_Survey, along with the accompanying files, can be used to construct a CAPI program ready for survey implementation. Alternatively, users can use an Excel workbook "CAPI_.xlsx" that includes worksheets for survey and choices, along with others, for constructing a CAPI program ready for survey implementation
Gender Inequality: Critical Consciousness Scale
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand. The policy goal of empowering women may be hindered by women’s lack of perception of the degree of gender inequality, their actual desire for egalitarianism, and what they do to push for change. Critical consciousness is defined as the capacity of oppressed or marginalized people to critically analyze their social and political conditions, endorsement of societal equality, and action to change perceived inequities (Freire, 1973). This tool, Gender Inequality: Critical Consciousness Scale, fills a gap of measuring critical consciousness on gender inequality adapted to the Global South. The scale has three components: critical reflection (degree to which women are aware of the conditions that discriminate them), critical action (what they do to push for change), and critical motivation (desire for egalitarianism). This tool is suited for surveys run by NSOs, other nationally representative individual- or household-level surveys, and for targeted thematic or impact evaluation surveys. We recommend the use of this tool in the design, monitoring, and evaluation of development programs aimed at improving women’s empowerment.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines).
2.Two files, CAPI_Choices and CAPI_Survey, along with the accompanying files, can be used to construct a CAPI program ready for survey implementation. Alternatively, users can use an Excel workbook "CAPI_.xlsx" that includes worksheets for survey and choices, along with others, for constructing a CAPI program ready for survey implementation
Resistance and Backlash
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
Improving women’s decision-making power is crucial for advancing gender equality. Understanding individuals’ participation in decision-making within their households involves understanding what occurs, or they fear it might occur, when they try to participate in these decisions. For example, they might face some type of economic or physical punishment. These potential negative consequences may be particularly acute for women. This tool, Resistance and Backlash, aims to capture whether respondents face consequences, positive or negative, because of their participation in decisions inside the household, as well as what they think would happen if they participated in those decisions that they are not currently participating in. Understanding such consequences can be used to inform interventions that aim to increase women’s decision-making power within the household, as well as theories of changes within broader initiatives to increase women’s agency. This tool is suited for nationally representative individual- or household-level surveys, and for targeted thematic or impact evaluation surveys designed to understand women’s agency and decision-making. Other variables that you may want to collect alongside this measure include marital status, age, women’s engagement in any income-generating activities, and additional measures on agency or influence in decision-making (e.g., MAGNET’s persuasion or preferences over decision-making tools).
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines
Valuation of Time and Money
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
This tool, Valuation of Time and Money, comprises survey questions, vignettes and a simple scale to understand how men and women value additional time (including work flexibility) versus additional income, their current level of control over their time and income, and their related gender attitudes. Understanding individuals’ preferences over time and money is crucial for accurately capturing welfare and the impact of development programs. Moreover, measuring disparities in how men and women perceive and manage their time and financial resources is crucial for inclusive policymaking.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines).
2.Two files, CAPI_Choices and CAPI_Survey, along with the accompanying files, can be used to construct a CAPI program ready for survey implementation. Alternatively, users can use an Excel workbook "CAPI_.xlsx" that includes worksheets for survey and choices, along with others, for constructing a CAPI program ready for survey implementation
Enumerator Characteristics and Reporting Bias
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
Evidence suggests that men’s and women’s responses may be affected by the interview context. This tool allows identifying which enumerators’ characteristics (e.g., gender, age, beliefs on women’s rights) affect respondents’ reporting and whether there are heterogeneities across genders and contexts. This tool, Enumerator Characteristics and Reporting Bias, should be administered to the enumerators before enumerators’ training takes place and can be used to assess the need to randomize enumerators, design interventions at the enumerator-level, or control for enumerator characteristics while analyzing the survey data.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines
Preferences Over Decision-Making
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
Improving women’s decision-making power is crucial for advancing gender equality and is most commonly measured by asking respondents who usually makes decisions over a standard set of domains (e.g., major household purchases, children’s education, health, how earned money is used, etc.). However, interpreting being a decision maker as a proxy of empowerment is only valid if the respondent desires to be involved in the decision. It is not hard to imagine situations in which not being a decision maker reflects an individual acting on their own desires. Understanding preferences and mechanisms behind desired non-involvement provides critical information to inform global initiatives designed to promote women’s decision-making power and agency. This tool, Preferences over Decision-making, aims to capture whether respondents want to be involved in the decisions they are part of and those they are not part of, as well as the reasons for which they might not want to be involved. This tool is suited for nationally representative individual- or household-level surveys, and for targeted thematic or impact evaluation surveys designed to understand women’s agency and decision-making. Other variables you may want to collect alongside this module include marital status and age.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines
Gender and Occupation: Automatic Cognition Test
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand. This tool, Gender and Occupation: Automatic Cognition Test, captures ‘automatic cognition’ (i.e., cognition that is fast, effortless, and occurs with little conscious awareness) regarding the gendered nature of specific activities and occupations. An increasing number of policy interventions aim to change gender norms and biased attitudes against women, including those regarding which occupations it is appropriate for women to work in. However, such implicit attitudes and biases are notoriously prone to measurement error. Rather than the more complex Implicit Association Test (IAT), this tool captures automatic cognition based on the simpler Affect Misattribution Procedure (Miles et al. 2019). This tool can be used to diagnose the strength of automatic cognitive processes regarding gender and occupations in a given population, but also to assess the impact of interventions aiming to shift attitudes or norms. Users may want to use this tool alongside other measures of gender attitudes, as well as the respondent’s current occupation.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines).
2. Two files, CAPI_Choices and CAPI_Survey, along with the accompanying files, can be used to construct a CAPI program ready for survey implementation. Alternatively, users can use an Excel workbook "CAPI_.xlsx" that includes worksheets for survey and choices, along with others, for constructing a CAPI program ready for survey implementation
Collective Agency
No full textThe Measures for Advancing Gender Equality (MAGNET) initiative aims to broaden and deepen the measurement of women’s agency, based on the development of new tools and rigorous testing and comparison of both new and existing methods for measuring agency, and promoting the adoption of these measures at scale. By increasing the availability of innovative meaningful measures of agency for a broad range of contexts, we hope our work will lead to an improved understanding of what women’s agency is, how it manifests and how it can best be measured across contexts given the research question at hand.
Collective agency, or “power with”, is a critical component of women’s empowerment beyond the household. At the individual level, women often rely on groups to identify and achieve goals that advance them professionally, socially, economically, and politically. Within their homes, participation in groups can empower women by improving self-efficacy and self-esteem. Groups—whether entirely comprised of women, or mixed gender—can provide the skills and experience necessary for women, individually and collectively, to build agency, increase productivity, incomes, reduce workloads, and improve resilience. We recommend the use of this tool, Collective Agency, in the design, monitoring, and evaluation of group-based development programs aimed at improving women’s empowerment.
This data study includes following files.
1. A survey document (including implementation guidelines
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