152 research outputs found
Introduction: The Global Political Economy of Raúl Prebisch
No full textThis is the introductory chapter to the collected edition
The Global Governance of Food Security
No full textContemporary global governance of food security can be conceptualized as a complex and fluid set of inter-organizational clusters that work on one or multiple dimensions of world food security. Within and across inter-organizational clusters, we can observe variation across organizations with respect to the following characteristics: degree of formality/informality, specialization/generality, organizational mission, financial and human resources, and penetrability to principals and outside agents (Margulis 2013)
Cordagalma tottoni Margulis 1993
No full textCordagalma tottoni Margulis, 1993. Diagnosis. Small, typically heart-shaped nectophores. Pedicular canal, on reaching nectosac, gives rise to only upper and lower radial canals. Lateral canals arise from the upper canal. Remarks. The original description of Cordagalma tottoni was based on fragments of a single specimen collected, using a Juday net in the 100 –0m depth zone, by the Research Vessel Vozrozhedenia on 18 th December 1986 at 35 °S 139 °W, in the middle of the South Pacific Ocean. The material was said to consist of a stem, with pneumatophore and various buds, three nectophores, two gastrozooids, and several siphosomal fragments. The type specimen has been re-examined by the present author. A problem with Margulis' (1993) description of the nectophores is that she had orientated them upside-down, such that she considered the conical lower part of the nectophore to be anterior. This apart, the only real distinguishing feature of the nectophores, the largest of which measured 3.5 mm in height and 2.5 mm in width, was that the pedicular canal, on reaching the nectosac, gave rise to only the upper and lower radial canals (Figure 12). The lateral radial canals then arose from the upper (ventral according to Margulis) canal. This, with some difficulty, was confirmed by the present author and, thus, is in contrast to the arrangement in all other Cordagalma species herein described where all the radial canals arise together from the pedicular canal. It is far from certain that the siphosomal zooids described by Margulis (1993) actually belong to the same specimen as the detached nectophores. Some of the palpons were said to have palpacles (Figure 12) while others did not. This suggests their presence and subsequent loss, which would be in marked contrast to the arrangement in other Cordagalma species, but is in accord with that found for Cardianecta parchelion gen. nov., sp. nov. described below. However, the re-examination showed that the palpons, which were attached at their bases, appeared not to possess palpacles. The loose gastrozooids had the proximal part of the tentacles attached, which bore, presumably, young tentilla with long pedicles and oval cnidobands, with a beak-shaped tip. There was said to be a single row of larger nematocysts on either side of the cnidoband, enclosing numerous smaller ones. No further details could be added. These are quite unlike the tentilla of C. ordinatum that Margulis (1993, Figure 2 E) figured but, again, those of Cardianecta parchelion gen. nov., sp. nov. are very different. The bracts of C. tottoni also were markedly different in having a transverse ridge demarcating a triangular distal facet on the upper side, and with a bracteal canal that was said to end below the middle of a strip of nematocysts running proximally from the distal tip of the bract. Finally, Margulis described the gonophores as being immature but, on re-examination, the sex of some could be determined and they all appeared to be female. It is, however, doubtful that this observation has any significance. Thus, until a complete specimen of Cordagalma tottoni is collected it is impossible to know if the siphosomal zooids described by Margulis (1993) actually belong with the nectophores. Nonetheless, the fact, since confirmed by the present author, that the lateral radial canals on the nectosac arise from the upper canal is a distinguishing feature setting this species apart from all other Cordagalma species. Distribution. Known only from a single specimen collected in superficial waters in the central South Pacific Ocean (c, 35 ° S 139 ° W). Etymology. Named for Arthur Knyvett Totton whose Synopsis of the Siphonophora, published in 1965, remains the most important work on siphonophores published to date.Published as part of P. R. Pugh, 2016, A synopsis of the Family Cordagalmatidae fam. nov. (Cnidaria, Siphonophora, Physonectae), pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4095 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4095.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26138
Emergent Global Land Governance
No full textLand governance is currently the focus of many new global rule-making projects, marking a sharp break with past practices that sought to exclude land as an international governance issue. Wide-ranging concerns about land grabbing and its exclusionary and ecological consequences have driven this, prompting states and global civil society to devise new global land-governance instruments. This chapter offers a preliminary theoretical and empirical analysis of what is conceptualized as "emergent global land governance," focusing primarily on its international governance dimensions. A review of relevant land-governance policy instruments in the fields of investment, land tenure, and forestry suggests that emergent global land governance is likely to consist of multiple, overlapping instruments with diverging normative frameworks and objectives that are not closely coordinated instead of a singular, discrete international regime
Land Acquisitions for Food and Fuel
No full textThe recent global proliferation of large-scale land acquisitions is for food and fuel is a new and significant issue in the study of food and agriculture ethics. This article examines large-scale land acquisitions for food and fuel from a global ethics perspective. The first section provides an overview of key definitions, characteristics and trends related to large-scale land acquisitions. The second section explores the idea of a global ethics and situates it within food and agriculture ethics. The third section poses and discuses two questions related to ethics of large-scale land acquisitions
The Regime Complex for Food Security: Implications for the Global Hunger Challenge
No full textRecurrent food price crises, coupled with the steady deterioration of world food security over the past two decades, have prompted efforts to reform the global governance of food security. This article argues that diverging rules and norms across the elemental regimes of agriculture and food, international trade, and human rights over the appropriate role of states and markets in addressing food insecurity are a major source of transnational political conflict. It analyzes (1) the role of norms in the construction of the international food security regime; (2) the transition from an international food security regime to a regime complex for food security; and (3) rule and norm conflicts within this regime complex. It concludes with a discussion of the impacts of diverging norms on the politics of regime complexity and its policy implications for current efforts to reform the global governance of food security
The Forgotten History of Food Security in Multilateral Trade Negotiations
No full textFood security emerged as a major source of political deadlock in the WTO Doha Round negotiations. Concerns about food security only intensified at the WTO following the 2008 Global Food Crisis, with the Bali and Nairobi Ministerials revealing polarized views between the US and India on the financing of public food stockholding. These "food fights" at the WTO have attracted significant international media, civil society and scholarly attention. In this article, I argue that inter-state disagreement on food security is not new or specific to the Doha Round but instead has been a recurrent phenomenon in the multilateral trade system for decades. Employing an historical approach, I show that food security has repeatedly been an item of negotiation in successive GATT negotiating rounds and has been steadily codified in international trade law over time. Today, food security is deeply integrated into the rules of the trade regime, making the WTO an important yet largely unacknowledged institution in global food security governance
Trading Out of the Global Food Crisis? The World Trade Organization and the Geopolitics of Food Security
No full textThe geopolitics of the Global Food Crisis and international trade has received limited scholarly attention, a significant omission given the major roles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in structuring world food production and trade flows and as a principal inter-state governing mechanism of the global agro-food system. Analysing recent international policy actions framing the WTO as a ‘fix' to the Global Food Crisis, this article points to the value of a critical geopolitics of agro-power sensitive to the spatial reconfiguration of production and power in the global agro-food system, problematising geospatial categories such as ‘North' and ‘South', and that takes seriously contests for control of geopolitical agents such as the WTO
Canada at the G8 and UN Committee on World Food Security: forum-shifting in global food security governance
No full textFollowing the 2007-2008 Global Food Crisis, the Government of Canada doubled its aid spending on food security and made fighting world food insecurity a key foreign policy objective. The Government of Canada positioned itself for, and claims to enjoy, global leadership in global food security governance. This article examines the Government of Canada's behavior at two leading institutions for global food security governance, the Group of Eight (G8) and the United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS). I argue that the government has engaged in a forum-shifting strategy between these two institutions that has enhanced its reputation among a small group of peer states at the G8 but diminished its reputation and influence at the CFS. With the CFS emerging as a key institution for agenda-setting, norm-building and rule-making in global food security governance, Canada's marginal influence and peripheral status at this body undermines the government's claims of global leadership
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