135 research outputs found
Platylesches robustus subsp. robustus robustus Neave 1910
No full text<i>Platylesches robustus robustus</i> Neave, 1910 <p> This species was described from Chambeshi (=Chambezi) valley, north-east Zambia, and the high plateau south of Lake Tanganyika (Neave 1910) and is known from South Africa to Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo (Evans 1937, Kielland 1990), with separate subspecies in Cameroon (<i>villa</i> Evans, 1937) and the Republic of Guinea (<i>fofi</i> Larsen & Mei, 1998), which may well prove to be valid species (Larsen & Mei 1998). TCEC has found this species at Mufindi and Kihansi in the Udzungwas, and the Usondo Plateau between Mpanda and Uvinza, Tanzania, and it is very common in the Mutinondo Wilderness, Zambia.</p> <p> Coetzer (2006) presents notes on the early stages of <i>Pl. robustus</i>, but this was based on a misidentification of <i>Pl. moritili</i> (A. Coetzer pers. comm. 2010).</p> <p> <i>Food plants</i></p> <p> Woodhall (2005) suggested the food plant is probably <i>Pa. curatellifolia</i>, and this is the food plant upon which TCEC found this species in Zambia and elsewhere.</p> <p> <i>Life history</i></p> <p> Congdon <i>et al</i>. (2008) describe the life history. In the early instars, <i>Pl. robustus</i> makes shelters similar to those of <i>Pl. shona</i> (below). However, in the final instar, <i>Pl. robustus</i> makes a chamber leaf shelter (Figure 80) by securing the cut section of leaf to the leaf below, and then bringing a part of the cut leaf round to block off the front of the chamber. It then makes a circular silk-lined entrance hole, and creates an external tunnel of silk which curves round, blocking the line of sight to the inside of the chamber (Figure 80). They make both left and right handed tunnels, contrary to the earlier suggestion that only right handed tunnels are made (Congdon <i>et al</i>. 2008). The chamber is lined with a generous layer of tough brownish silk, making it waterproof, if not bird-proof. Chambers are found among mature foliage well above the ground. The fully fed larva enters diapause for several months in the chamber before pupating, and final instar larvae from Mutinondo in Zambia, collected in November, did not pupate until May and June the following year, indicating there is probably just one generation a year. Congdon <i>et al</i>. (2008) suggested that the caterpillar (Figure 81) is better able to defend itself against parasites and predators than a pupa would be. The pupa of this species (Figure 82) is dark brown with paler bands on the abdominal segments.</p>Published as part of <i>Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2013, Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders, pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 3724 (1)</i> on pages 72-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5267833">http://zenodo.org/record/5267833</a>
Meza larea Neave 1910
No full text<i>Meza larea</i> Neave, 1910 <p>Although we have not reared this species, Dollman (unpublished) did, and we include information from his rearing since there is no published information on the early stages for this genus.</p> <p> The food plant at Solwezi, Zambia, was ‘kafundula’. Given that Dollman (unpublished) refers to the food plant as ‘a leguminous shrub “kafundula”’, this is probably <i>Dalbergia melanoxylon</i> (Fabaceae), rather than <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> (Zygophyllaceae), both of which have had this Lunda common name applied (FAO 1988, ICRAF 2012) and have similar small leaves compatible with a sketch in Dollman’s notebook and associated with pupal remains in the Natural History Museum, London.</p> <p>Dollman (unpublished) painted the caterpillar life size (Figure 36). The head is dark, with the dorsal half of the face white, two dark streaks on each epicranium extend from the basal edge into this white marking. T1–3 plain dull green. Body dull green; A1–A9 a pair of narrow white dorsal lines which diverge in the anterior and posterior part of each segment, but converge to meet in the middle of each; A1–A8 a narrow white dorsolateral line.</p> <p>The caterpillar lives in a leaf shelter (‘domicile’), but generally pupates on the upper surface of a single leaf, lying along the midrib; the leaf lightly drawn together by a few threads, but by no means closed. There are six of Dollman’s emerged pupae in the Dry Early Stages Collection of The Natural History Museum, London (Figure 37), three on a leaf upper surface as he described. The leaflets are oval; 3–5cm long x 2–3cm wide; very short petiole. White waxy powder on silk mat on leaf. Pupa distinctive; rounded, quite broad; spiracles inconspicuous, do not protrude; no frontal spike; proboscis projects to a little short of cremaster (one specimen); slight lateral flange at base of cremaster; pale brown; whitish speckles all over; dark dorsal dash (elongate longitudinally) on posterior margin of thorax; faint pale dorsal line on abdomen, more or less continuous anterior half, interrupted posterior half; a distinctive white double spot on posterior margin A3 (small) and anterior margin A4 (larger, elongate longitudinally), set in a brown oval (perhaps red in life); black dorsal dash on A8 and two smaller dashes dorsally on cremaster.</p>Published as part of <i>Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2013, Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders, pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 3724 (1)</i> on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5267833">http://zenodo.org/record/5267833</a>
Dynamic and thermal control of an electromagnetic formation flight testbed
Get PDFThesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 141).Formation flight of multiple spacecraft is an emerging method for completing complex space missions in an efficient manner. A limitation found in maintaining such formations is the need for precise control at all times. Using traditional thruster propulsion systems can be costly and life-limiting since the propellant is consumed during the mission. An alternative method for providing this relative position control is to use electromagnetic interaction between the vehicles of the formation to provide forces and torques. This method uses electricity alone, which is a renewable resource in space, to provide all actuation to control the formation. The Space Systems Laboratory at MIT is developing this concept with a project called Electromagnetic Formation Flight (EMFF). A two-dimensional testbed has been developed to demonstrate the ability to control vehicle position and attitude using only electromagnetic forces and reaction wheels. A thorough description of this system is given, focusing on the development of its thermal and dynamic control. Innovations to the thermal system, used to cool the superconducting wire of the electromagnet, are described. All systems involved with dynamic control of an EMFF vehicle are identified and the methods used to develop control algorithms are explained. Simulations demonstrating the stability achieved by these controllers are presented and successful experimental results from the testbed are examined. Finally, the test results are used to refine the parameters used in the simulation and a more accurate dynamic model of the system is determined.by Matthew D. Neave.S.M
Life history and distribution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in some acid streams in south central Ontario, Canada
No full textLife histories and distribution of mayflies (Insecta:Ephemeroptera) were investigated in 11 streams in south central Ontario that ranged from highly acidic to circumneutral. At least 29 mayfly species were recorded from the streams, with 16 common enough for life history analysis. Mayfly distribution and diversity were correlated with pH regime and stream size. No mayflies were found in the smallest, most acid stream, and numbers of mayfly species and their relative abundances generally increased with both increasing stream size and stream pH. Incorporation of life cycle information with distributional data enabled us to determine the precise stream-water pH range encountered by different mayfly life stages in the study streams. Generally, during the period of greatest acid stress in the streams (pH depressions associated with spring snowmelt) the mayflies were present in large or dormant stages, which are believed to be more tolerant of lowered pH.PT: J; CR: ALLARD M, 1987, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V144, P37 BELL HL, 1971, WATER RES, V5, P313 BERRILL M, 1987, ANN SOC ROY ZOOL BEL, V117, P117 BUIKEMA AL, 1979, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V36, P321 BURKS BD, 1953, NAT HIST SURV B, V26 CLIFFORD HF, 1969, AM MIDL NAT, V82, P578 CLIFFORD HF, 1979, CAN J ZOOL, V57, P1026 CLIFFORD HF, 1982, QUAEST ENTOMOL, V18, P15 COLEMAN MJ, 1970, CAN J ZOOL, V48, P1333 CORKUM LD, 1978, CAN J ZOOL, V56, P1842 DILLON PJ, 1978, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V35, P809 FIANCE SB, 1978, OIKOS, V31, P332 FLOWERS RW, 1978, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V60, P159 GIBERSON DJ, 1988, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P1994 HALL RJ, 1980, ECOLOGY, V61, P976 HALL RJ, 1988, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P2123 HAMILTON DA, 1977, AM MIDL NAT, V98, P458 HARPER F, 1971, CAN J ZOOL, V49, P1209 HARPER F, 1983, AQUAT INSECT, V5, P21 HARPER PP, 1982, CAN J ZOOL, V60, P2828 HARRIMAN R, 1982, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V88, P251 JEFFRIES DS, 1979, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V36, P640 JEFFRIES DS, 1983, 83S ONT MIN ENV DAT LAUZON M, 1986, CAN J ZOOL, V64, P2038 LAUZON M, 1988, HOLARCTIC ECOL, V11, P220 LEHMKUHL DM, 1979, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V36, P329 MACKAY RJ, 1969, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V26, P1157 MACKAY RJ, 1985, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V122, P3 MCCAFFERTY WP, 1978, GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL, V11, P209 MCDUNNOUGH J, 1931, CAN ENTOMOL, V63, P30 MCDUNNOUGH J, 1931, CAN ENTOMOL, V63, P61 MEEDHAM JG, 1935, BIOL MAYFLIED SYSTEM MORIHARA DK, 1979, T AM ENTOMOL SOC, V105, P139 NEAVE F, 1930, ECOLOGY, V11, P568 PETERSON RH, 1986, CAN FIELD NAT, V99, P490 ROWE L, 1988, BIOCH PHYSL A, V90, P405 ROWE L, 1988, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V45, P1649 ROWE L, 1989, AQUAT INSECT, V11, P73 SCHEIDER WA, 1983, DR836 ONT MIN ENV DA SEIP HM, 1985, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V42, P927 SIMPSON KW, 1985, FRESHWATER BIOL, V15, P671 SPRULES WM, 1947, U TORONTO STUD BIOL, V69 SUTCLIFFE DW, 1973, FRESHWATER BIOL, V3, P437 SWEENEY BW, 1987, HOLARCTIC ECOL, V10, P52 WALTZ RD, 1987, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V80, P667 WALTZ RD, 1987, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V8062, P6673; NR: 46; TC: 9; J9: CAN J ZOOL; PG: 12; GA: FP798Source type: Electronic(1
Life histories of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia limbata and H. rigida, Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) in a northern Canadian reservoir
No full text1. The life histories and population dynamics of the burrowing mayflies Hexagenia limbata and H. rigida were examined from 1986 to 1988 in four regions of an impounded lake in northern Manitoba, Canada. 2. Bottom temperatures reached 15-20-degrees-C, but ice-free periods of 4-6 months resulted in annual degree day (dd > 10-degrees-C) accumulations of only 210-650 in various regions and years. 3. The life cycles (egg to adult) of both Hexagenia species required 3 yr in the three warmest regions studied and 4 yr in the coolest area; total dd accumulations to complete the life cycle ranged from 1222 to 1468 dd > 10-degrees-C. 4. Fecundity (no. of eggs/female) was strongly correlated to body size of subimagos, and subimago size was strongly correlated to length of nymphal exuviae, so field collection of nymphal exuviae could be used to determine both the size and fecundity of the emerging females. 5. Degree day accumulation in the final year before emergency was a better predictor of emergence timing than overall dd accumulations for the life cycle.PT: J; CR: BRITT NW, 1962, B OHIO BIOL SURVEY, V1, P1 BRITTAIN JE, 1982, ANNU REV ENTOMOL, V27, P19 BURTON W, 1973, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V30, P287 CARLANDER KD, 1967, ECOLOGY, V48, P873 CLIFFORD HF, 1974, CAN ENTOMOL, V106, P1111 DANKS HV, 1987, BIOL SURVEY CANADA M, V1 EDMUNDS GF, 1976, MAYFLIES N CENTRAL A FLANNAGAN JF, 1979, 2ND P INT C EPH KRAK, P103 FREMLING CR, 1973, 1ST P INT C EPH LEID, P12 GIBERSON DJ, 1991, AMBIO, V20, P139 GIBERSON DJ, 1991, THESIS U MANITOBA WI GIBERSON DJ, 1992, 1837 CAN TECHN REP F GIBERSON DJ, 1992, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V11, P181 GIBERSON DJ, 1992, J N AMER BENTHOL SOC, V11, P194 HAMILTON AL, 1974, FISHERIES LIMNOLOG G, V1 HARPER F, 1981, CAN J ZOOL, V59, P1784 HECKY RE, 1984, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V41, P579 HECKY RE, 1984, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V41, P720 HEISE BA, 1987, J N AM BENTHOL SOC, V6, P230 HIGLEY LG, 1986, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V15, P999 HUDSON PL, 1972, STUDIES NATURAL SCI, V1, P1 HUNT BP, 1951, FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST, V34, P59 HUNT BP, 1953, MICHIGAN DEP CONSERV, V4 LYMAN FE, 1944, ENTOMOL NEWS, V55, P207 MCCAFFERTY WP, 1975, T AM ENTOMOL SOC, V101, P447 MCCAFFERTY WP, 1984, ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM, V77, P69 MOZLEY SC, 1988, J GREAT LAKES RES, V14, P171 NEAVE F, 1932, CONTRIBUTIONS CANADI, V7, P177 NEWBURY RW, 1984, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V41, P548 NEWBURY RW, 1984, CANADIAN J FISHERIES, V41, P558 OLIVER DR, 1960, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V17, P607 PRUESS KP, 1983, ENVIRON ENTOMOL, V12, P613 RAWSON DS, 1953, J FISH RES BOARD CAN, V10, P486 RIKLIK L, 1982, CAN J ZOOL, V60, P2317 RUTTER RP, 1972, THESIS MIAMI U OXFOR SCHLOESSER DW, 1984, J GREAT LAKES RES, V10, P435 SOUTHWOOD TRE, 1978, ECOLOGICAL METHODS STANLEY EH, 1988, OIKOS, V51, P313 SWEENEY BW, 1978, SCIENCE, V200, P444 SWEENEY BW, 1984, ECOLOGY AQUATIC INSE, P56 TAKEMON Y, 1990, MAYFLIES STONEFLIES, P61 TOKESHI M, 1985, J ANIM ECOL, V54, P919 WELCH CL, 1989, HYDROBIOLOGIA, V185, P183 WHELAN KF, 1980, ADV EPHEMEROPTERA BI, P187 WIENS AP, 1984, CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI, V41, P638; NR: 45; TC: 10; J9: FRESHWATER BIOL; PG: 18; GA: PY758Source type: Electronic(1
Lake Lillian (Toby Benches Society) - Andreen, Wilmer, & Neave Creek Watershed Features
Get PDFGeospatial Technologies & Natural Resource ManagementColumbia Basin Watershed Networ
Tsitana Evans 1937
No full textTsitana Evans, 1937 There are five species of this exclusively southern African genus, four from South Africa discussed below, and Tsitana wallacei Neave from Zambia and the adjoining DR Congo and Tanzania (Evans 1937, Ackery et al. 1995). The four South African species are grass feeders, but only T. uitenhaga Evans has been documented. Tsitana tsita (Trimen) and T. uitenhaga are reported to feed on Stipa dregeana (Murray 1959, Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle et al. 1994, Henning et al. 1997). Stipa dregeana has been treated as a synonym of S. keniensis, but this does not seem to be generally accepted as yet. Although Evans (1937) and Ackery et al. (1995) treat uitenhaga as a subspecies of T. tsita, South African workers treat the two as separate species (Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle et al. 1994, Henning et al. 1997, Woodhall 2005). Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978) illustrates the complete life history of T. uitenhaga. The ovum is dome-shaped, relatively tall, and rather smooth. The caterpillars are green, long and cylindrical, and there are six instars; the head is marked with brown and white in the final instar, black and white in the earlier instars, and plain black in the first instar. The pupa is white, cylindrical, downturned at the cremaster, with a dark head bearing a pair of short, upward-directed projections. Tsitana tulbagha Evans was recorded from Pseudopentameris macrantha (as Pentameris macrantha) by Murray (1959). However, subsequent authors refer to the food plant as a coarse tussock grass, Danthonia spp. (Dickson & Kroon 1978) or Merxmuellera spp. (Pringle et al. 1994, Henning et al. 1997), the latter genus having been separated from the former, and correctly applied to the African species. Tsitana dicksoni Evans is recorded from Pseudopentameris macrantha (as Pentameris macrantha) by Murray (1959), which is subsequently referred to as probably P. macrantha (Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle et al. 1994, Henning et al. 1997).Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E., 2014, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders, pp. 301-354 in Zootaxa 3872 (4) on page 303, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/25186
Probability of Collision between Guided Parafoil Systems and an Open Loop Deconfliction Solution
No full textActiniaria
No full textGENERA OF ACTINIARIA (SEA ANEMONES sensu stricto) Aceractis Andres, 1883 Type species: Actinia primula Drayton in Dana, 1846, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al. 1996; volume 10 on line). Currently considered valid: No Acerominyas Andres, 1883 Type species: Actinia viridula Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Acontiactis England, 1990 Type species: Acontiactis gokhaleae England, 1990, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Edwards et al. (1996). Currently considered valid: Yes Acontiophorum Carlgren, 1938 Type species: Acontiophorum mortenseni Carlgren, 1938, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1950). Currently considered valid: Yes Acraspedanthus Carlgren, 1924 a Type species: Acraspedanthus elongatus Carlgren, 1924 a, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Acremodactyla Kwietniewski, 1897 Type species: Acremodactyla ambonensis Kwietniewski, 1897, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Acthelmis Lütken, 1875 Type species: Actinia intestinalis Fabricius, 1780, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinauge Verrill, 1883 Type species: Actinia nodosa Fabricius, 1780, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species is not in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a, 1940 b) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinecta de Blainville, 1830 Type species: Mynias cyanea Cuvier, 1817, by replacement.Nomenclature notes: Replacement name (ICZN Article 60.2) for the junior homonym Minyas. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Actineria de Blainville, 1830 Type species: Actineria villosa Quoy et Gaimard in de Blainville, 1830, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Carlgren (1949) erroneously gave 1833 as the date of the type species. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinernus Verrill, 1879 Type species: Actinernus nobilis Verrill, 1879, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Actinonernus Currently considered valid: Yes Actinia Linnaeus, 1767 Type species: Priapus equinus Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Thompson (1858), and is in agreement with Carlgren (1949) and Opinion 1295 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 42: 34–36; April 1985). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) but not with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Actinea, Actínia Currently considered valid: Yes Actiniogeton Carlgren, 1938 Type species: Actinoides sultana Carlgren, 1900 a, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species and authorship are in agreement with Carlgren (1949); not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al. 1996; volume 10 on line). Currently considered valid: No Actinioides Haddon and Shackleton, 1893 Type species: Actinioides Dixoniana Haddon and Shackleton, 1893, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Carlgren (1945). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Spelling errors or variants: Actiniodes, Actinoides Currently considered valid: No Actinocereus de Blainville, 1830 Type species: Hydra disciflora Gaertner, 1762, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: No type species has been designated for this genus; seven species were included in it originally. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Actinodactylus Duchassaing, 1850 Type species: Actinodactylus Boscii Duchassaing, 1850, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: In agreement with Neave (1939 a), senior homonym of temnocephalan genus Actinodactylus of Haswell, W. A., 1893, Jottings from the biological laboratory of Sydney University. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 7: 342. Actinodactylus Boscii is also type species of Stauractis. Authorship of both genera is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinodendron de Blainville, 1830 Type species: Actinodendron arborea Quoy et Gaimard in de Blainville, 1830, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Carlgren (1949), but the date was given as 1833. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) but Carlgren (1949) erroneously gave 1930 as the date. Spelling errors or variants: Actinodendrum Currently considered valid: Yes Actinolobopsis Verrill, 1899 b Type species: Actinia reticulata Couthouy in Dana, 1846, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Created by Verrill (1899 b) as a replacement name for Actinoloba which he attributed to Hertwig (1882). However, Hertwig did not propose this name; presumably, Verrill confused it with Hertwig's Antholoba. Therefore, it was an unnecessary replacement name, but is available (ICZN Article 10.6). Currently considered valid: No Actinoporus Duchassaing, 1850 Type species: Actinoporus elegans Duchassaing, 1850, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinopsis Danielssen and Koren, 1856 Type species: Actinopsis flava Danielssen and Koren, 1856, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: In agreement with Neave (1939 a), senior homonym of echinoderm genus Actinopsis of Lambert, J., 1897, Note sur quelques échinides éocènes de l'Aude. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, series 3, 25: 507. Neave (1939 a) erroneously attributed authorship of the actiniarian genus to Koren and Danielssen, and of the echinoderm genus to Lambert in 1898 (in a publication different from the one cited here). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinoscyphia Stephenson, 1920 Type species: Actinernus saginatus Verrill, 1882, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinoscyphiopsis Carlgren, 1928 a Type species: Actinernus aurelia Stephenson, 1918 b, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al. 1996; volume 10 on line). Currently considered valid: No Actinostella Duchassaing, 1850 Type species: Actinostella formosa Duchassaing, 1850, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinostephanus Kwietniewski, 1897 Type species: Actinostephanus Haeckeli Kwietniewski, 1897, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinostola Verrill, 1883 Type species: Urticina callosa Verrill, 1882, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Actinothoe Fischer, 1889 Type species: Sagartia sphyrodeta Gosse, 1858 b, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Carlgren (1949); not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al. 1996; volume 10 on line). Spelling errors or variants: Actinothoë Currently considered valid: Yes Adamsia Forbes, 1840 Type species: Actinia maculata Adams, 1800, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species is not in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). In agreement with Neave (1939 a), senior homonym of gastropod genus Adamsia of Dunker, G., 1857, Mollusca nova collectionis Cumingianae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 24: 357. Authorship of both genera is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Aegeon Gosse, 1865 Type species: AEgeon Alfordi Gosse, 1865, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: In agreement with Neave (1939 a), junior homonym of crustacean genus Aegeon of Risso in Kinahan, J. R., 1862, Synopsis of the species of the families Crangonidae and Galatheidae which inhabit the seas around the British Isles. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8: 69–70. Authorship of both genera is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Spelling errors or variants: AEgeon Currently considered valid: No Aegir Danielssen, 1887 Type species: AEgir frigidus Danielssen, 1887, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939). Spelling errors or variants: AEgir Currently considered valid: No Aiptasia Gosse, 1858 b Type species: Aiptasia amacha Gosse, 1858 b, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is not in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Aipstasia Currently considered valid: Yes Aiptasiogeton Schmidt, 1972 Type species: Paractis comata Andres, 1881, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Edwards and Tobias (1993). Currently considered valid: Yes Aiptasioides Stephenson, 1918 a Type species: Aiptasioides prima Stephenson, 1918 a, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Aiptasiomorpha Stephenson, 1920 Type species: Aiptasia minima Stephenson, 1918 a, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Aiptasiamorpha, Aiptasimorpha Currently considered valid: Yes Alfredus Schmidt, 1979 Type species: Edwardsia lucifuga Fischer, 1888, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Edwards et al. (1996). Currently considered valid: No Alicia Johnson, 1861 Type species: Alicia mirabilis Johnson, 1861, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species and authorship are in agreement with Carlgren (1949). In agreement with Neave (1939 a), senior homonym of [1] coleopteran genus Alicia of Thomson, J., 1864, Systema Cerambycidarum ou Exposé de Tous les Genres Compris dans la Famille des Cérambycides et Familles Limitrophes, page 125; and [2] bivalve genus Alicia of Angas, G. F., 1868, On a new genus and some new species of marine Mollusca from Port Jackson, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 1867: 908. Authorship of all genera is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Allantactis Danielssen, 1890 Type species: Allantactis parasitica Danielssen, 1890, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Altantactis Currently considered valid: Yes Alloactis Verrill, 1899 c Type species: Paractis excavata Hertwig, 1882, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Ammodiscus Carpenter and Jeffreys, 1871 Type species: Ammodiscus Lindahli Carpenter and Jeffreys, 1871, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Junior homonym of protist genus Ammodiscus of Reuss, A. E., 1862, Entwurf einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Foraminiferen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 44: 365. Authorship of protist genus is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Actiniarian genus is not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al. 1996; volume 10 on line). Fowler (1894) created the replacement name (ICZN Article 60.2) Octineon, attributing it to Moseley. Currently considered valid: No Ammonactis Verrill, 1865 Type species: Edwardsia rubricollum Stimpson, 1856 a, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Ammophilactis Verrill, 1899 c Type species: Actinia rapiformis Le Sueur, 1817, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Amphiactis Verrill, 1869 b Type species: Amphiactis orientalis Verrill, 1869 b, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: In agreement with Neave (1939 a), senior homonym of echinoderm genus Amphiactis of Matsumoto, H., 1915, A new classification of the Ophiuroidea: with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67: 66–67. Authorship of both genera is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Amphianthus Hertwig, 1882 Type species: Amphianthus bathybium Hertwig, 1882, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Amphiantus Currently considered valid: Yes Andresia Stephenson, 1921 Type species: Ilyanthus partenopeus Andres, 1883, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Senior homonym of [1] polychaete genus Andresia of Prenant, A., 1924, Andresia ampullifera nov. g., nov. sp. de la sous-famille des polynoïniens. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 49: 19; and [2] crustacean genus Andresia of Hinz-Schallreuter, I., 1993, Cambrian ostracodes mainly from Baltoscandia and Morocco. Archiv für Geschiebekunde 1 (7): 424–425. Actiniarian genus not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al.; volume 10 on line). Authorship of polychaete is in agreement with Neave (1939 a), and of ostracode with NZ 10 (on line). Currently considered valid: Yes Andvakia Danielssen, 1890 Type species: Andvakia mirabilis Danielssen, 1890, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949), who spelled the genus Andwakia, which is an incorrect subsequent spelling (ICZN Article 33 c). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Andwakia Currently considered valid: Yes Anemonactis Andres, 1881 Type species: Anemonactis magnifica Andres, 1881, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is not in agreement with Carlgren (1949), who erroneously gave 1880 as the date of publication; not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975; Edwards & Tobias 1993; Edwards et al. 1996; volume 10 on line). Currently considered valid: Yes Anemonia Risso, 1826 Type species: Actinia sulcata Pennant, 1777, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Carlgren (1949), who erroneously gave 1766 as the date of publication. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Anenomia Currently considered valid: Yes Anthea Johnston, 1838 Type species: None Nomenclature notes: No type species has been designated for this genus; two species were included in it originally. According to Eschmeyer, W., 1998, Catalog of Fishes, vol. 3 fish genus Anthea of Catesby, 1771, is not available: it was published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes in Opinion 259 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 5: 253–264; August 1954) because the author did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature. Neave (1939 a) erroneously gave the date of Catesby as 1777. Authorship of the actiniarian genus is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Antheomorphe Hertwig, 1882 Type species: Antheomorphe elegans Hertwig, 1882, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Antheopsis Simon, 1892 Type species: Bunodes koseirensis Klunzinger, 1877, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Antholoba Hertwig, 1882 Type species: Actinia reticulata Couthouy in Dana, 1846, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is not in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Anthopleura Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860 Type species: Anthopleura Krebsi Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Anthpleura Currently considered valid: Yes Anthosactis Danielssen, 1890 Type species: Anthosactis Jan Mayeni Danielssen, 1890, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Antosactis Currently considered valid: Yes Anthostella Carlgren, 1938 Type species: Anthostella stephensoni Carlgren, 1938, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1950) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Anthothoe Carlgren, 1938 Type species: Cereus Stimpsonii Verrill, 1869 b, by replacement. Nomenclature notes: Replacement name (ICZN Article 60.2) for the junior homonym Parathoe. Type species is in agreement with Carlgren (1949), who erroneously gave 1868 as the date of publication. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1950) and with Carlgren (1949). Spelling errors or variants: Anthothoë Currently considered valid: Yes Antiparactis Verrill, 1899 c Type species: Actinia lineolata Couthouy in Dana, 1846, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Archactis Verrill, 1899 c Type species: Urticina perdix Verrill, 1882, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Described as a subgenus. Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Artemidactis Stephenson, 1918 a Type species: Artemidactis victrix Stephenson, 1918 a, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Asteractis Verrill, 1869 a Type species: Asteractis Bradleyi Verrill, 1869 a, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Aulactinia Agassiz in Verrill, 1864 a Type species: Aulactinia capitata Agassiz in Verrill, 1864 a, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: Yes Aulorchis Hertwig, 1888 Type species: Aulorchis paradoxa Hertwig, 1888, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a). Currently considered valid: No Aureliania Gosse, 1860 Type species: Corynactis heterocera Thompson, 1853, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949), who erroneously spelled the genus Aureliana. Spelling errors or variants: Aureliana Currently considered valid: No Austroneophellia Zamponi, 1978 a Type species: Austroneophellia luciae Zamponi, 1978 a, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Edwards et al. (1996). Currently considered valid: Yes Bartholomea Duchassaing de Fombressin and Michelotti, 1864 Type species: Actinia annulata Le Sueur, 1817, by subsequent designation. Nomenclature notes: Type species was designated by Stephenson (1920) and is in agreement with Carlgren (1949). Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a); Carlgren erroneously gave 1866 as the date of publication. Currently considered valid: Yes Bathydactylus Carlgren, 1928 a Type species: Bathydactylus valdiviae Carlgren, 1928 a, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1939 a) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Bathyphellia Carlgren, 1932 Type species: Phellia margaritacea Danielssen, 1890, by monotypy. Nomenclature notes: Authorship is in agreement with Neave (1940 b) and with Carlgren (1949). Currently considered valid: Yes Bellactis Dube, 1983 Type species: Bellactis ilkalyseae Dube, 1983, by original designation. Nomenclature notes: Not listed in NZ (Neave 1939 a, b, 1940 a, b, 1950; Edwards & Hopwood 1966; Edwards & Vevers 1975
Multiple approaches to microbial source tracking in tropical northern Australia
Get PDFMicrobial source tracking is an area of research in which multiple approaches are used to identify the sources of elevated bacterial concentrations in recreational lakes and beaches. At our study location in Darwin, northern Australia, water quality in the harbor is generally good, however dry-season beach closures due to elevated Escherichia coli and enterococci counts are a cause for concern. The sources of these high bacteria counts are currently unknown. To address this, we sampled sewage outfalls, other potential inputs, such as urban rivers and drains, and surrounding beaches, and used genetic fingerprints from E. coli and enterococci communities, fecal markers and 454 pyrosequencing to track contamination sources. A sewage effluent outfall (Larrakeyah discharge) was a source of bacteria, including fecal bacteria that impacted nearby beaches. Two other treated effluent discharges did not appear to influence sites other than those directly adjacent. Several beaches contained fecal indicator bacteria that likely originated from urban rivers and creeks within the catchment. Generally, connectivity between the sites was observed within distinct geographical locations and it appeared that most of the bacterial contamination on Darwin beaches was confined to local sources
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