163 research outputs found
foresightrisk_datafile_information – Supplemental material for Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking
No full textSupplemental material, foresightrisk_datafile_information for Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking by Adam Bulley, Beyon Miloyan, Gillian V Pepper, Matthew J Gullo, Julie D Henry and Thomas Suddendorf in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology</p
foresightrisk_supplementary_file_26-11-18 – Supplemental material for Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking
No full textSupplemental material, foresightrisk_supplementary_file_26-11-18 for Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking by Adam Bulley, Beyon Miloyan, Gillian V Pepper, Matthew J Gullo, Julie D Henry and Thomas Suddendorf in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology</p
foresightrisk_script – Supplemental material for Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking
No full textSupplemental material, foresightrisk_script for Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking by Adam Bulley, Beyon Miloyan, Gillian V Pepper, Matthew J Gullo, Julie D Henry and Thomas Suddendorf in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology</p
Impulsivity and adolescent substance use: Rashly dismissed as "all-bad"?
No full textThe initial use of illicit drugs and alcohol typically occurs during adolescence. Individual differences in impulsivity and related constructs are consistently identified as key factors in the initiation and later problematic use of substances. Consequently, impulsivity is generally regarded as a negative trait; one that conveys only risk. However, what is often overlooked in addiction science is the positive role facets of trait impulsivity can play in everyday life and adaptive functioning. The following review aims to summarize recent advances in the psychobiology of impulsivity, including current perspectives on how it can convey risk for substance misuse. The review will also consider the importance of adolescence as a phase of life characterized by substantial neurodevelopment and natural increases in impulsivity. Uniquely, the review aims to reframe thinking on adolescent impulsivity to include the positive with the negative, and discuss how such thinking can benefit efforts for early intervention and future research
Venous Thromboembolism and Cerebrovascular Events in Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.
No full textTo investigate the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cerebrovascular events in a community-based incidence cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) compared to the general population.A population-based inception cohort of patients with incident GCA between January 1, 1950 and December 31, 2009 in Olmsted County, Minnesota and a cohort of non-GCA subjects from the same population were assembled and followed until December 31, 2013. Confirmed VTE and cerebrovascular events were identified through direct medical record review.The study population included 244 patients with GCA with a mean ± SD age at diagnosis of 76.2 ± 8.2 years (79% women) and an average length of follow-up of 10.2 ± 6.8 years. Compared to non-GCA subjects of similar age and sex, patients diagnosed with GCA had a higher incidence (%) of amaurosis fugax (cumulative incidence ± SE: 2.1 ± 0.9 versus 0, respectively; p = 0.014) but similar rates of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and VTE. Among patients with GCA, neither baseline characteristics nor laboratory parameters at diagnosis reliably predicted risk of VTE or cerebrovascular events.In this population-based study, the incidence of VTE, stroke and TIA was similar in patients with GCA compared to non-GCA subjects
Lived experiences of the diagnostic assessment process for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review of qualitative evidence
No full textFirst published: 02 May 2023Early assessment and diagnosis of FASD are crucial in providing therapeutic interventions that aim to enhance meaningful participation and quality of life for individuals and their families, while reducing psychosocial difficulties that may arise during adolescence and adulthood. Individuals with lived experience of FASD have expertise based on their own lives and family needs. Their insights into the assessment and diagnostic process are valuable for improving service delivery and informing the provision of meaningful, person- and family-centered care. To date, reviews have focused broadly on the experiences of living with FASD. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize qualitative evidence on the lived experiences of the diagnostic assessment process for FASD. Six electronic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAH, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched from inception until February 2021, and updated in December 2022. A manual search of reference lists of included studies identified additional studies for inclusion. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklist for Qualitative Studies. Data from included studies were synthesized using a thematic analysis approach. GRADE-CERQual was used to assess confidence in the review findings. Ten studies met the selection criteria for inclusion in the review. Thematic analysis identified 10 first-level themes relating to four over-arching topics: (1) pre-assessment concerns and challenges, (2) the diagnostic assessment process, (3) receipt of the diagnosis, and (4) post-assessment adaptations and needs. GRADECERQual confidence ratings for each of the review themes were moderate to high. The findings from this review have implications for referral pathways, client-centered assessment processes, and post-diagnostic recommendations and support.Nicole Hayes, Kerryn Bagley, Nicole Hewlett, Elizabeth J. Elliott, Carmela F. Pestell, Matthew J. Gullo, Zachary Munn, Philippa Middleton, Prue Walker, Haydn Till, Dianne C. Shanley, Sophia L. Young, Nirosha Boaden, Delyse Hutchinson, Natalie R. Kippin, Amy Finlay- Jones, Rowena Friend, Doug Shelton, Alison Crichton, Natasha Rei
Validation of the Cannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) in adult cannabis users in treatment
No full textBackground: Outcome expectancies are a key cognitive construct in the etiology, assessment and treatment of Substance Use Disorders. There is a research and clinical need for a cannabis expectancy measure validated in a clinical sample of cannabis users
Impulsivity and reversal learning
No full textDefinition Impulsivity is the propensity to engage in behaviors without adequate forethought. These behaviors are typically approach behaviors aimed at acquiring some kind of reward (e.g., food and money). All major models of human personality include a trait reflecting this propensity, suggesting it to be a core attribute along which people vary. Reversal learning is the updating of stimulus-reinforcement associations when contingencies change. For example, an individual may find foods high in sugar (stimulus) highly pleasurable to eat (reinforcement) and therefore regularly engages in consuming such foods. However, after being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, they learn to update this association such that high-sugar foods are now linked to serious negative health consequences
The bioSocial Cognitive Theory of Eating (bSCT-e): Applying and Elaborating on a Biopsychosocial Substance Use Theory for Food Addiction
No full textObesity rates are increasing globally, and food addiction (FA1) may be an important contributing factor but there is a lack of understanding of the key psychological mechanisms that contribute to FA. The bioSocial Cognitive Theory (bSCT) proposes that substance use is predicted by biologically based personality traits and their influence on social cognitive mechanisms. While validated in substance use, bSCT has not been applied to a behavioural or non-substance addiction. However, the bSCT does not include a negative affective personality component, of which there is clear theoretical and empirical support as risk factors for FA. Thus, this study sought to test both the original bSCT model and an elaborated version related to eating (bSCT-e) that included direct and indirect punishment sensitivity pathways to identify the individual risk factors of FA.
Data were collected from 204 university students (75.5% female; Mage = 24.82, SD = 9.17) via an online survey. Both original bSCT and bSCT-e models provided a good fit to the data, with the latter providing slightly better fit and accounting for more variance in FA. The findings suggest that individuals who are more reward driven and punishment sensitive hold exaggerated beliefs about the reinforcing and emotion regulation effects of eating, which may undermine eating control and increase risk of FA. This study provides potential new insights into the complex biopsychosocial mechanisms of FA, and points to potential intervention targets.Full Tex
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