1,200 research outputs found
REGULATORY ROLE OF OX22HIGH T-CELLS IN MERCURY-INDUCED AUTOIMMUNITY IN THE BROWN NORWAY RAT
No full textThe monoclonal antibody OX22 defines a functional split within CD4+ T cells in the rat, with OX22high cells mainly producing interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon γ and responsible for delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, and OX22low cells mainly producing IL-4 and -5 and responsible for providing B cell help. There are reciprocal interactions between OX22high and OX22low cells, and it has been suggested that the OX22low subset has a role in the prevention of autoimmunity. We have used OX22 in vivo to define the role of these subsets in mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity in the Brown Norway rat. In this model, there is polyclonal B cell activation and animals develop widespread tissue injury. Treatment of thymectomized animals with OX22 led to a profound reduction in the number of OX22high T cells in the peripheral blood. OX22-treated animals consistently developed more severe tissue injury than controls given an irrelevant antibody of the same isotype. Control animals pretreated with broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs showed milder tissue injury, but this protective effect of antimicrobials was lost in OX22-treated animals. Transfer of naive T cells to OX22-treated animals provided protection, but if T cells were depleted in vitro of OX22high cells before transfer, this effect was lost. These data provide evidence for a protective immunoregulatory role for OX22high T cells in mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
Development Of A Preliminary Lifing Analysis Tool For The F135-PW-100 Engine
No full textIn the near future the Royal Netherlands Air Force will replace their fleet of F-16’s with the F-35. In the past the NLR has aided the Air Force with life cycle and deterioration analysis work on the F100-PW-220 engine, which powers the F-16. Understanding the physical system of the engine allows for on-condition maintenance. The same is preferred for the F135-PW-100 engine powering the F-35. Therefore, a preliminary lifing analysis tool has been developed for the F135-PW-100 engine rotor blades, based on open source literature. Aerospace Engineerin
The cellular basis of albuminuria
No full textThe appearance of albumin in the urine has long been recognized as a cardinal feature of kidney disease and more recently has been shown to also be an independent cardiovascular risk factor associated with insulin resistance. Recent studies on rare human genetic variants, targeted gene disruption in mouse models and cultured glomerular cells in vitro have dramatically improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of albuminuria. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge, to illustrate known mechanisms of proteinuria in disease states and to suggest a possible explanation for the link between albuminuria and insulin resistance.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
Glomerulonephritis: Is it worth worrying about?
No full textGlomerulonephritis (GN) is a group of conditions characterised by inflammation in the filtering units of the kidney which may be 'primary'; secondary to drugs, infections or tumours; or the presenting feature of systemic disease. GN is treatable, causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is a potentially preventable cause of renal failure and cardiovascular risk. It can only be precisely identified and characterised by renal biopsy which is usually undertaken in specialist nephrology centres. The role of the non-specialist is to know when and how urgently a patient should be referred to such a centre. This review aims to provide guidance on when to suspect GN, how to investigate this possibility and when to refer for further investigation. Clinically urgent situations are highlighted. The importance of urinary abnormalities, particularly proteinuria (even if aysmptomatic and only detected on routine screening) is emphasised. Earlier recognition of GN will improve patient outcomes.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
Glomerulonephritis in the tropics: Who are the culprits?
No full textGlomerular disease is common in tropical regions and may complicate many locally prevalent infections by a variety of mechanisms. In areas where HIV and malaria are common, these may be factors predisposing to renal disease. Primary glomerulonephritis also occurs in these regions, and the nature of the renal lesion can only reliably be determined if renal biopsy and expert histologic analysis are available. Assistance to the developing world in provision of these skills and resources is a major priority for the International Society of Nephrology. This article highlights some general principles regarding glomerular disease in the developing world, illustrated by the author's experience in rural Uganda.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
Update on the podocyte
No full textPURPOSE OF REVIEW: The podocyte is a key cell in the selective filtering action of the glomerular capillary wall. Podocyte injury is of pathogenetic and prognostic significance in human glomerular disease; podocyte repair and regeneration are important therapeutic targets. This article will review recent advances in understanding the complex biology, structure and function of the podocyte and the related clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies of podocytes in vivo and in vitro are described, highlighting clinically relevant observations and those that help us to understand the ways in which we may harness nature's own mechanisms to repair and/or renew these specialized glomerular cells. SUMMARY: Drugs that have beneficial effects on podocytes can improve our ability to treat important renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Currently available agents can be harnessed in this way and the rapid progress in the study of podocytes is highlighting new therapeutic targets that can bring even more specificity. © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
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