378 research outputs found
Relics of Freedom
No full text Artists today are on a collision course with religious sensibilities. Matthew Bown considers what happens when the cult of the body goes global </jats:p
The Great Recession and Import Protection : The Role of Temporary Trade Barriers
No full textThe great recession of 2008-9 caused a negative shock to the global economy that is comparable with the great depression of the 1930s. The major advanced nations experienced painful economic contraction, severe dislocation to industrial production and sharp spikes in unemployment. Trade flows collapsed across all the regions of the world. The rest of this introductory chapter proceeds as follows. Next, the report provide a more detailed timeline and summary of events in the great recession, including its macroeconomic and trade impacts, the uncertainty over trade policy in 2008-9, and the response to calls for additional monitoring of trade policy. In particular, section one highlight the real time monitoring efforts of the World Bank's global antidumping database and subsequent temporary trade barriers (TTBs) database. These contributions have addressed some of the immediate concern about the unknown scale of protectionism taking place in 2008-9, but they have also revealed a lack of informational preparedness that has ultimately spurred this volume's research. In section two, the author introduce a relatively simple methodological framework to improve intertemporal assessment of the scope of TTB use, an approach that many of the volume's chapters adopt or modify to construct better measures of the 'stock' and 'flow' of imported products that countries subject to TTBs. (A more technical description of the methodology is provided in the Appendix (section six), along with details of the many common data sources used across the subsequent chapters.) What are the empirical results? Section three provides a simple application of this methodology and finds that, during the crisis, these economies collectively increased by 25 percent the imported products that they subjected to TTB import protection. Nevertheless, it turns out this collective expansion in TTB coverage during 2008-9 was dominated by emerging economies. Developing countries used TTBs to cover 39 percent more imported products by the end of 2009 compared with 2007, whereas recession-ravaged high-income economies surprisingly increased their coverage by only 4 percent. However, it is also clear from the data that understanding these crisis changes demands recognition of longer term trends. Thus, given these high-level results, Section 4 turns to a number of common questions that the subsequent chapters investigate, on an economy-by-economy basis, in more detail. This section provides a short preview of how the volume's authors subsequently address these questions by placing the trade policy changes of 2008-9 into historical context. Section five then concludes
Construction of a Narrativeabout Socialist Realism in English-Language Art Criticism Discourse (based on Texts of Matthew Bown)
No full textBased on the texts of the British expert Matthew Bown, the article deals with the issue of constructing a narrative about the Soviet fine arts. The aim of the study is to analyze the patterns of narrative formation and identify its significant elements. The frame CREATING NEW ART serves as the cognitive basis of the narrative. This frame is characterized by variability and has two main configurations, which can be represented as two scenarios. These scenarios differ in the composition of the actors and the content of the tasks they solve. The actors of the first scenario, actualized in the narrative within the framework of the “friend or foe” opposition, are the ideologists of socialist realism, party leaders and representatives of the creative elite. Their tasks include the formation of the ideology and content of the new art. The actors of the second scenario, updated within the framework of the opposition “self / other”, are Soviet artists. Their task is to develop a language of art that meets ideological requirements and at the same time realizes their creative potential. The article substantiates M. Baun’s willingness to see in socialist realism not only an ideological trend, but also a significant artistic direction. This approach contributes to the disclosure of the value component of socialist realism painting and the transmission of the historical cultural memory of this phenomenon to the world community
What is the stuff that dreams are made of?
No full textBook synopsis:
The Victorians were haunted by the supernatural, by ghosts and fairies, table-rappings and telepathic encounters, occult religions and the idea of reincarnation, visions of the other world and a reality beyond the everyday. The Victorian Supernatural explores the sources of these beliefs in their literary, historical and cultural contexts. The collection brings together essays by scholars from literature, history of art and history of science, which examine the diversity of the Victorians' fascination with the supernatural. The essays show that the supernatural was not simply a reaction to a post-Darwinian loss of faith, but was embedded in virtually every aspect of Victorian culture. This important interdisciplinary study sheds light on debates surrounding the relationship between high and popular Victorian culture and contemporary notions of the supernatural
Trade remedies and World Trade Organization dispute settlement : Why are so few challenged?
No full textAntidumping and related trade remedies are the most popular policy instruments that many of the largest importing countries in the World Trade Organization (WTO) system use to restrict international trade. While such trade remedies are also frequent targets of dispute settlement activity under the WTO, given that Panel and Appellate Body rulings have almost invariably found that some aspect of each reviewed remedy was inconsistent with WTO obligations, an open research question is why aren't more remedies targeted by dispute settlement? The author provides a first empirical investigation of the trade remedy and WTO dispute settlement interaction by focusing on determinants of WTO members'decisions of whether to formally challenge U.S. trade remedies imposed between 1992 and 2003. He provides evidence that it is not only the size of the economic market at stake and the capacity to retaliate under potential DSU (dispute settlement understanding)-authorized sanctions that influence the litigation decision of whether to formally challenge a measure at the WTO. The author also finds that if the negatively affected foreign industry has the capacity to directly retaliate through a reciprocal antidumping investigation and measure of its own, its government is less likely to pursue the case on its behalf at the WTO. This is consistent with the theory that potential complainants may be avoiding WTO litigation in favor of pursuing reciprocal antidumping and hence"vigilante justice."TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Economic Theory&Research,Trade and Services,World Trade Organization,Trade Policy
The fight for social justice – Lalage Bown: a lifetime’s mission
No full textThis chapter examines the life and legacy of the remarkable and inspiring Emeritus Professor Lalage Bown, OBE, who died in 2021, aged 94. The author locates Lalage’s commitment to adult education to a post-war Second World War period, when many believed that the kind of injustices suffered under colonial rule had to end. It is demonstrated that she was a globalist who believed that all humanity was interconnected, and that education could promote transformative change across and within national boundaries. An eminent women’s literacy advocate, who devoted her life’s work to improving education for the disadvantaged, especially women, Lalage sought to bring university opportunities to the widest possible sections of society. She was immersed in a tradition which regarded adult education as a catalyst for significant social change, and this chapter highlights how she developed new inclusive, post-colonial approaches to education, including the reform of university curricula across many countries in Africa and Europe
Palaeictops Matthew 1899
No full textGenus Palaeictops Matthew, 1899 Stypolophus Cope, 1880: 746. Parictops Granger, 1910: 250–251. GENOTYPIC SPECIES: Palaeictops bicuspis Cope, 1880 (described as Diacodon bicuspis by Matthew, 1918). REFERRED SPECIES: Palaeictops borealis (Russell, 1965), P. bridgeri (Simpson, 1959), P.matthewi (Novacek, 1977), P. multicuspis (Granger, 1910), P. altimontis (new, this paper), and P. robustus (new, this paper). DIAGNOSIS: Leptictine differing from other members of this subfamily (i.e., Leptictis and Megaleptictis) in having single sagittal crest (known in Palaeictops bicuspis, P. altimontis, and P. robustus); shallow suprameatal fossa (known in P. altimontis and P. bicuspis); more transversely flared basioccipital that overlaps ventrally the promontorium of the petrosal (known in P. altimontis); shallow groove on the paraoccipital process for the digastric muscle (known in P. altimontis and P. robustus); a paraoccipital process that is less extensive, so that the distance is shorter between stylomastoid foramen and posterior margin of basicranium (known in P. altimontis and P. robustus); and a small postglenoid process (known in P. altimontis and P. robustus). Expanded cochlear fossula (in P. altimontis and P. robustus). Lingually swollen protocones on P5 and M1–M3. Similar to Leptictis but different from Prodiacodon in having more bunodont cusps on posterior premolars and molars. Similar to Megaleptictis in having a small suprameatal foramen; lacking the posterior concavity in the coronoid process; and short talonid on p5. Differs from Prodiacodon in having slightly lower trigonids; well-developed hypocone on P5; shallow ectoflexi; elongate p5 with enlarged paraconid; less transverse M2; less developed parastylar spurs; and the presence of only one paraconule on the upper molars. Differs from Myrmecoboides in having well-separated paraconids and metaconids on p5–m3; less elongate, relatively wider talonids; and more closely spaced premolars. Pes in P. matthewi differs from that in all other leptictids where known in having a distinctly pear-shaped sustentacular facet on the astragalus and a very reduced fibular facet on the calcaneum. DISTRIBUTION: Wind River, Bridger, Tepee Trail, Wasatch, and Willwood formations, Wyoming; DeBeque and Huerfano formations, Colorado; Uinta Formation, Utah; and Cypress Hills and Swift Current Creek formations, Saskatchewan, Canada. Lower–Middle Eocene (Wasatchian–Duchesnean NALMAs). REMARKS: The above diagnosis documents the presence of cranial and postcranial traits that may exclude Palaeictops from a Leptictis grouping. It is noteworthy, however, that the posteriorly expanded nasals of P. bicuspis are primitive, but not universal for this genus. In P. altimontis the nasals are posteriorly constricted in a manner similar to that in Leptictis. There is, in fact, clear evidence that Palaeictops is closely tied to the history of the Late Eocene–Oligocene taxa. Postcranial features of P. matthewi also support this close phylogenetic relationship (e.g., distal fusion of tibia and fibula, head of femur strongly canted to long axis of shaft, and deep trochanteric fossa of femur). Although there are distinct differences between Palaeictops and Prodiacodon, some of the criteria demarcating these taxa in Novacek (1977) have been questioned by Bown and Schankler (1982). The latter authors offered the following comparisons: (1) The two genera are not easily separated by the length-width dimensions of the upper molars (as used by Novacek, 1977), although Bown and Schankler noted (1982: 11) that “the upper molars of Paleocene Prodiacodon are more transverse than in early Eocene species of Palaeictops. ” (2) Some referred specimens of Palaeictops bicuspis (e.g., Guthrie, 1971) have M2 ectoflexi that are intermediately deep between the type of P. bicuspis and the type of Prodiacodon tauricinerei. (3) A large individual from the Lysite biostratigraphic zone of the Willwood Formation has a mosaic of characters seen in teeth of both Palaeictops and Prodiacodon. (4) The conules of the few known upper molar specimens are positioned more lingually in Prodiacodon tauricinerei, as noted in Novacek (1977). (5) The type specimens of three Palaeictops species (Palaeictops bicuspis, P. matthewi, and P. multicuspis) show heavy wear, which precludes accurate assessment of cusp height. The trigonids of Prodiacodon may therefore not be much higher than those of Palaeictops. (6) p5 paraconids in Palaeictops are better developed than in Prodiacodon only because p5s of the former are larger and their anterior trigonids more elongate. We address these remarks as follows: (1) The quotation of Bown and Schankler (1982) given above supports the original demarcation of Palaeictops and Prodiacodon based on dimension of upper molars. Some variation in these dimensions among specimens and species is expected. The significant character in this context is the markedly more transverse, anteroposteriorly compressed M2 relative to M 1 in Prodiacodon, a feature definitely lacking in Palaeictops (Novacek, 1986: fig. 4). (2) Variation in the depth and configuration of the ectoflexi of M2 is expected. The types of Palaeictops bicuspis, P. matthewi, and P. altimontis are clearly distinguished in this character from the types of Prodiacodon tauricinerei and P. puercensis (M2s of P. crustulum were not definitely identified; see Novacek, 1977; and Clemens, 2015). (3) New specimens with a mosaic of dental features found in both Palaeictops and Prodiacodon is expected. Perhaps the “large-toothed” specimen from Willwood is a new taxon. (4) We concur with Bown and Schankler’s (1982) agreement with Novacek’s (1977) initial observation concerning the relative position of the upper molar conules in Palaeictops vis a vis Prodiacodon. We now emphasize, however, that the significant feature of the conules is the twinned paraconule, a feature of Prodiacodon definitely lacking in Palaeictops. (5) We acknowledge that elevation of the trigonids is difficult to assess in the worn types of Palaeictops bicuspis, P. matthewi, and P. multicuspis. The trigonids are, however, definitely lower in the relatively less worn teeth of P. bridgeri and P. altimontis than in Prodiacodon (Novacek, 1986: fig. 4). We agree with Bown and Schankler (1982) that the lower trigonids are possibly shared specializations developed by the Middle Eocene Palaeictops. The case is moot until better-preserved molars of Early Eocene Palaeictops are known. (6) The greatest difference in p5 paraconid size is between the type series of Palaeictops (P. bicuspis) and Prodiacodon (P. puercensis). We agree with Bown and Schankler (1982) that Prodiacodon tauricinerei approaches Palaeictops (especially the Middle Eocene species) in development of the p5 paraconid. However, the difference in development is worthy of recognition. The size of the p5 paraconid in P. bicuspis refers to its relatively robust proportions; it is not simply a function of overall tooth size. Moreover, the relationships between a larger paraconid and a more elongate anterior portion of the trigonid are hardly surprising; this portion of tooth is occupied by little more than a paraconid. These considerations lead us to retain the generic separation of Palaeictops and Prodiacodon. We acknowledge that Prodiacodon tauricinerei has features that resemble the dental morphology characteristic of Palaeictops more closely than other species of Prodiacodon. Prodiacodon tauricinerei is, however, clearly referable to Prodiacodon based on features of the molars (e.g., P5 and upper molars transverse, anteroposteriorly compressed with sharp cusps; precingula on P5 and molars long, nearly reaching anterolingual corner of crown; M1 and M2 paraconules twinned and paraconules lingual to metaconules; lower molars with sharp cusps, trigonids relatively high and anteroposteriorly compressed). These features, as well as a nearly contemporaneous age, exclude Prodiacodon tauricinerei as a possible ancestor of Palaeictops bicuspis or other species of this genus. This view runs contrary to the argument of Bown and Schankler (1982: 11) that P. tauricinerei, persisting into Lysitean time, may have given rise to a second lineage that ultimately led to Palaeictops.Published as part of Velazco, Paúl M. & Novacek, Michael J., 2016, Systematics of the genus Palaeictops Matthew, 1899 (Mammalia: Leptictidae), with the description of two new species from the Middle Eocene of Utah and Wyoming, pp. 1-42 in American Museum Novitates 2016 (3867) on pages 4-7, DOI: 10.1206/3867.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459838
Taking stock of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailingduties, 1990-2009
No full textThis paper examines the evolving, cross-country use of antidumping, safeguard, and countervailing duty policies -- temporary trade barriers (TTBs) -- over the period 1990-2009. The author constructs two new measures of imported products subject to the combined use of these TTBs before applying these measures to new data drawn from the World Bank's Temporary Trade Barriers Database. The research establishes a number of facts regarding trends in historical use to benchmark against policy activity during the global economic crisis of 2008-2009. The 2008-2009 economic shock mostly accentuates patterns and trends already visible in the pre-crisis data: e.g., while the major users of such policies overall combined to increase the product lines subject to TTBs by 25 percent during the crisis, this was driven almost entirely by developing economies which increased their product coverage by 40 percent. On the export side, a previously unidentified feature of the data is that a much larger share of China's exports to other developing economies is subject to foreign-imposed antidumping than its exports to developed economies. The evidence confirms this feature is shared by a number of other major developing economy exporters, deepening concern that these discriminatory trade barriers are increasingly a"South-South"phenomenon.Currencies and Exchange Rates,Free Trade,Economic Theory&Research,Markets and Market Access,Water and Industry
The World Trade Organization and antidumping in developing countries
No full textSince the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine the pattern of actual industrial use of antidumping in nine of the major"new user"developing countries - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. For these countries we are able to match data from two newly available sources: data on production in 28 different 3-digit ISIC industries from the Trade, Production and Protection Database to data on antidumping investigations, outcomes and imports at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product level from the Global Antidumping Database. Our econometric analysis is to estimate a two-stage model of the industry-level decision to pursue an antidumping investigation and the national government's decision of whether and how much antidumping import protection to provide. First, we find evidence consistent with the theory of endogenous trade policy: larger industries that face substantial import competition are more likely to pursue an antidumping investigation, and larger and more concentrated industries receive greater antidumping protection from imports. Second, we find that industries that use antidumping are more likely to face the changing economic conditions specified by the technical evidentiary criteria of the WTO Antidumping Agreement: industries that face rapidly falling import prices are more likely to pursue an investigation, and industries that are more susceptible to cyclical dumping due to greater capital investment expenditures and that face rapidly increasing competition from imports receive greater antidumping protection.Free Trade,Water and Industry,Economic Theory&Research,Globalization and Financial Integration,Trade Law
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