1,720,970 research outputs found
Agriculture Development Strategy in the Republic of North Macedonia: Between Subsidies, EU Support and Pressure From Liberalization
Get PDFAgriculture development differs a lot from the rest of economic sectors. While in a market economy the fate of businesses in each sector is decided by competition leading to the entries, survival and growth of the fittest, in agriculture as a whole there are some exceptions as a result of support from the government with subsidies. The main reasoning behind this direct support with the state funds is made on the grounds that food is necessity and there is no alternative to it. Even in global scale, efforts to support agricultural development in various forms. However, contradictions arise between the states about inequalities and dilemmas that arise in the market, mainly between industrially developed countries and emerging economies. A greater pressure falls on developing countries where a large part of the population deals with agriculture to generate employment and incomes that are less worth to buy more expensive industrial goods from developed countries. Trade liberalization of food continues to be criticized not in its essence, but in a part that someone is benefitting at the expense of another depending on how much agricultural products are subsidized. The Republic of Macedonia in the 21st century as a developing country, is in transition to transform the agricultural sector from a half-open in international trade, to a more open and liberal sector by a support from inside and outside. As where it is in this process and perspective, the aim of this paper is to make a critical assessment of these supporting measures and find out what would be a better option for agricultural development
Social Market Economy as an Alternative to the Washington Consensus in the Western Balkans
No full textNearly three decades after the beginning of transition from communism to democracy and open market economy in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the Washington Consensus in general received the mark as a failure. While the experience from the CEE apart from common results showed considerable variations, the package of reforms from the Washington Consensus is questioned even in the long-term perspective, especially for producing high social costs. Recent mass emigrations from the Western Balkans due to poor economic conditions and from the Middle East, have brought to attention the credibility of exporting or imposing the American type of democracy, and with it, the Washington Consensus as a model of economic transformation and development. But is there an alternative? In fact, it already existed even before the systemic changes in CEE began, and can be now more preferable to the countries that have to undergo a considerable economic transformation. That is the social market economy, which still can be applied in some countries that have lagged behind in transition. This paper explores the perspective of introducing and implementing such a model in the Western Balkan countries
Agritourism potential as a perspective in Kosovo
Get PDFTourism development is a broadly diversified activity from the rest of economic sectors. While in the economy a competition between the sectors is a key to better selection and specialization, tourism in general has some exceptions arising from the state support due to the importance this sector has in promoting the country abroad, through promotion, subsidies and programs, including intrastate programs and from the European Union. The main reason behind such a support lies on the needs of people for holidays, relax, health and food. The Republic of Kosovo has an area of 10.887 km2 and a population of 1.8 million, where tourism development is seen as a need for the people at home as well as foreigners who visit Kosovo. The strategy of tourism development should come as a result of interaction between many factors, among others, agribusiness and standardization of goods and services in Kosovo which, if developed at a satisfactory level, can generate new jobs and economic growth. Although tourism potential in Kosovo as a small country does not offer many choices, it has got some exclusive preconditions that are available in the mountains of Sharr, Curst Mountains, historical sites such as the city of Prizren, the Vushtrri Castle and many archaeological sites of different historical periods, are some of many examples for pushing the support in this respect. To find out where does Kosovo stand in this process and perspective, the aim of this paper is to critically assess the interaction between tourism and agriculture products as potential for agritourism, and address some recommendations as which would be a better alternative of its development
Resurgence of transition economics: Brexit as an expected example, experience and lesson
Get PDFTransition economics was and still is a topic mostly associated with the post- communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The cause of its emergence as a theory was not purely economic – the spearhead was politics – leading to the collapse of the Eastern Block, to be followed by the disintegration of three federal states: Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, with many civil wars and ethnic conflicts. The experience proved a relaxation to the western liberal developed democracies as it strengthened the belief of their superior model which the transition economies want to embrace. First of all, the transition provided a new opportunity for interaction between European East and West. On the eve of its 30th anniversary, with more than half of these countries experiencing “the end of transition” and joining the European Union (EU) while the rest considered not yet meeting the “standards”, another transition is on the way, and this one not going into but coming out from the EU itself, Brexit respectively. Just like in former communist countries, it too, originated from politics, namely the results of June 2016 referendum that decided for the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU, a move that is about to force considerable changes in the economy, already labelled as “transition.” Although an intensive phase of research and debate is underway, the aim of this paper is to explore the implications of Brexit in terms of its international economics and contribute to a more general theory of transition economics which so far has been reserved for, and as a reference to, post-communist countries in CEE
The Paradox of Large Scale Emigration for Economic Reasons from the Western Balkans
Get PDFEmigration from economic hardships has always been a phenomenon and it will be in the future. The search for a better life and economic welfare is also one of the main pushing factors. Among many others, emigration for security reasons is a necessity. This was exactly the primary cause of mass emigration from the Western Balkans during the civil wars of 1990s. As the war affected areas in this part of Europe were reconstructed and better living conditions than before emerged, mass emigrations
towards western European countries resurged after
the outbreak of civil war elsewhere – in Syria, by
using the massive flow of refugees from the Middle
East as an opportunity to migrate with them. This
became apparent especially in Kosovo, Albania, and
Northern Macedonia since 2014 onwards. Unlike the Syrian refugees fleeing for their own security, the overwhelming majority of emigrants from the Western Balkans are listed as economic asylum seekers. Yet, back to their home countries which currently are peaceful, the living conditions of the emigrants are relatively good and considerably much easier than ever before, but they still chose to emigrate for their uncertain economic perspective to the Western Europe. Much of them after emigration
find their economic life even harder than in their home country they left, and that still does not serve as a lesson to many more of their countrymen whose main
ambition is to emigrate. Although their main public complaint is the economic reason, this paper finds that they mostly emigrate from social injustice, bad
governance, and inefficient or selective rule of law, nepotism and discriminatory group interests, and high level of corruption behavior. After all, leaving the
economic reasons aside, the emigrants want to live in the countries where the system has the rule of law that applies fairly, efficiently and treats them better.
Many emigrants are even selling their property or diminishing their actual economic welfare at home just to search for a more relaxed life for themselves and
their family members in the West
Ekonomia Sociale e Tregut si alternativë e Konsensusit të Uashingtonit në Ballkanin Perëndimor
Get PDFPas gati tri decenieve që nga fillimi i transicionit nga komunizmi për në demokraci dhe ekonomi të hapur të tregut në Evropën Qendrore dhe Lindore (EQL), Konsensusi i Uashingtonit në përgjithësi e merr notën si dështim. Gjersa përvoja nga EQL përveç rezultateve të përbashkëta tregon ndryshime të konsiderueshme, pakoja e reformave është diskutabile edhe në perspektivën afatgjate, sidomos për shkak se prodhon kosto të lartë sociale. Emigrimet masive kohëve të fundit nga Ballkani Perëndimor për shkak të kushteve të dobëta ekonomike dhe nga Lindja e Mesme, e kanë rritur vëmendjen rreth kredibilitetit për eksportimin ose imponimin e demokracisë Amerikane, e së bashku me të, edhe Konsensusin e Uashingtonit si model të transformimit dhe zhvillimit ekonomik. Por a ekziston ndonjë alternativë? Pothuajse ka ekzistuar edhe para se të fillojnë ndryshime sistemore në EQL, dhe ajo mund të jetë më e parapëlqyer edhe tani për vendet të cilat ende kanë për të bërë transformime të konsiderueshme ekonomike. Ajo është Ekonomia Sociale e Tregut, modeli i së cilës ende mund të zbatohet në disa vende që kanë mbetur prapa në transicion. Ky punim shtjellon perspektivën e futjes dhe zbatimit të këtij modeli në vendet e Ballkanit Perëndimor, me theks të posaçëm në rolin e shtetit, tatimeve, shpërndarjes së të ardhurave dhe zvillimit të biznesit
Social Market Economy as an Alternative to the Washington Consensus in the Western Balkans
Get PDFNearly three decades after the beginning of transition from communism to democracy and open market economy in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the Washington Consensus in general received the mark as a failure. While the experience from the CEE apart from common results showed considerable variations, the package of reforms is questioned even in the long-term perspective, especially for producing high social costs. Recent mass emigrations from the Western Balkans due to poor economic conditions and from the Middle East, have brought to attention the credibility of exporting or imposing the American type of democracy, and with it, the Washington Consensus as a model of economic transformation and development. But is there an alternative? It already existed even before the systemic changes in CEE began, and can be more preferable even now to the countries that have to undergo a considerable economic transformation. That is the social market economy, which still can be applied in some countries that have lagged behind in transition. This paper explores the perspective of introducing and implementing such a model in the Western Balkan countries, with a reference to the role by the state, taxes, income distribution, and business development
Economic Implications of the Open Balkan initiative on macroeconomic relations and labor market developments in the Western Balkan countries. Challenges and Perspectives
No full textThe delayed European Union (EU, hereafter) enlargement agenda toward Western Balkan countries (WBC, hereafter) shaped the EU approximation path of some of the WB countries by exploiting alternative solution for regional integration. In this coherence, the leaders of Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia, on October 2019, decided to take destiny in their own hands by launching an idea for establishing a ‘’mini shengen’’ regional integration policy, which lately in July 2021, progressed into ‘’Open Balkan’’, covering mainly the unintegrated WB countries into EU, like Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Kosovo. Furthermore, Serbia, being potentially at the center of the geopolitical regional pole of the Open Balkans initiative, additionally increases the sensitivity of other Western Balkan countries, like Kosovo, for instance, for not entering into this regional structure, especially considering the open political dispute between Serbia and Kosovo, related mutual recognition. This policy-oriented paper will rely on a descriptive framework of the macroeconomic and labor market developments in the Western Balkan countries in-between WB countries and between the WB and EU countries. More specifically, labor market developments as well as trade and FDI links and developments in the remittances between the WB countries and EU countries, will be the focus of this study, shedding light on potential perspectives of the Open Balkan agreement with respect to enhancing labor mobility and economic ties between countries. Based on a backward looking perspective macroeconomic data, covering in principle the last 10 years, the paper finds out that economic ties on the grounds of FDI, Trade, Labor Market and remittances are more severe between WB and EU countries, rather than in between WB countries by itself, hence, making the initiative of the Open Balkan fragile on economic sense and imperfect substitute for EU integration agenda
Alternative Energy Generation and its Economic Impact on Developing Countries: A Case Study of Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Northern Macedonia
Get PDFEnergy as a comprehensive source of economic development has undergone transformation and is evolving into alternatives. Due to the concerns about pollution, energy generation is constantly seeking an alternative that is friendly to the environment, or at least with substantial lower harmful effects. This effort involves costs of investment, especially in developing countries. Investment in alternative, cost efficient and friendly environment energy is no longer the sole isolated objective of a country, thus it may involve several countries, especially neighboring ones to coordinate their efforts. This paper looks into the state and prospects of alternative energy in four small developing countries in the Balkans: Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Northern Macedonia by analyzing their current producers, shortage and/or surplus of energy, sources, environmental costs, and the impact on their national economies. All this in a relatively small area of over 72 000 km2 and 7.4 million inhabitants of four countries. A particular emphasis will be placed on comparative analysis of hydro-power and solar energy
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY IN NORTH MACEDONIA, ALBANIA, AND KOSOVO
No full textThis paper makes a comparative analysis of the normative regulation of the Limited Liability Companies (LLC) in North Macedonia, Albania, and Kosovo as the most popular form of business organization in continental Europe and beyond. According to the doctrinal analysis, the spread of this type of companies is due to its hybrid nature, i.e. the presence of the positive elements of personal and capital features. Namely, the idea behind is determined by the need to create a kind of "more flexible" space for individuals in a Joint Stock Company (JSC), but also to have more formal and less personal risk than in a public company. In the comparative law of companies, there are significant differences in terms of regulating the position of LLCs, so that in some countries the features typical of personal companies are more evident, while in other countries, the Joint Stock Companies as a personification of capital companies. Unlike a Joint Stock Company that engages large amount of capital, a LLC is featured by a smaller concentration of capital.
Keywords: Business, organization, limited, major deposit, basic capital, shareholders, management
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